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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential and versatile oxidant. The photocatalytic production of H2O2 is a promising alternative to the conventional anthraquinone oxidation process. In this work, BiOBr nanosheets with oxygen vacancies (OVs) were successfully synthesized by a solvothermal method in the presence of mannitol. The character of the nanosheets shortened the diffuse length of charge carriers, which is beneficial for the charge separation. The introduction of OVs enhanced the visible light absorption and also improved the carrier separation. Furthermore, OVs enhanced the activation of O2 molecules and facilitated the generation of ˙O2−. As a result, the products exhibited good performance in photocatalytic H2O2 production. After introducing HCOOH, the yield of H2O2 was further enhanced by a factor of 50, from 3 μmol h−1 to 150 μmol h−1. This work provides a reference to design high performance photocatalysts for H2O2 production through defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Disease relapse is common in patients with Takayasu arteritis. • Disease duration <24 months, history of relapse, history of cerebrovascular events, aneurysms, ascending aorta or aortic arch involvement, number of involved arteries ≥6, elevated white blood cell count, and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level at baseline independently increased the risk of relapse. • With good discrimination and calibration, this prediction model can help to identify high-risk patients for relapse and assist clinical decision-making. Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a large-vessel vasculitis with high relapse rate. Longitudinal studies identifying risk factors of relapse are limited. We aimed to analyze the associated factors and develop a risk prediction model for relapse. We analyzed the associated factors for relapse in a prospective cohort of 549 TAK patients from the Chinese Registry of Systemic Vasculitis cohort between June 2014 and December 2021 using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We also developed a prediction model for relapse, and stratified patients into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Discrimination and calibration were measured using C-index and calibration plots. At a median follow-up of 44 (IQR 26–62) months, 276 (50.3%) patients experienced relapses. History of relapse (HR 2.78 [2.14–3.60]), disease duration <24 months (HR 1.78 [1.37–2.32]), history of cerebrovascular events (HR 1.55 [1.12–2.16]), aneurysm (HR 1.49 [1.10–2.04], ascending aorta or aortic arch involvement (HR 1.37 [1.05–1.79]), elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (HR 1.34 [1.03–1.73]), elevated white blood cell count (HR 1.32 [1.03–1.69]), and the number of involved arteries ≥6 (HR 1.31 [1.00–1.72]) at baseline independently increased the risk of relapse and were included in the prediction model. The C-index of the prediction model was 0.70 (95% CI 0.67–0.74). Predictions correlated with observed outcomes on the calibration plots. Compared to the low-risk group, both medium and high-risk groups had a significantly higher relapse risk. Disease relapse is common in TAK patients. This prediction model may help to identify high-risk patients for relapse and assist clinical decision-making. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let b \geq 2 be an integer and S be a finite non-empty set of primes not containing divisors of b. For any non-dense set A \subseteq [0,1) which is invariant under \times b operation, we prove the finiteness of rational numbers in A whose denominators can only be divided by primes in S. A quantitative result on the largest prime divisors of the denominators of rational numbers in A is also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let f be a polynomial, a , b be two algebraic numbers, and (a n) n ≥ 1 be a sequence satisfying f (a 1) = a and f (a n) = a n − 1 for all n ≥ 2. We generalize the concept of primitive prime divisors to the shifted sequence (a n − b) n ≥ 1 and study the generalized Zsigmondy set, that is, the set of n such that all prime ideal divisors of a n − b divide at least one prior term. The finiteness of Zsigmondy sets are determined in various cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analog arithmetic operations are the most fundamental mathematical operations used in image and signal processing as well as artificial intelligence (AI). In‐memory computing (IMC) offers a high performance and energy‐efficient computing paradigm. To date, in‐memory analog arithmetic operations with emerging nonvolatile devices are usually implemented using discrete components, which limits the scalability and blocks large scale integration. Here, a prototypical implementation of in‐memory analog arithmetic operations (summation, subtraction and multiplication) is experimentally demonstrated, based on in‐memory electrical current sensing units using spin‐orbit torque (SOT) devices. The proposed structures for analog arithmetic operations are smaller than the state‐of‐the‐art complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counterparts by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, data to be processed and computing results can be locally stored, or the analog computing can be done in the nonvolatile SOT devices, which are exploited to experimentally implement the image edge detection and signal amplitude modulation with a simple structure. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) with SOT devices based synapses is constructed to realize pattern recognition with high accuracy of ≈95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As new variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to emerge, it is important to assess the cross-neutralizing capabilities of antibodies naturally elicited during wild type SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we evaluate the activity of nine anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), previously isolated from convalescent donors infected with the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, against the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. By testing an array of mutated spike receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins, cell-expressed spike proteins from VOCs, and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs as pseudoviruses, or as the authentic viruses in culture, we show that mAbs directed against the ACE2 binding site (ACE2bs) are more sensitive to viral evolution compared to anti-RBD non-ACE2bs mAbs, two of which retain their potency against all VOCs tested. At the second part of our study, we reveal the neutralization mechanisms at high molecular resolution of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs by structural characterization. We solve the structures of the Delta-neutralizing ACE2bs mAb TAU-2303 with the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer and RBD at 4.5 Å and 2.42 Å resolutions, respectively, revealing a similar mode of binding to that between the RBD and ACE2. Furthermore, we provide five additional structures (at resolutions of 4.7 Å, 7.3 Å, 6.4 Å, 3.3 Å, and 6.1 Å) of a second antibody, TAU-2212, complexed with the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. TAU-2212 binds an exclusively quaternary epitope, and exhibits a unique, flexible mode of neutralization that involves transitioning between five different conformations, with both arms of the antibody recruited for cross linking intra- and inter-spike RBD subunits. Our study provides additional mechanistic understanding about how antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants and provides insights on the likelihood of reinfections. The neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern by nine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) isolated from convalescent donors infected with the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain alongside structural characterization of two of the mAbs in complex with the RBD and spike are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field by a compact and simple structure or device has always been a challenging work. The recent discovery of 3D magnetic field sensing through the single spin–orbit torque device consisting of the Ta/CoFeB/MgO heterostructure, based on the domain wall motion, offers a revolutionary way to tackle this problem. Here, we demonstrate a 3D magnetic field sensor based on the W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructure via domain nucleation dominated magnetization reversal. In such a heterostructure, the in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) magnetic field components drive the grains reversal with different manners, enabling the distinguishment of the contributions from IP and OOP components. The linear modulations of anomalous Hall resistance by x, y, and z components of magnetic fields have been obtained, respectively, with the same linear range of −20 to +20 Oe for each component. Typically, a higher linearity is realized in this work compared with the previous domain wall motion based sensor, which is a critical characteristic for the magnetic field sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor wideband electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over seven days and potential radiation sources were measured and analyzed in this article. The research results show that Wi-Fi and base station equipment are the main factors causing indoor electromagnetic exposure, and the radiation intensity of the former is much higher than the latter when the equipment is working. Also, the change of EMR over time conforms to the users’ daily work and rest cycle and contains a significant low-frequency component with a 24-h cycle and complex high-frequency components. Besides, the intensive use of electronic products by users has been proven to have a great impact on the frequency characteristics of the electric field, and the complexity of the time–frequency characteristics of EMR time series has increased, resulting in poor prediction results of the models such as the seasonal autoregressive moving average (SARIMA) model and the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. To this end, a prediction scheme combining wavelet transform and time-series analysis methods is proposed in this article. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid method, the samples of three days are exploited to perform a loop test of the prediction accuracy under different prediction steps. Besides, the results are compared with those obtained by single SARIMA and LSTM. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid prediction method effectively predicts electric field radiation with complex frequency characteristics and significantly outperforms other methods in terms of prediction accuracy and prediction length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let b ≥ 2 be an integer and A = (a n) n = 1 ∞ be a strictly increasing subsequence of positive integers with η : = lim sup n → ∞ a n + 1 a n < + ∞. For each irrational real number ξ , we denote by v ˆ b , A (ξ) the supremum of the real numbers v ˆ for which, for every sufficiently large integer N , the equation ‖ b a n ξ ‖ < (b a N ) − v ˆ has a solution n with 1 ≤ n ≤ N. For every v ˆ ∈ [ 0 , η ] , let V ˆ b , A (v ˆ) ( V ˆ b , A ⁎ (v ˆ)) be the set of all real numbers ξ such that v ˆ b , A (ξ) ≥ v ˆ ( v ˆ b , A (ξ) = v ˆ) respectively. In this paper, we give some results of the Hausdorfff dimensions of V ˆ b , A (v ˆ) and V ˆ b , A ⁎ (v ˆ). When η = 1 , we prove that the Hausdorfff dimensions of V ˆ b , A (v ˆ) and V ˆ b , A ⁎ (v ˆ) are equal to (1 − v ˆ 1 + v ˆ ) 2 for any v ˆ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ]. When η > 1 and lim n → ∞ ⁡ a n + 1 a n exists, we show that the Hausdorfff dimension of V ˆ b , A (v ˆ) is strictly less than (η − v ˆ η + v ˆ ) 2 for some v ˆ , which is different with the case η = 1 , and we give a lower bound of the Hausdorfff dimensions of V ˆ b , A (v ˆ) and V ˆ b , A ⁎ (v ˆ) for any v ˆ ∈ [ 0 , η ]. Furthermore, we show that this lower bound can be reached for some v ˆ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most commonly bulky chemicals, chlorine is conventionally manufactured by electrolysis of NaCl solution in the chlor–alkali process, which requires a huge supply of electrical energy. The photocatalytic route to produce chlorine by using solar energy and NaCl solution offers a promising strategy to reduce energy consumption and bring economic benefits. Herein, it was found that the introduction of CO2 would enhance the productivity of Cl2 from 8.24 μmol⋅h−1 to 39.6 μmol⋅h−1 in NaCl solution over BiOCl. Experimental studies reveal that the CO2 species (CO32−) entered into the crystal texture of BiOCl and the interlayer space between [Bi2O2]2+ slabs were increased and distorted, accelerating the cycle of Cl species. Besides, the cycle of carbonate species also existed and accelerated the reaction efficiency of Cl− oxidation to Cl2. This work provides a new feasible method of using abundant CO2 resources to accelerate the process of chlorine production via photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A considerable productivity and selectivity of methanol (180.75 μmol·g cat −1·h−1, 80.07 %) are achieved. • Cl− could be transformed into Cl over BiOCl-O v to efficiently activate methane. • The in situ produced Cl is constrained on the surface of BiOCl-O v , inhibiting over halogenation. • Reactive oxygen species produced by H 2 O 2 dissociation are utilized to be the receptors of CH 3. Selective partial oxidation of methane to methanol under mild conditions remains a great challenge in activating the first C H bond of CH 4 and inhibiting overoxidation. Chlorine-mediated pathway arises as a promising strategy to obtain high CH 4 conversion under mild conditions. Herein, a considerable CH 3 OH production rate of 180.75 μmol·g cat −1·h−1 with 80.07 % selectivity is achieved when the BiOCl with oxygen vacancies is irradiated by visible light in NaCl solution with H 2 O 2 addition. Experimental studies reveal that chlorine radicals are in situ produced and constrained on the surface of the catalyst, which inhibits the over halogenation. Reactive oxygen species produced by H 2 O 2 dissociation were utilized to be the receptors of CH 3. The high productivity of methanol was achieved by the synergy effect of chlorine radicals and H 2 O 2. This work provides a new feasible method to convert inert methane into high-value-added products via photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memory reflects the brain function in encoding, storage and retrieval of the data or information, which is a fundamental ability for any live organism. The development of approaches to improve memory attracts much attention due to the underlying mechanistic insight and therapeutic potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases with memory loss, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a reversible, adjustable, and non-ablative therapy, has been shown to be safe and effective in many clinical trials for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Among all potential regions with access to invasive electrodes, fornix is considered as it is the major afferent and efferent connection of the hippocampus known to be closely associated with learning and memory. Indeed, clinical trials have demonstrated that fornix DBS globally improved cognitive function in a subset of patients with AD, indicating fornix can serve as a potential target for neurosurgical intervention in treating memory impairment in AD. The present review aims to provide a better understanding of recent progresses in the application of fornix DBS for ameliorating memory impairments in AD patients. • Fornix, a core component of limbic system, plays an essential role in memory. • Fornix DBS could be a promising therapeutic intervention for AD. • At least five putative neurobiological mechanisms mediate the therapeutic actions of fornix DBS treatment • Randomized, double-blind, and multi-clinical trials are needed to verify the safety and efficacy of fornix DBS for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stress is the adverse effect of any abiotic factor on a plant in a given environment, impacting plants' growth and development. These stress factors, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, are often interrelated or in conjunction with each other. Plants have evolved mechanisms to sense these environmental challenges and make adjustments to their growth in order to survive and reproduce. In this review, we summarized recent studies on plant stress sensing and its regulatory mechanism, emphasizing signal transduction and regulation at multiple levels. Then we presented several strategies to improve plant growth under stress based on current progress. Finally, we discussed the implications of research on plant response to abiotic stresses for high-yielding crops and agricultural sustainability. Studying stress signaling and regulation is critical to understand abiotic stress responses in plants to generate stress-resistant crops and improve agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of aromatic skeleton structures by the Diels–Alder reaction is a synthetic route to obtain substitutes for petrochemical products using biomass as a raw material. In this work, a class of SiW@MIL-100(Fe)-n (n = 1–4) catalysts containing silicotungstic acid (SiW) encaged in MIL-100(Fe) was synthesized for the mimic synthesis of p-xylene (PX). SiW@MIL-100(Fe)-3 was applied to catalyze the reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran and acrylic acid (AA) to give aromatic products (yield 94%, PX yield = 80.1%) at 140 °C under ambient pressure. The synergistic effect between the metal centers and Lewis/Brønsted acid was increased due to the confinement effect in the cage of MIL-100(Fe). The Fe(III) sites catalyzed the decarboxylation of AA via a free radical process, avoiding the formation of the 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid intermediate. Two types of acid sites along with the reactants as well as the reversibly adsorbed water promoted the formation of hydrogen bonds with protons from SiW, which accelerated the dehydration reaction. This strategy provides a route for the construction of aromatic skeletons from biomass derivatives by MOF-based solid acid catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oh my darling, Drimentine: The first total synthesis of the pyrroloindoline alkaloids drimentines A, F, and G, and their congener, indotertine A, is reported. An intermolecular radical conjugate addition was key in the synthesis of the drimentine alkaloids, and a biologically inspired iminium–olefin cyclization converted drimentine F into indotertine A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eine radikalische intermolekulare konjugierte Addition führte in den ersten Totalsynthesen der abgebildeten Naturstoffe zu den Pyrroloindolin ‐ Alkaloiden der Drimentin ‐ Familie. Durch eine Iminium ‐ Olefin ‐ Cyclisierung nach biologischem Vorbild konnte Drimentin F weiter in Indotertin A umgewandelt werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel cyclic dimer based on oleanolic acid was synthesized using click chemistry and it showed remarkable selectivity and affinity to bind fluoride ion through C–H⋯F hydrogen bond interactions which involved the delocalization of proton in methylene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Production of p-xylene (PX) via a broad biomass-derived furan cycloaddition has received incremental interest because of its renewable character. To date, the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of furan derivatives with acrylic acid (AA) to synthesize PX has been achieved mainly by thermo-catalysis, but the stern reaction conditions usually lead to high energy costs. Herein, we report a copper-mediated decarboxylative cycloaddition within PW@HKUST-1 under visible-light irradiation to realize rapid synthesis of PX with 92.6% yield in 3 h under atmospheric pressure. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal a radical decarboxylation process via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) that initiates the [4 + 2] cycloaddition under visible-light irradiation. This work suggests that photoexcited [4 + 2] cycloaddition could be a cost-effective strategy for the synthesis of biomass-derived PX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation (LT) is controversial because of its high recurrence rate and low survival rate. Here, we report a case of early diffuse bilateral lung metastasis after LT beyond the Milan transplantation criteria (d = 18 cm, α-fetoprotein >24,000 ng/mL) that successfully achieved 1-year tumor-free remission survival with sirolimus combined with regorafenib. The donor source of the liver is legal, and this study followed the guidelines of the Helsinki Congress in this LT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of regorafenib as a first-line agent combined with sirolimus to treat recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after LT, and this case expands the indications for LT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel piezo-catalyst Ag/BNT-AN was synthesized successfully at the kilogram level. • Solid solution structure leads to enhanced piezoelectricity. • Ag nanoparticles act as electron-rich sites, which promote O 2 reduction. • Ag/BNT-AN expose more active sites to oxidize H 2 O due to reduced surface hydroxyl. • Ag/BNT-AN is an efficient piezo-catalyst for two-channel H 2 O 2 production. The piezo-catalytic hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) production is a promising alternative to traditional anthraquinone oxidation process, but it remains a challenging task. The low conversion efficiency of mechanical energy and the limitedsurface-active sites are the challengings for improving reaction efficiency. Moreover, piezo-catalysts are difficult to prepare in large quantities, limiting the industrial application. To address this issue, this study utilized piezoelectricity enhancement and surface engineering to regulate the Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 (BNT) for piezo-catalytic H 2 O 2 production. We successfully synthesized an efficient and stable piezo-catalyst, Ag-loaded Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 -AgNbO 3 solid solution (Ag/BNT-AN), that was applied to two-channel H 2 O 2 production. The piezo-catalytic activity of Ag/BNT-AN piezo-catalyst was greatly improved through joint regulation of enhancing piezoelectricity by Ag and Nb co-substitution, as well as promoting O 2 reduction and H 2 O oxidation reactions by surface modification with Ag nanoparticals and hydroxyl groups. The optimal Ag/BNT-AN piezo-catalyst displayed H 2 O 2 production rates of 469 µmol g−1 h−1 under ultrasonic vibration, which was 13 times higher than pure BNT. Additionally, the study found that H 2 O 2 could also be synthesized when the catalyst was subjected to simple stirring as mechanical stress, indicating the potential of Ag/BNT-AN to harness low-frequency mechanical energy. This work provides an effective strategy for regulating piezo-catalysts and presents a catalyst design paradigm at the kilogram level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potentiostatic anodization was developed to synthesize copper oxide/copper (CuxO/Cu, x=1,2) electrode with nano structure for sensitive non‐enzymatic glucose detection. At a catalytic potential of 0.55 V, the CuO/Cu electrode presented a high sensitivity of 2954.38 μA mM−1 cm−2 to glucose and a linear range of 0.1 mM to 1.3 mM. The response time is less than 3 s with addition of 0.1 mM glucose. The CuO/Cu electrode above was anodized in 1M KOH solution at −100 mV and the morphology was compact nanoparticles and sparsely dispersed nanosheets, which enlarged the surface area and provided abundant electrocatalytic active sites. Compared the sensing property of electrodes with different morphologies, it indicated that nanostructure was significant to the efficient glucose catalytic oxidation process and it could be regulated by changing the potential and electrolyte concentration during anodization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil using ammonium transporters (AMTs). Plants can precisely regulate AMT1;3 levels using sophisticated regulatory systems, ensuring adequate nitrogen uptake without hazardous ammonium production. Here, we demonstrated that ubiquitylation can contribute to AMT1;3 degradation under high ammonium stress. Using the ubiquitin site mutant AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP, we demonstrated that the loss of ubiquitination affects the dynamic characteristics of AMT1;3 proteins on the plasma membrane and markedly inhibits the endocytosis of AMT1;3 proteins under high ammonium stress. AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP plants also showed inhibition of protein degradation that targets the vesicular pathway after being exposed to high levels of ammonium. Our findings showed that the dynamic properties, endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking pathways of AMT1;3 proteins are altered in AMT1;3K75R,K233R-EGFP under high ammonium conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden disaster events are usually unpredictable and uncontrollable, and how to achieve efficient and accurate disaster information dissemination is an important topic for society security. At present, social sensor networks which integrate human mobile sensors and traditional physical sensors are widely used in dealing with emergencies. Previous studies mainly focused on the impact of human mobility patterns on social sensor networks. In this article, based on the inherent autonomy property of human individuals, we propose a social sensor information dissemination model, which mainly focuses on the impact of the individual characteristics, social characteristics, and group information dissemination mode on social sensor networks. Specifically, the human sensor model is first constructed based on the inherent social and psychological attributes of human autonomy. Then, various information dissemination models such as one-to-one, one-to-many, and peer-to-peer are proposed by considering different transmission media and human interaction preferences. We simulate the environment of information dissemination in disaster events based on the NetLogo platform. Evaluation matrix is applied to test the performance of social sensor information dissemination model, such as event dissemination coverage, event delivery time, and event delivery rate. With the comparisons to epidemic model, social sensor information dissemination model shows excellent performance in improving the efficiency and accuracy of information transmission in disaster events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lewis acidic and Brønsted acidic sites are assembled in the Co-MoO x /PW catalyst. • The photo-thermal bifunctional Co-MoO x /PW catalyst induced remarkable catalytic performance for conversion of LA to GVL. • A mild and low-cost route based on photothermal effect was expected for the biomass upgrade. Efficient synthesis of γ-valerolactone (GVL) has attracted wide attention due to its extensive applications as a promising fuel additive. Herein, we report a new path to obtain GVL by intermolecular hydrogen transfer from isopropanol to levulinic acid (LA) upon the Co-MoO x /polyoxometallic hybrid catalysts even without exogenous H 2 atmosphere. This conversion could proceed efficiently not only based on thermal catalysis, but also on photocatalysis due to its photo-thermal property. Moreover, the control experiments reveal that phosphotungustic acid (HPW) worked as acid sites for esterification and dealcoholization reaction. The doped Co species as Lewis acidic sites catalyze the formation of GVL from LA as well as affect the hydrogenation activity of MoO x. This work provides a photo-thermal catalyst for upgrading biomass-derived compounds under mild condition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrators are widely used in industrial controls, signal processing, and computing. However, traditional resistor–capacitor integrators incur leakage errors and zero drift, hindering their accuracy. By contrast, spintronic devices with good scalability and endurance for memory and logic applications in digital circuits have yet to be studied for analog circuit elements. Here, we propose a single-device spintronic integrator based on the current-controlled magnetic domain wall (DW). Continuous DW motion and correlated changes in the anomalous Hall resistance (or magneto-resistance) are encoded as an analog output signal, which is modulated by an input current through the spin–orbit-torque effect. Waveform transformation and phase-shift functions are demonstrated using Hall-bar devices. The spintronic integrator could pave the way for the spin-based analog computing with high reliability, high endurance, and good compatibility with the CMOS process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-step photocatalytic methane conversion to acetic acid possesses high economic and academic value, and carbonyl species (CO, CO 2) are usually necessary to be introduced into the reaction system to realize the carbon-carbon coupling reaction, which requires high energy input. In this work, a composite photocatalyst (Ag/AgCl-WO 3-x) was constructed to successfully realize the one-step photocatalytic conversion of CH 4 to CH 3 COOH without addition of carbonyl species. Chlorine radicals and hydroxyl radicals could be produced simultaneously under light irradiation over Ag/AgCl. Specifically, CH 4 could undergo the hydrogen atom transfer reaction with chlorine radicals to produce methyl species, and hydroxyl radicals could mineralize CH 4 to produce carbonyl species. After further combining WO 3 − x , carbon-carbon coupling reaction between carbonyl and methyl species occurred to effectively produce CH 3 COOH (188.5 μmol·g cat −1·h−1). This work provides a new prospect of designing photocatalytic system to realize CH 4 conversion to C 2 products. [Display omitted] • One-step conversion of CH 4 to CH 3 COOH is achieved over the photocatalyst of Ag/AgCl-WO 3−x. • ·Cl and ·OH produced over Ag/AgCl contributed to obtain active methyl and carbonyl species, respectively. • WO 3−x enables the C-C coupling reaction between methyl and carbonyl species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spin torque effects discovered in spintronics have a broad prospect for applications in information memory and logic devices, wherein deterministic switching is highly desired. Variations between devices originating from the fabrication process and inherently random physical features are detrimental to memory and logic devices; however, they are potential entropy sources for hardware security primitives. Here, we demonstrate two types of spin–orbit torque (SOT)-based reconfigurable physically unclonable functions (rPUFs) that are based on process-induced SOT switching current variations and SOT-induced domain wall (DW) nonlinear dynamics, respectively. The experimental results show that both rPUFs have excellent performance in terms of reliability and uniqueness, and the performance is sustained after reconfiguring. Furthermore, the DW nonlinear dynamics-based rPUF can be reconfigured for an unlimited number of times with high uniformity. We believe that our work paves a way for information security and expands the application fields of spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are widely used to additives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paints and foods. Recent studies have demonstrated that TiO 2 NPs increased the risk of cancer and the mechanism might relate with oxidative stress. Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) is a natural compound which has been demonstrated to possess a wide array of pharmacological and biochemical actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antioxidant properties. Our data show that GSPE prevents the changes of histopathology and biomarkers in heart, liver and kidney that occur in mice exposed to TiO 2 NPs. After pretreatment with GSPE, the DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in mice exposed to TiO 2 NPs had statistically significant decreases in dose dependent manners. GSPE increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase[quinine] 1(NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). We conclude that grape seed procyanidin extract prevents the majority of tissue and molecular damage resulting from nanoparticle treatment. The protective effect of GSPE may be due to its strong antioxidative activities which related with the activated Nrf2 and its down-regulated genes including NQO1, HO-1 and GCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an intermolecular conjugate addition of 3a-pyrroloindoline/furoindoline radicals to α,β-unsaturated enones, through visible-light photoredox catalysis. Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy) PF6 was found to be an effective promoter to initiate this reaction from readily available 3a-bromopyrroloindolines/furoindolines. This method was exploited to prepare a series of indole terpenoid-like compounds of potential biological interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regenerative capacity of neurons is limited in the central nervous system (CNS), with irreversible neuronal loss upon insult. In contrast, microglia exhibit extraordinary capacity for repopulation. Matsuda et al. (2019) recently reported NeuroD1-induced microglia-to-neuron conversion, aiming to provide an "unlimited" source to regenerate neurons. However, the extent to which NeuroD1 can exert cross-lineage reprogramming of microglia (myeloid lineage) to neurons (neuroectodermal lineage) is unclear. In this study, we unexpectedly found that NeuroD1 cannot convert microglia to neurons in mice. Instead, NeuroD1 expression induces microglial cell death. Moreover, lineage tracing reveals non-specific leakage of similar lentiviruses as previously used for microglia-to-neuron conversion, which confounds the microglia-to-neuron observation. In summary, we demonstrated that NeuroD1 cannot induce microglia-to-neuron cross-lineage reprogramming. We here propose rigid principles for verifying glia-to-neuron conversion. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Matsuda et al. (2019) , published in Neuron. [Display omitted] • Ectopic expression of NeuroD1 cannot induce microglia-to-neuron conversion in mice • Lentiviral leakage suggests labeling of cells other than microglia • Glia-to-neuron conversion by NeuroD1 should always be tested by rigid lineage tracing NeuroD1-induced cross-lineage microglia-to-neuron conversion is hotly debated. Rao et al. demonstrate that NeuroD1 does not induce microglia-to-neuron conversion in mice. Instead, NeuroD1 triggers microglial apoptosis. Rao et al. further propose generic principles for verifying glia-to-neuron conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) is a large, upright shrub with fruits that contain many bioactive compounds. Flavonoids are common active substances in L. maackii. However, there is a dearth of information about the accumulation of these flavonoids and their possible medicinal value. We used targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze five developmental stages of L. maackii fruit. A total of 438 metabolites were identified in the five developmental stages, including 81 flavonoids and derivatives. The 81 flavonoids included 25 flavones and derivatives, 35 flavonols and derivatives, two isoflavones, three cyanidins and derivatives, eight procyanidins, and eight flavanones. In addition, we outlined the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and screened their upstream metabolites. More importantly, we analyzed the accumulation patterns of several typical flavones and flavonols. The results reported here improved our understanding of the dynamic changes in flavonoids during fruit development and contributed to making full use of the medicinal value of L. maackii fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evapotranspiration mechanism of the water storage pit orchard is revealed. • An evapotranspiration model of the water storage pit irrigation trees (SWp) is established. • The mechanism of the simulation error of the SW P model is illustrated. Accurately predicting the evapotranspiration of the orchard is of great significance for improving the water use efficiency of orchard and optimizing the water management of orchard. Based on both the evapotranspiration mechanism of the water storage pit irrigation orchard and the Shuttleworth-Wallace dual-source evapotranspiration model, an evapotranspiration model S W p suitable for water storage pit irrigation trees was established in this study. The evapotranspiration measured by the thermal diffusion sap flow meter and mic-lysimeter methods during 2018 were used to verify the performance of the PM model, the SW model and the S W p model under the water storage pit irrigation conditions. The results show that: (1) an evapotranspiration model of the water storage pit irrigation trees is established, and the Nash efficiency coefficient of the model is 0.93; (2) the diurnal variation of the evapotranspiration obtained by the three models of P M , S W , and S W p are the same as the measured value. The simulated value of P M model is 11.45% lower than the measured value, the simulated value of S W model is 24.01% higher than the measured value, and the simulated value of S W p model is 5.55% higher than the measured value; and (3) sensitivity analysis is performed on the six resistance variables in the S W p model, which reveals the mechanism of the simulation error of the S W p. model. Thus the S W p model significantly improved the accuracy against the PM and SW models and can be used to estimate the evapotranspiration under the water storage pit irrigation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants such as organic dyes is a fundamental challenge in wastewater treatment. We report herein the integration of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with membrane bioreactors (nZVI-bio system) to achieve enhanced degradation of Congo red (CR) in wastewater. nZVI pretreatment converts the large and bio-recalcitrant CR molecules into smaller and more biodegradable organic compounds in continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CFSTR). A nZVI-bio system was experimented continuously for 52 d with a color removal efficiency of 99% and a reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 167 mg L−1 to less than 70 mg L−1. However, a conventional biotreatment system treating identical wastewater achieved color removal efficiency of just 30–70% and the COD reduction to 116 mg L−1. This suggests that integrated nZVI-bio system has potential for the treatment of recalcitrant organic dyes. On-line measurements of pH and redox potential in the CSFTR can be conveniently used to monitor and regulate treatment performance. Image 1 • nZVI pretreatment reduced color, toxicity, and enhances biodegradability. • nZVI-bio system enhanced color removal and COD reduction. • nZVI-bio system was feasible for CR wastewater treatment. • pH and E h in nZVI reactor could be used to monitor CR removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]