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Background: Despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, peginterferon alfa/ribavirin remains relevant in many resource-constrained settings. The non-randomized GUARD-C cohort investigated baseline predictors of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations (sr-RD) and their impact on sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients receiving peginterferon alfa/ribavirin in routine practice. Methods: A total of 3181 HCV-mono-infected treatment-naive patients were assigned to 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa/ribavirin by their physician. Patients were categorized by time-to-first sr-RD (Week 4/12). Detailed analyses of the impact of sr-RD on SVR24 (HCV RNA

Ochre is the common archaeological term for prehistoric pigments. It is applied to a range of uses, from ritual burials to cave art to medications. While a substantial number of Palaeolithic paint mining pits have been identified across Europe, the link between ochre use and provenance, and their antiquity, has never yet been identified. Here we characterise the mineralogical signature of core-shell processed ochre from the Palaeolithic paint mining pits near Lovas in Hungary, using a novel integration of petrographic and mineralogical techniques. We present the first evidence for core-shell processed, natural pigment that was prepared by prehistoric people from hematitic red ochre. This involved combining the darker red outer shell with the less intensely coloured core to efficiently produce an economical, yet still strongly coloured, paint. We demonstrate the antiquity of the site as having operated between 14-13 kcal BP, during the Epigravettian period. This is based on new radiocarbon dating of bone artefacts associated with the quarry site. The dating results indicate the site to be the oldest known evidence for core-shell pigment processing. We show that the ochre mined at Lovas was exported from the site based on its characteristic signature at other archaeological sites in the region. Our discovery not only provides a methodological framework for future characterisation of ochre pigments, but also provides the earliest known evidence for "value-adding" of products for trade. Copyright

This paper introduces the aims and scope of the RESET project (. RESponse of humans to abrupt Environmental Transitions), a programme of research funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) between 2008 and 2013; it also provides the context and rationale for papers included in a special volume of Quaternary Science Reviews that report some of the project's findings. RESET examined the chronological and correlation methods employed to establish causal links between the timing of abrupt environmental transitions (AETs) on the one hand, and of human dispersal and development on the other, with a focus on the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic periods. The period of interest is the Last Glacial cycle and the early Holocene (c. 100-8 ka), during which time a number of pronounced AETs occurred. A long-running topic of debate is the degree to which human history in Europe and the Mediterranean region during the Palaeolithic was shaped by these AETs, but this has proved difficult to assess because of poor dating control. In an attempt to move the science forward, RESET examined the potential that tephra isochrons, and in particular non-visible ash layers (cryptotephras), might offer for synchronising palaeo-records with a greater degree of finesse. New tephrostratigraphical data generated by the project augment previously-established tephra frameworks for the region, and underpin a more evolved tephra 'lattice' that links palaeo-records between Greenland, the European mainland, sub-marine sequences in the Mediterranean and North Africa. The paper also outlines the significance of other contributions to this special volume: collectively, these illustrate how the lattice was constructed, how it links with cognate tephra research in Europe and elsewhere, and how the evidence of tephra isochrons is beginning to challenge long-held views about the impacts of environmental change on humans during the Palaeolithic. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd., RESET was funded through Consortium Grants awarded by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK, to a collaborating team drawn from four institutions: Royal Holloway University of London (grant reference NE/E015905/1), the Natural History Museum, London (NE/E015913/1), Oxford University (NE/E015670/1) and the University of Southampton, including the National Oceanography Centre (NE/01531X/1). The authors also wish to record their deep gratitude to four members of the scientific community who formed a consultative advisory panel during the lifetime of the RESET project: Professor Barbara Wohlfarth (Stockholm University), Professor Jørgen Peder Steffensen (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen), Dr. Martin Street (Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Neuwied) and Professor Clive Oppenheimer (Cambridge University). They provided excellent advice at key stages of the work, which we greatly valued. We also thank Jenny Kynaston (Geography Department, Royal Holloway) for construction of several of the figures in this paper, and Debbie Barrett (Elsevier) and Colin Murray Wallace (Editor-in-Chief, QSR) for their considerable assistance in the production of this special volume.

Tubicera sp. Notes. In the material there was only one specimen, unfortunately in badly damaged condition, impossible to identify. This genus was not known from Israel before. Material examined. 1 3, Nizzanim, D 4, 27.VII. 2005, Malaise trap, leg. C. Grach., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378

Megaselia diversa (Wood, 1909) Notes. A widespread European species (Disney 1991). Material examined. 2 3, Nizzanim, A 4, Malaise trap, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 5 3, same but, A 5, 25.I. 2005, Malaise trap, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, D, 17.II. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, D 1, 17.II. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, D 1, 25.I. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 2 3, same but, D 1, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 6 3, same but, D 2, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 7 3, same but, D 4, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 12 3, same but, D 7, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 3 3, same but, D 9, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Disney, R. H. L. (1991) Family Phoridae, in Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, 7, 143 - 204."]}

Diplonevra funebris (Meigen, 1830) Notes. Widespread species, known from almost all European countries, the European part of Russia, and from Israel (Disney & Nussbaum 1990, Disney 1991). Material examined. 1 ��, Nizzanim, B 1, 18.IV. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 ��, same but, A 1, 18.IV. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 ��, Berekhat Ya���ar, North, 23.V. 2003, leg. A. Freidberg; 1 ��, Panyas, 14.VI. 1996, leg. A. Freidberg; 1 ��, Hula, 1.VII. 1993, leg. A. Freidberg., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Disney, R. H. L. & Nussbaum, Y. (1990) Phoridae (Diptera) from Israel, Israel Journal of Entomology, 24, 107 - 114.","Disney, R. H. L. (1991) Family Phoridae, in Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, 7, 143 - 204."]}

Phalacrotophora pappi sp. n. (Figs 8���9, 11) Diagnosis. Diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: shiny black narrow frons, long antial setae, characteristic shape of anepisternum, and four scutellar setae. Body length: 2.6 mm. Description. Male: Head: frons yellowish, brown around ocelli. Frons longer than wide, covered with small setulae, median furrow absent (Fig. 8). Two pairs of supraantennal setulae, the lower very short. Antial setae emerging from the eye margin as far from the upper supraantennals. Anterolaterals closer to antials than mediolaterals, mediolaterals weak, preocellars stronger and emerging higher on frons (forming a concave line with mediolaterals). Posterolaterals curving outward, verticals curving backward. Third antennal segment yellow, small. Palps yellowish, each with six strong setae. Thorax: pale yellow. Four setae present on scutellum. Anepisternum of characteristic shape, furrow faint, setulae absent. Legs: yellow. Fore tibia with 12 strong spines in two rows. Fore metatarsus as long as combined lengths of tarsomere 2 + 3. Fifth tarsomere longer than fourth. Mid and hind tibia with two rows of equal setae, and a palisade of setae between them. Apex of hind femur with a triangular brownish spot. Wing: tinted with yellowish. 5 setae present on axillary ridge of wing. Costal index: 0.39. Knob of halteres brown, stem fading to yellow. Abdomen: Pattern as in Fig. 11. Tergites 1���4 laterally and caudally brown, with a yellow horizontal stripe in the middle. Each tergites fading to yellow caudally. Tergites 1���5 with 10���15 setae laterally. Tergite 6 enlarged. Setae present only along its caudal margin. Hypopygium as in Fig. 9. Female: unknown. Etymology. The species is dedicated to my supervisor Prof. L��szl�� Papp, who introduced me to the basics of taxonomy and systematics of Diptera. Affinities. In the key of Borgmeier (1967), P. pappi sp. n. runs to couplet 11, to P. indiana Colyer, 1961, of which it differs in the frontal chaetotaxy, the size of scutellar setae, and the colour pattern of the abdomen. According to its original description, P. philaxyiridis Disney, 1997 is close to P. indiana. Previous species can be distinguished from P. pappi sp. n. by the frontal chaetotaxy, the number of the scutellar setae, the form of the third antennal segment, and the form of hypopygium. Type material. Holotype (3) Taiwan: Kaohsiung Hsien, Liukuei, Shan-Ping LTER Site, creek valley, 31 Mar��� 1 Apr., 2003, leg. L. Papp & M. F��ldv��ri., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, A taxonomic discussion of the genus Phalacrotophora Enderlein, 1912 (Diptera: Phoridae), with the description of two new species from Southeast Asia, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 2913 on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207390, {"references":["Borgmeier, T. (1967) Studies on Indo-Australian Phorid Flies, based mainly on material of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the United States National Museum (Diptera, Phoridae) part II. Studia Entomologica, 10, 81 - 276."]}

Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata Schmitz, 1926 Material examined. 1 3: Taiwan, Kaohsiung Hsien, Liukuei, Shan-Ping LTER Site, creek valley, 31 March ��� 1 April 2003, leg. L. Papp & M. F��ldv��ri., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, A taxonomic discussion of the genus Phalacrotophora Enderlein, 1912 (Diptera: Phoridae), with the description of two new species from Southeast Asia, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 2913 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207390, {"references":["Schmitz, H. (1926) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Phoriden (Dipt.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 15, 46 - 57."]}

Phalacrotophora punctifrons Brues, 1924 Material examined. 1 3: Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Shuili, forest undergrowth, 30 September 2000, leg. L. Papp., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, A taxonomic discussion of the genus Phalacrotophora Enderlein, 1912 (Diptera: Phoridae), with the description of two new species from Southeast Asia, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 2913 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207390, {"references":["Brues, Ch. T. (1924) Additions to the Phoridae of Formosa. Psyche, 31, 206 - 223."]}

Groups within Phalacrotophora The only reliable character shared by Omapanta and Omatessara is the bare anepisternum, but otherwise the shape of the anepisternum is very different in these subgenera. Moreover, although it is hairy, the shape of the anepisternum in Phalacrotophora sensu stricto seems closer to Omatessara than Omapanta. Based on re-examination of various specimens of Omatessara, it was concluded that this subgenus is probably monophyletic. It can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: ��� anepisternum narrowing posteriorly, at most with a weak, sometimes indistinct curved furrow, or furrow sometimes even absent (Fig. 1); ��� scutellum with four setae of equal or subequal length; ��� fore leg provided with spines along tibia and strong palisades of setulae on tars omeres (figs 5 & 6 in Lengyel 2009); ��� fore metatarsus as long as the combined lengths of tarsomeres 2 + 3, tarsomere 5 longer than tarsomere 4; ��� male cerci at least twice as long as epandrium; ��� ovipositor heavily sclerotized, u-shaped sclerite short and strong The species of Omapanta Schmitz, 1932 characterized by: ��� anepisternum divided, furrow distinct and with an acute angle (Fig. 2); ��� scutellum with two equal setae posterolaterally and two hair like setule before them; ��� fore leg without spines or palisades on tibia or on tarsal segments (fig. 7 in Lengyel 2009); ��� fore metatarsus as long as the combined lengths of tarsomeres 2 + 3 + 4 together, tarsomere 5 not longer than tarsomere 4; ��� male cerci approximately as long as epandrium; ��� ovipositor not so heavily sclerotized, tip of ovipositor rounded. U-shaped sclerite long and weak. Phalacrotophora sensu stricto is characterised by: ��� anepisternum with one or more strong robust setae and several setulae in upper part. Anepisternum is narrowing posteriorly and with a weak curved furrow or furrow as a faint fold, or even not seen (Fig. 3); ��� scutellum with two setae and one pair of hair-like setulae anteriorly; ��� fore leg without spines along tibia, but with palisades of setulae on tarsal segments; ��� fore metatarsus as long as the combined lengths of tarsomere 2 + 3, tarsomere 5 longer than tarsomere 4; ��� male cerci at least twice as long as epandrium; ��� ovipositor not so heavily sclerotized, u-shaped sclerite short and strong (Fig. 10)., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, A taxonomic discussion of the genus Phalacrotophora Enderlein, 1912 (Diptera: Phoridae), with the description of two new species from Southeast Asia, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 2913 on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207390, {"references":["Lengyel, G. D. (2009) Phalacrotophora species (Diptetra: Phoridae) with four subequal scutellar setae and notes on the other European species. Zootaxa, 2172, 59 - 68.","Schmitz, H. (1932) Neue Stichillus und Phalacrotophora Arten, mit einer Aufteilung von Phalacrotophora in drei Untergattungen. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 75, 115 - 127."]}

Peromitra erythrocera (Meigen, 1830) Notes. Widespread in Europe. New to the fauna of Israel. Material examined. 1 3, 1 ��, Alfe Menashe, 5.XII. 1992, leg. S. Bley., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378

Conicera tibialis Schmitz, 1925 Notes. Widespread species, known from many European countries, Israel and North America (Disney 1991). Material examined. 1 3, Nizzanim, A 4, 25.I. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, A 5, 25.I. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, D 1, 25.I. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 male, same but, D 4, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Disney, R. H. L. (1991) Family Phoridae, in Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, 7, 143 - 204."]}

Spiniphora signata Schmitz, 1935 Notes. Known from Israel and Italy (Schmitz 1941). Material examined. 2 3, Nizzanim, D, 17.II. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 2 3, same but, D 1, 17.II. 2005, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, same but, D 9, 22.XII. 2004, leg. C. Grach; 1 3, Bet Dagan, 31.I. 1993, Malaise trap, leg. W. Kuslitzky; 1 3, Bet Dagan, 16.I. 1993, Malaise trap, leg. W. Kuslitzky., Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Schmitz, H. (1935) Neue palaarktische Phoriden. Broteria, 31, 5 - 16.","Schmitz, H. (1941) Phoridae. In: Lindner., E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 4 (33) (Lieferung 141), 65 - 128."]}

Genus Microselia Schmitz, 1934 Type species: Microselia rivierae Schmitz, 1934 There are 12 described species of Microselia and the majority of them are known from the female sex only (Table 2). In the most recent keys for the European and the World phorid genera (Disney 1994, 1998) is not easy to identify males of Microselia. This is mainly because of the uncertain status of the presence of vein R 2 + 3. In several Microselia species, vein R 2 + 3 shows considerable individual variability, it can be present or absent in specimens of the same species (Disney & Shaw 1994). Carles-Tolr�� (2006) investigated this phenomenon on M. espanaensis Disney, 2006 and on M. rivierae. He found that in some cases vein R 2 + 3 can be found only on the left or on the right wing, therefore the presence or absence of vein R 2 + 3 is not diagnostic for the genus. Until a revision of the generic keys I provide here diagnostic characters of the known Microselia males: ��� first flagellomere (third antennal segment or postpedicel) pubescent, elongated and with a dorsal arista ��� fifth tarsal segments somewhat elongated, longer than the fourth (but not so or even not pointed as in females) ��� anepisternum (mesopleuron) bare, provided with a furrow ��� epandrium with an elongated posterolateral lobe on the left side (the relative size of this lobe and number or the position of the setae on it is of specific importance) male female 1. Microselia aduncus (Borgmeier, 1969) - + South-America: Brazil 2. Microselia beaveri Disney, 1983 - + Africa: Zambia 3. Microselia bingana Disney, 1991 + + Africa: Zimbabwe 4. Microselia cuspidata Beyer, 1965 - + Africa: Congo 5. Microselia daccordii Gori, 1999 (1) - + Europe: Italy 6. Microselia deemingi Disney, 1983 - + Africa: Nigeria 7. Microselia espanaensis Disney, 2006 - + Europe: Spain 8. Microselia forsiusi (Schmitz, 1927) - + Europe: Finland 9. Microselia rivierae Schmitz, 1934 + (2) + Europe: France, Spain 10. Microselia southwoodi Disney, 1988 + + Europe: France, Spain, Italy 11. Microselia texana Disney, 1982 - + America: USA-Texas 12. Microselia yemenensis Disney, 2006 + + Asia: Yemen 13. Microselia sp. in Disney, 2006 + - Asia: Yemen, Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on page 28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Disney, R. H. L. & Shaw, M. R. (1994) The ant host (Hym., Formicidae) of a Microselia (Dipt., Phoridae) from France. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 130, 227 - 228.","Carles-Tolra, M. (2006) Microselia micropila sp. n.: a new Phorid species from Spain, ethology of Microselia rivierae Schmitz, 1934, and a key to the European species of Microselia Schmitz (Diptera, Phoridae). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 39, 103 - 109.","Disney, R. H. L. (1991) Family Phoridae, in Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, 7, 143 - 204.","Schmitz, H. & Beyer, E. (1965) Phoridae. In: Lindner., E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 4 (33) (Lieferung 258, 260), 513 - 608."]}

Genus Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 Type species: Rhynchomicropteron puliciforme Annandale, 1912 The Oriental genus Rhynchomicropteron currently includes 19 species which are mainly known from female specimens (Table 1) (Fig. 2). For more than 80 years, males of this genus were included in the genus Gymnoselia Schmitz, 1929, now a junior synonym of Rhynchomicropteron (Brown 1992). So far there is only a single species, R. nudiventer Papp, 1982 of which both sexes are known. There are two more species described based on males, but these may be conspecific with other species known from female sex only. The sexual dimorphism is striking in this genus, but not unparalleled in the family Phoridae. The females have rudimentary wings, and eyes (composed by less than 20 ommatidia), strongly swollen abdomen with few or no sclerotised tergites, fully membranous sternites, and very long proboscis. On the contrary, the congeneric males look like a ���usual��� phorid (Fig. 3). This phenomenon is in connection with the different biology and habitat of the males and the females. Females live together with ants or termites (Disney 1999), while males are free living. Males are usually much bigger than females and are supposedly able to lift up the flightless females and carry them to another ant colony. The circumstances of the capture of R. kuslitzkyi sp. n. confirm this supposition. In 2009 Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel-Aviv University, Israel) sent me wingless phorids from a Malaise trap. It was very improbable that the wingless females could climb up into the trap, they should be brought up by males or by phoresy, therefore the remaining trap material was sorted and 13 males were found. It should be noted that the correct spelling in case of two species are Rhynchomicropteron muluense Disney, 1981 and R. nepalense Disney, 1991 (described as R. muluensis and R. nepalensis) according to the rules of ICZN (1999). In the collection of Los Angeles County Museum, USA (LACM) and in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest (HNHM) there are undescribed Rhynchomicropteron males from the following countries: Australia, Iran, Nigeria, Thailand, Nigeria, Malaysia���LACM; Taiwan, and Vietnam���HNHM. 1. Rhynchomicropteron aphidiforme Schmitz & Mjoberg, 1925 - + Malaysia: Borneo, Published as part of Lengyel, G��bor D��niel, 2011, The first Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912 (Diptera, Phoridae) species from the Palearctic region, with taxonomic and faunistic notes on the fauna of Israel, pp. 23-32 in Zootaxa 2885 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207378, {"references":["Annandale, N. (1912) Description of a micropterous fly of the family Phoridae associated with ants. Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo, 8, 85 - 89.","Brown, B. V. (1992) Life history, immature stages and undescribed male of Rhynchomicropteron (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Natural History, 26, 407 - 416.","Disney, R. H. L. (1999) Two new species of Rhynchomicropteron (Diptera: Phoridae) from Borneo. Sociobiology, 34, 429 - 432.","Disney, R. H. L. (1991) Family Phoridae, in Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, 7, 143 - 204.","International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature [ICZN] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature [the Code]. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / o Natural History Museum, London. i - xxix, + 306 pp. [online version at http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp]"]}