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Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) can provide many benefits for animals' growth performance and gut health. In this study, we investigated the effects of

Panophrys daoji Lyu, Zeng, Wang & Wang sp. nov. Chresonymy. Megophrys sp20— Liu et al. 2018 Holotype. SYS a006209 (Fig. 4 A–D), adult male, collected by Jian Wang and Zhao-Chi Zeng on 31 July 2017 from Huading (29.2781°N, 121.0996°E; ca 680 m a.s.l.), Mt Tiantai, Tiantai County, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China. Paratypes. Three adult males (SYS a006210–6211, SYS a006212/ CIB 116076) and two adult females (SYS a006213–6214), collected at the same time from the same locality as the holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet daoji is used as a noun in apposition, and refers to the Master Daoji (ḋằñ ®), also known as Ji Gong (ằẌ). He purportedly possessed supernatural powers which he used to help the poor and stand up to injustice, and became a famous legend in Chinese culture and a well-known deity in Chinese folk religion. Master Daoji was born in Yongning Village situated at the foot of Mt Tiantai where is the type locality of this new species with variable coloration. Common names. Daoji’s Horned Toad (in English) / Dào Jì Jiăo Chán (ḋằfflḃ in Chinese) Diagnosis. (1) body size moderate, with SVL 32.6–33.6 mm (n = 4) in adult males and 37.5–41.4 mm (n = 2) in adult females; (2) tympanum edge distinct and raised, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold; (3) vomerine teeth absent; (4) margin of tongue not notched; (5) hindlimbs short, heels not meeting; (6) tibio-tarsal articulation reaching at center of tympanum; (7) TIB/SVL 0.39–0.42, FTL/SVL 0.57–0.64; (8) narrow lateral fringes on fingers present, one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger, relative finger lengths II Comparisons. Comparative data of Panophrys daoji sp. nov. with P. daiyunensis, and 47 recognized Panophrys congeners are given in Table 3. Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. daiyunensis by the relatively larger body size, SVL 32.6–33.6 mm in males and 37.5–41.4 mm in females (vs SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in males and 33.7–35.6 mm in females), vomerine teeth absent (vs present), heels not meeting (vs overlapping or meeting), and nuptial spines present on the finger I in breeding males (vs absent). Compared with the six Panophrys species previously recorded from eastern China, P. daoji sp. nov. differs from P. boettgeri by its smaller body size in adult males (vs SVL 34.5–37.8 mm), tongue not notched (vs notched), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. huangshanensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 36.0– 41.6 mm in males and 44.2 mm in female), tongue not notched (vs notched), narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. kuatunensis by the larger body size in adult males (vs SVL 26.2–29.6 mm), tongue not notched (vs notched), and rudimentary web on toes present (vs absent). Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. lishuiensis by the narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. ombrophila by its larger body size in adult females (vs SVL 32.8–35.0 mm), and narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daoji sp. nov. differs from P. xianjuensis by the heels not meeting (vs overlapping). With a moderate body size, SVL 32.6–33.6 mm in males and 37.5–41.4 mm in females, Panophrys daoji sp. nov. can be distinguished from 20 congeners whose SVL 35 mm in males or SVL 45 mm in females, namely P. acuta, P. baolongensis, P. binlingensis, P. caudoprocta, P. cheni, P. hoanglienensis, P. insularis, P. jingdongensis, P. jinggangensis, P. liboensis, P. mirabilis, P. obesa, P. omeimontis, P. palpebralespinosa, P. sangzhiensis, P. shuichengensis, P. spinata, P. tuberogranulatus, P. xiangnanensis, and P. yangmingensis. Panophrys daoji sp. nov. can be distinguished from the remaining 21 congeners by the following characteristics: vomerine teeth absent (vs present in P. daweimontis, P. dongguanensis, P. fansipanensis, P. jiulianensis, P. nankunensis, P. nanlingensis, P. rubrimera, and P. shimentaina); tongue not notched (vs notched in P. fansipanensis, P. jiulianensis, P. minor, P. nanlingensis, and P. rubrimera); heels not meeting (vs overlapping or meeting in P. angka, P. binchuanensis, P. jiangi, P. jiulianensis, P. leishanensis, P. lini, P. minor, P. mufumontana, P. nanlingensis, P. shimentaina, P. shunhuangensis, P. wuliangshanensis, and P. wushanensis); narrow lateral fringes present on toes (vs absent in P. angka, P. brachykolos, P. caobangensis, P. daweimontis, P. dongguanensis, P. fansipanensis, P. jiangi, P. jiulianensis, P. leishanensis, P. minor, P. nankunensis, P. shunhuangensis, P. wugongensis, and P. wuliangshanensis; vs wide in P. binchuanensis and P. lini; vs absent in females while wide in males in P. wushanensis); rudimentary web present between toes (vs lacking webs in P. daweimontis, P. fansipanensis, P. rubrimera, and P. wuliangshanensis). Description of holotype. SYS a006209, adult male. Habitus moderate, SVL 33.4 mm; head width shorter than head length, HDW/HDL 0.99; snout rounded in dorsal view, projecting, sloping posteriorly to mouth in profile, protruding well beyond margin of lower jaw; dorsal surface of head flat; eye small, ED/HDL 0.39; nostril obliquely ovoid; pupil vertical; canthus rostralis well developed, curved above nostril; loreal region sloping; internasal distance larger than interorbital distance; tympanum edge distinct and raised, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold; choanae large ovoid, situated at base of maxilla; vomerine teeth absent; margin of tongue not notched. Lower arm length 0.20 of SVL and hand length 0.23 of SVL; relative finger lengths II Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surface dark brown; scarlet granules on the dorsal head, supratympanic fold, dorsum, and flanks; a dark brown triangular marking with light edge between eyes; a dark brown “X” shaped marking with light edge on center of dorsum; dark stripes below eyes; iris red. Ventral surface grayish brown, with a large white patch and tiny scarlet spots on the belly; three dark longitudinal stripes on the throat; palms pale, soles grayish brown, tips of digits greyish white, metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles pale; pectoral glands and femoral glands white. Variation. Measurements of type series are given in Table 5. All specimens were similar in morphology but their colorations were variable. Females are larger than males. SYS a006210 is dark gray on dorsum with “)(”- shaped skin ridge and “)(”-shaped marking on center of dorsum. SYS a006211 (Fig. 4E) is pale brown dorsally with underdeveloped “)(”-shaped skin ridge on center of dorsum. SYS a006212 is yellowish brown on dorsum. SYS a006214 (Fig. 4F) is reddish brown on dorsum with light patches on the shoulder. Distribution and ecology. Currently, Panophrys daoji sp. nov. is known from the Mt Tiantai (600–700 m a.s.l.) of Tiantai County and neighboring Xikou Town (500–600 m a.s.l.) of Fenghua City, both situated in the Tiantai Mountains in eastern Zhejiang. Males call from banks of streams in July, but tadpoles have not been found and additional ecological information remains unknown., Published as part of Lyu, Zhi-Tong, Zeng, Zhao-Chi, Wang, Jian, Liu, Zu-Yao, Huang, Ya-Qiong, Li, Wen-Zhou & Wang, Ying-Yong, 2021, Four new species of Panophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from eastern China, with discussion on the recognition of Panophrys as a distinct genus, pp. 9-40 in Zootaxa 4927 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4927.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4533849, {"references":["Liu, Z. Y., Chen, G. L., Zhu, T. Q., Zeng, Z. C., Lyu, Z. T., Wang, J., Messenger, K., Greenberg, A. J., Guo, Z. X., Yang, Z. H., Shi, S. H. & Wang, Y. Y. (2018) Prevalence of cryptic species in morphologically uniform taxa-Fast speciation and evolutionary radiation in Asian frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 723 - 731. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.06.020"]}

Panophrys daiyunensis Lyu, Wang & Wang sp. nov. Chresonymy. Megophrys sp18— Liu et al. 2018 Holotype: SYS a001733 (Fig. 3 A–D), adult male, collected by Run-Lin Li on 22 May 2012 from Daiyun Village (25.6362°N, 118.2139°E; ca 1040 m a.s.l.), Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve, Dehua County, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, PR China. Paratypes: Three adult males (SYS a001730/ CIB 116075, SYS a001731–1732), collected at the same time from the same locality as the holotype; one adult female (SYS a006002), collected by Jian Wang on 26 June 2017 from the same locality as the holotype; two adult females (SYS a006000, 6003), collected by Zhi-Tong Lyu, Ying-Yong Wang, and Ya-Qiong Huang on 26 June 2017 from Jiuxianshan (25.7101°N, 118.1200°E; ca 1200 m a.s.l.), Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Etymology. The specific epithet daiyunensis refers to the type locality of the new species, the Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Common names. Daiyun Horned Toad (in English) / Dài Yún Jiǎo Chán (ăủfflḃ in Chinese) Diagnosis. (1) body size small, with SVL 27.6–28.7 mm (n = 4) in adult males and 33.7–35.6 mm (n = 3) in adult females; (2) tympanum edge distinct, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold, TD/ED 0.45–0.53; (3) vomerine teeth present; (4) margin of tongue not notched; (5) heels overlapping or meeting; (6) tibio-tarsal articulation reaching just posterior to eye; (7) TIB/SVL 0.36–0.42, FTL/SVL 0.51–0.60; (8) narrow lateral fringes on fingers present, one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger, relative finger lengths I = II Comparisons. Comparative data of Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. with 47 recognized Panophrys congeners are given in Table 3. Six Panophrys species occur in eastern China, namely P. boettgeri, P. huangshanensis, P. kuatunensis, P. lishuiensis, P. ombrophila, and P. xianjuensis. Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. boettgeri by the smaller body size, SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in males and 33.7–35.6 mm in females (vs SVL 34.5–37.8 mm in males and 39.7– 46.8 mm in females), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. huangshanensis by its smaller body size (vs SVL 36.0– 41.6 mm in males and 44.2 mm in female), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. kuatunensis by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue not notched (vs notched), heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting), and rudimentary web on toes present (vs absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. lishuiensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 30.7–34.7 mm in males and 36.9–40.4 mm in female), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), and narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. ombrophila by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting), and narrow lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. differs from P. xianjuensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 31.0– 36.3 mm in males and 41.6 mm in female), and vomerine teeth present (vs absent). With a small body size, SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in adult males and 33.7–35.6 mm in adult females, Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from 32 congeners whose SVL> 31 mm in males or> 38 mm in females, namely P. angka, P. baolongensis, P. binchuanensis, P. binlingensis, P. brachykolos, P. caobangensis, P. caudoprocta, P. daweimontis, P. fansipanensis, P. hoanglienensis, P. insularis, P. jiangi, P. jingdongensis, P. jinggangensis, P. leishanensis, P. liboensis, P. lini, P. mirabilis, P. minor, P. nankunensis, P. obesa, P. omeimontis, P. palpebralespinosa, P. sangzhiensis, P. shuichengensis, P. spinata, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wuliangshanensis, P. wushanensis, P. xiangnanensis, and P. yangmingensis. Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the remaining nine congeners by the following characteristics: SVL 27.6–28.7 mm in males and 33.7–35.6 mm in females (vs SVL 30.2–39.3 mm in males in P. dongguanensis; vs SVL 30.4–33.9 mm in males in P. jiulianensis; vs SVL 30.1–30.8 mm in males and 36.3 mm in female in P. mufumontana; vs SVL 30.5–37.3 mm in males in P. nanlingensis; vs SVL 30.3–33.7 mm in males and 37.6 mm in female in P. shunhuangensis); horn-like tubercle at upper eyelid small (vs large in P. acuta); vomerine teeth present (vs absent in P. acuta, P. cheni, P. mufumontana, and P. shunhuangensis); tongue not notched (vs notched in P. cheni, P. jiulianensis, P. nanlingensis, and P. rubrimera); heels overlapping or meeting (vs not meeting in P. acuta and P. dongguanensis); narrow lateral fringes present on toes (vs wide in P. cheni; vs absent in P. dongguanensis, P. jiulianensis, and P. shunhuangensis); rudimentary web present between toes (vs absent in P. rubrimera). Description of holotype. SYS a001733, adult male. Habitus small, SVL 28.7 mm; head width shorter than head length, HDW/HDL 0.97; snout rounded in dorsal view, projecting, sloping posteriorly to mouth in profile, protruding well beyond margin of lower jaw; dorsal surface of head flat; eye small, ED/HDL 0.39; nostril obliquely ovoid; pupil vertical; canthus rostralis well developed, curved above nostril; loreal region sloping; internasal distance larger than interorbital distance; tympanum distinct, small, upper margin in contact with supratympanic fold; choanae large ovoid, situated at base of maxilla; vomerine teeth present; margin of tongue not notched. Lower arm length 0.23 of SVL and hand length 0.24 of SVL; relative finger lengths I = II Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surface yellowish brown; a dark incomplete triangular marking with light edge between eyes; a dark “X” shaped marking with light edge on center of dorsum; dark patches on dorsal upper arms and hindlimbs; dark stripes below eyes and at lateral tip of snout; iris reddish brown. Ventral surface dark brown; three dark longitudinal stripes on the throat, middle one distinctly shorter; red spots on the chest and densely-distributed tiny white spots on belly and ventral thigh; palms and soles purplish brown, tips of digits greyish white, metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles orange red; pectoral glands and femoral glands white. Variation. Measurements of type series are given in Table 4. All specimens were similar in morphology. Females are larger than males. SYS a006000 (Fig. 3E, F) has reddish brown dorsal surface with “)(”-shaped marking and gray ventral surface with unclear marking. Without “X” or “)(”-shaped marking on center of dorsum in SYS a006002. Distribution and ecology. Currently, Panophrys daiyunensis sp. nov. is known from Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve (1000–1250 m a.s.l.) and Xiamen City (ca 400 m a.s.l.) of southern Fujian. This toad inhabits streams surrounded by moist subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forests, and is common from May to June. Males call actively on leaves of bushes or rocks near streams during this period. All females found in June were gravid with oocytes but tadpoles have not been found., Published as part of Lyu, Zhi-Tong, Zeng, Zhao-Chi, Wang, Jian, Liu, Zu-Yao, Huang, Ya-Qiong, Li, Wen-Zhou & Wang, Ying-Yong, 2021, Four new species of Panophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from eastern China, with discussion on the recognition of Panophrys as a distinct genus, pp. 9-40 in Zootaxa 4927 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4927.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4533849, {"references":["Liu, Z. Y., Chen, G. L., Zhu, T. Q., Zeng, Z. C., Lyu, Z. T., Wang, J., Messenger, K., Greenberg, A. J., Guo, Z. X., Yang, Z. H., Shi, S. H. & Wang, Y. Y. (2018) Prevalence of cryptic species in morphologically uniform taxa-Fast speciation and evolutionary radiation in Asian frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 723 - 731. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.06.020"]}

Panophrys tongboensis Wang & Lyu sp. nov. Chresonymy. Megophrys sp21— Liu et al. 2018 Holotype. SYS a003228 (Fig. 6 A–E), adult male, collected by Run-Lin Li on 18 August 2014 from Pingxi (28.1154°N, 118.2372°E; ca 1100 m a.s.l.), Mt Tongbo, Guangfeng District, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, PR China. Paratypes. Three adult males (SYS a003225–3227), collected at the same time from the same locality as the holotype; one adult male (SYS a001911/ CIB 116078), collected by Run-Lin Li on 5 August 2012 from the same locality as the holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet tongboensis refers to its type locality, Mt Tongbo. Common names. Mt Tongbo Horned Toad (in English) / Tóng Bó Shān Jiǎo Chán (ffiůƜfflḃin Chinese) Diagnosis. (1) body size small, with SVL 26.5–31.5 mm (n = 5) in adult males; (2) tympanum visible, the anterior edge indistinct; (3) vomerine teeth present; (4) margin of tongue notched; (5) heels overlapping; (6) tibiotarsal articulation reaching at center of eye; (7) TIB/SVL 0.46–0.49, FTL/SVL 0.59–0.68; (8) narrow lateral fringes on fingers present, one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger, relative finger lengths II Comparisons. Comparative data of Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. with P. daiyunensis, P. daoji, P. sanmingensis, and 47 recognized Panophrys congeners are given in Table 3. Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. daiyunensis by its tongue notched (vs not notched), and lateral fringes and web on toes absent (vs both present). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. daoji by the smaller body size, SVL 26.5–31.5 mm in males (vs SVL 32.6–33.6 mm), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue notched (vs not notched), heels overlapping (vs not meeting), and lateral fringes and web on toes absent (vs both present). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. sanmingensis by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), and lateral fringes and web on toes absent (vs both present). Compared with the six Panophrys species previously recorded from eastern China, P. tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. boettgeri by its smaller body size (vs SVL 34.5–37.8 mm in males), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), heels overlapping (vs just meeting), lateral fringes and web on toes absent (vs both present), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. huangshanensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 36.0– 41.6 mm in males), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), heels overlapping (vs just meeting or not meeting), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. kuatunensis by vomerine teeth present (vs absent), heels overlapping (vs not meeting), and lateral fringes on toes absent (vs present). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. lishuiensis by its smaller body size (vs SVL 30.7–34.7 mm in males), vomerine teeth present (vs absent), and tongue notched (vs not notched). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. ombrophila by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue notched (vs not notched), and heels overlapping (vs not meeting). Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. differs from P. xianjuensis by its vomerine teeth present (vs absent), tongue notched (vs not notched), and lateral fringes and web on toes absent (vs both present). With a small body size, SVL 26.5–31.5 mm in males, Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. is different from 21 congeners whose SVL> 34 mm in males, namely P. baolongensis, P. binlingensis, P. caobangensis, P. caudoprocta, P. daweimontis, P. hoanglienensis, P. insularis, P. jiangi, P. jingdongensis, P. jinggangensis, P. liboensis, P. lini, P. minor, P. mirabilis, P. obesa, P. omeimontis, P. palpebralespinosa, P. sangzhiensis, P. shuichengensis, P. spinata, and P. xiangnanensis. Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the remaining 20 congeners by the following characteristics: SVL 26.5–31.5 mm in males (vs SVL 32.0–36.0 mm in P. binchuanensis; vs SVL 33.2–37.1 mm in P. yangmingensis; vs SVL 33.2–39.0 mm in P. tuberogranulatus; vs SVL 33.7–39.3 mm in P. brachykolos); horn-like tubercle at upper eyelid small (vs large in P. acuta); vomerine teeth present (vs absent in P. acuta, P. angka, P. binchuanensis, P. brachykolos, P. cheni, P. leishanensis, P. mufumontana, P. shunhuangensis, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wuliangshanensis, P. wushanensis, and P. yangmingensis); tongue notched (vs not notched in P. acuta, P. angka, P. brachykolos, P. dongguanensis, P. leishanensis, P. mufumontana, P. nankunensis, P. shimentaina, P. shunhuangensis, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wushanensis, and P. yangmingensis); heels overlapping (vs not meeting in P. acuta, P. brachykolos, P. dongguanensis, P. nankunensis, and P. wugongensis); lateral fringes on toes absent (vs present in P. acuta, P. binchuanensis, P. cheni, P. mufumontana, P. nanlingensis, P. rubrimera, P. shimentaina, and P. yangmingensis; vs absent in females while wide in males in P. wushanensis); web between toes absent (vs present in P. acuta, P. angka, P. binchuanensis, P. brachykolos, P. cheni, P. dongguanensis, P. jiulianensis, P. leishanensis, P. mufumontana, P. nankunensis, P. nanlingensis, P. shimentaina, P. shunhuangensis, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wushanensis, and P. yangmingensis); one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger (vs absent in P. fansipanensis). Description of holotype. SYS a003228, adult male. Habitus small, SVL 28.5 mm; head width shorter than head length, HDW/HDL 0.91; snout rounded in dorsal view, projecting, sloping posteriorly to mouth in profile, protruding well beyond margin of lower jaw; dorsal surface of head flat; eye large, ED/HDL 0.39; nostril obliquely ovoid; pupil vertical; canthus rostralis well developed, curved above nostril; loreal region sloping; internasal distance larger than interorbital distance; tympanum visible but the anterior edge indistinct; choanae large ovoid, situated at base of maxilla; vomerine teeth present; margin of tongue notched. Lower arm length 0.24 of SVL and hand length 0.24 of SVL; relative finger lengths II Shank length 0.46 of SVL and foot 0.61 of SVL; tibio-tarsal articulation reaches at center of eye when hindlimb stretched alongside body; heels overlapping when hindlimbs held at right angles to body; relative toe lengths I Dorsal body’s skin texture relatively smooth with tiny granules; “)(”-shaped skin ridge on center of dorsum; a small horn-like tubercle present at edge of upper eyelid; supratympanic fold distinct, curving from posterior corner of eye, posteroventrally to above insertion of arm; flank with raised tubercles. Ventral surface smooth, with scattered tubercles on thigh; pectoral gland large, closer to axilla; single large femoral gland on posterior surface of thigh. Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surface beige; a brown “V” shaped marking with light edge between eyes; a brown “)(”-shaped marking with light edge on center of dorsum; dark crossbars on dorsal upper arms and hindlimbs; dark stripes below eyes and at lateral tip of snout; iris reddish brown. Ventral surface dark brown with densely-distributed white spots; a dark longitudinal stripe on the throat; a pair of longitudinal black stripes with white edge on the lateroventral belly; palms and soles reddish brown, tips of digits light red, metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles orange red; pectoral glands and femoral glands white. Variation. Measurements of type series are given in Table 7. All specimens were similar in morphology. SYS a003227 has an incomplete triangular marking between eyes. SYS a001911 (Fig. 6F) has a triangular marking between eyes and short longitudinal skin ridges on the flanks. Distribution and ecology. Currently, Panophrys tongboensis sp. nov. is only known from the type locality, Mt Tongbo (1100–1115 m a.s.l.) in northeastern Jiangxi. This toad appears to be rare with all individuals being found in the same stream, and is under the competition with the sympatric congener P. boettgeri which is more abundant. Males call on deadwood above streams in August, however, the male individuals found in August were not bearing nuptial pads or spines. Females and tadpoles have not been found and additional ecological information remains unknown.

Panophrys sanmingensis Lyu & Wang sp. nov. Chresonymy. Megophrys sp15— Liu et al. 2018 Holotype. SYS a002498 (Fig. 5 A–D), adult male, collected by Ying-Yong Wang on 18 April 2014 from Mt Longqi (26.5233°N, 117.2976°E; ca 700 m a.s.l.), Jiangle County, Sanming City, Fujian Province, PR China. Paratypes. Five adult males (SYS a002493–2496, SYS a002499/ CIB 116077) and one adult female (SYS a002500), collected at the same time from the same locality as the holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet sanmingensis refers to the type locality of the new species, the Sanming City. Common names. Sanming Horned Toad (in English) / Sān Míng Jiǎo Chán (Ξfifflḃin Chinese) Diagnosis. (1) body size small, with SVL 27.0– 29.5 mm (n = 6) in adult males and 29.5 mm in adult female; (2) tympanum distinct, TD/ED 0.49–0.50; (3) vomerine teeth absent; (4) margin of tongue notched; (5) heels overlapping; (6) tibio-tarsal articulation reaching just posterior to eye; (7) TIB/SVL 0.44–0.48, FTL/SVL 0.61–0.65; (8) narrow lateral fringes on fingers present, one subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger, relative finger lengths I I in breeding males. Comparisons. Comparative data of Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. with P. daiyunensis, P. daoji, and 47 recognized Panophrys congeners are given in Table 3. Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. daiyunensis by its vomerine teeth absent (vs present), tongue notched (vs not notched), lateral fringes on toes wide (vs narrow), and nuptial spines present on the finger I in breeding males (vs absent). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. daoji by its smaller body size, SVL 27.0– 29.5 mm in males and 29.5 mm in female (vs SVL 32.6–33.6 mm in males and 37.5–41.4 mm in females), tongue notched (vs not notched), heels overlapping (vs not meeting), and lateral fringes on toes wide (vs narrow). Compared with the six Panophrys species previously recorded from eastern China, P. sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. boettgeri by its smaller body size (vs SVL 34.5–37.8 mm in males and 39.7–46.8 mm in females), heels overlapping (vs just meeting), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. huangshanensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 36.0– 41.6 mm in males and 44.2 mm in female), heels overlapping (vs just meeting or not meeting), wide lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent), and round light patches on the shoulder absent (vs present). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. kuatunensis by its heels overlapping (vs not meeting), lateral fringes on toes wide (vs narrow), and rudimentary web on toes present (vs absent). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. lishuiensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 30.7–34.7 mm in males and 36.9–40.4 mm in female), tongue notched (vs not notched), wide lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. ombrophila by the tongue notched (vs not notched), heels overlapping (vs not meeting), and wide lateral fringes and rudimentary web on toes present (vs both absent). Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. differs from P. xianjuensis by the smaller body size (vs SVL 31.0– 36.3 mm in males and 41.6 mm in female), tongue notched (vs not notched), and lateral fringes on toes wide (vs narrow). With a small body size, SVL 27.0– 29.5 mm in males and 29.5 mm in female, Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. is different from 34 congeners whose SVL> 32 mm in males or> 36 mm in females, namely P. angka, P. baolongensis, P. binchuanensis, P. binlingensis, P. brachykolos, P. caobangensis, P. caudoprocta, P. daweimontis, P. fansipanensis, P. hoanglienensis, P. insularis, P. jiangi, P. jingdongensis, P. jinggangensis, P. leishanensis, P. liboensis, P. lini, P. minor, P. mirabilis, P. mufumontana, P. nankunensis, P. obesa, P. omeimontis, P. palpebralespinosa, P. sangzhiensis, P. shuichengensis, P. shunhuangensis, P. spinata, P. tuberogranulatus, P. wugongensis, P. wuliangshanensis, P. wushanensis, P. xiangnanensis, and P. yangmingensis. Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the remaining seven congeners by the following characteristics: SVL 27.0– 29.5 mm in males and 29.5 mm in females (vs SVL 31.8–34.1 mm in females in P. cheni; SVL 30.2–39.3 mm in males in P. dongguanensis; vs SVL 30.4–33.9 mm in males and 34.1–37.5 in females in P. jiulianensis; vs SVL 30.5–37.3 mm in males in P. nanlingensis); horn-like tubercle at upper eyelid small (vs large in P. acuta); vomerine teeth absent (vs present in P. dongguanensis, P. jiulianensis, P. nanlingensis, P. rubrimera, and P. shimentaina); tongue notched (vs not notched in P. acuta, P. dongguanensis, and P. shimentaina); heels overlapping (vs not meeting in P. acuta and P. dongguanensis); wide lateral fringes present on toes (vs narrow in P. acuta, P. nanlingensis, P. rubrimera, and P. shimentaina; vs absent in P. dongguanensis and P. jiulianensis); rudimentary web present between toes (vs absent in P. rubrimera). Description of holotype. SYS a002498, adult male. Habitus small, SVL 29.3 mm; head length shorter than head width, HDW/HDL 1.02; snout rounded in dorsal view, projecting, sloping posteriorly to mouth in profile, protruding well beyond margin of lower jaw; dorsal surface of head flat; eye large, ED/HDL 0.42; nostril obliquely ovoid; pupil vertical; canthus rostralis well developed, curved above nostril; loreal region sloping; internasal distance larger than interorbital distance; tympanum distinct; choanae large ovoid, situated at base of maxilla; vomerine teeth absent; margin of tongue notched. Lower arm length 0.25 of SVL and hand length 0.24 of SVL; relative finger lengths I Shank length 0.48 of SVL and foot 0.64 of SVL; tibio-tarsal articulation reaches posterior margin of eye when hindlimb stretched alongside body; heels overlapping when hindlimbs held at right angles to body; relative toe lengths I Dorsal body’s skin texture rough with densely-distributed granules and scattered raised tubercles; “X” shaped skin ridge on center of dorsum; dorsolateral skin ridges present; a small horn-like tubercle present at edge of upper eyelid; supratympanic fold distinct, curving from posterior corner of eye, posteroventrally to above insertion of arm; flank with raised tubercles; raised tubercles on dorsal arms and hindlimbs. Ventral surface smooth with tiny granules; pectoral gland large, closer to axilla; single large femoral gland on posterior surface of thigh. Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surface brown; a dark incomplete triangular marking with light edge between eyes; a dark “X” shaped marking with light edge on center of dorsum; dark crossbars on dorsal upper arms and hindlimbs; dark stripes below eyes and at lateral tip of snout; iris yellowish brown. Ventral surface pale with densely-distributed white spots; three dark longitudinal stripes on the throat; a pair of longitudinal black stripes with white edge on the lateroventral belly; palms and soles purplish brown, tips of digits greyish white, metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles orange red; pectoral glands and femoral glands white. Variation. Measurements of type series are given in Table 6. All specimens were similar in morphology. SYS a002493 (Fig. 5E) has reddish brown dorsal surface, with red spots on the dorsum and flanks. SYS a002494 (Fig. 5F) and SYS a002495 have black spots on flanks and the posterior of dorsum. Distribution and ecology. Currently, Panophrys sanmingensis sp. nov. is recognized from the Mt Longqi (700–740 m a.s.l.) of Jiangle County, Mt Emeifeng (900–1250 m a.s.l.) of Taining County and Gutian Town (750– 780 m a.s.l.) of Shanghang County in western Fujian, Mt Magu (500–600 m a.s.l.) of Nancheng County, Mt Junfeng (850–980 m a.s.l.) of Nanfeng County and Mt Jinpen (ca 500 m a.s.l.) of Xinfeng County in eastern Jiangxi, and Mt Fenghuang (800–900 m a.s.l.) of Chao’an District, Chaozhou City in eastern Guangdong, which indicates the distribution area of this species is in the wide hilly area among Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces. This species inhabits streams surrounded by moist subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forests. Males call actively from mid-April to early June in Mt Longqi, Mt Emeifeng, Mt Magu, and Mt Junfeng; two individuals were found from Gutian Town in mid-July, and they were calling inactively; only one individual was found from Mt Jinpen in late September, and it was not calling.

In this paper, we point out that a recent characterization of geodesic convex hull on Hadamard manifolds is not rigorous and explain why the characterization does not hold like it in linear spaces. Therefore, a definition of geodesic pseudo-convex combination is proposed to show that the Knaster–Kuratowski–Mazurkiewicz theorem still holds under some mild conditions on Hadamard manifolds.

In this paper, we introduce and study a class of nonsmooth Stackelberg equilibrium problems with differential revenue functions and nonsmooth cost functions. First, we describe the best response set of the follower and the best strategy set of the leader for the considered nonsmooth Stackelberg equilibrium problem via mixed variational inequalities. Then, by using the resolvent operator method and the Banach fixed point theorem, we show the existence and uniqueness of its solution.

// Xuetao Yan 1 , Xiaoli Cheng 2 , Liwen Zhou 3 , Xianghu He 4 , Wenzhong Zheng 1 and Hu Chen 1 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Bao’an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518100, China 2 Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Bao’an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518100, China 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, 441021, China 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China Correspondence to: Xuetao Yan, email: yan_xuetao@126.com Keywords: dexmedetomidine, lung injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, Nrf2 Received: April 07, 2017 Accepted: April 27, 2017 Published: May 16, 2017 ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of dexmedetomidine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in Wistar rats. 24 female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups ( n = 8): a control group, a LPS-challenged group, and a LPS plus dexmedetomidine group. Inflammation, oxidative stress, Nrf2/Keap1, and Akt signal were determined. The results showed that LPS caused inflammation and oxidative stress via increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative products. Dexmedetomidine treatment alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-challenged rats. Nrf2/Keap1 was inhibited and Akt signal was activated in the lung after exposure to LPS, while dexmedetomidine activated Nrf2/Keap1, which further mediated expressions of antioxidant genes. In conclusion, dexmedetomidine alleviated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-induced lung injury in rats via influencing Nrf2/Keap1 signal.

In this paper, some new results, concerned with the geodesic convex hull and geodesic convex combination, are given on Hadamard manifolds. An S-KKM theorem on a Hadamard manifold is also given in order to generalize the KKM theorem. As applications, a Fan---Browder-type fixed point theorem and a fixed point theorem for the a new mapping class are proved on Hadamard manifolds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy on expressions of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) mRNA. We collect 78 patients with stage IA2-IIA1 cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy by laparotomy or laparoscopy in our study, and 34 uterine fibroids patients and 32 healthy subjects were recruited as the positive control group and negative control group, respectively. Blood samples were taken from early-stage primary cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify peripheral blood CK19, CK20 and SCC-Ag from total RNA. We measured the expression of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag before laparoscopic radical hysterectomy, 24 hours and 30 days after surgery. Meanwhile, the expression of these markers was compared between laparoscopic and laparotomy groups. The expressions of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag in the experimental group before surgery were (0.0035 ± 0.0018), (1.06 ± 0.49), and (1.48 ± 0.46), respectively, and the positive rates were 32.1%, 33.3%, and 35.9%, respectively. The expression levels of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag in the experimental group before surgery was significantly higher than the positive and negative control groups, and there were no significant differences between the positive and negative control groups. The expressions and positive rates of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag before laparoscopic radical hysterectomy were significantly lower than the stage at 24 hours after surgery (P .05). There were no significant differences in CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag expressions before surgery, 24 hours and 30 days after surgery between laparoscopic group and laparotomy group (P > .05). Both laparotomy and laparoscopic radical mastectomy tend to increase the expression of CTCs in peripheral blood, and the expressions have no differences between these 2 groups. So, the use of CK19, CK20, and SCC-Ag expression levels from peripheral blood from early stage cervical cancer radical patients before hysterectomy can aid to overcome the lack of radiographic examination and tumor markers measurement, and provide clues for postoperative treatment and prognosis determination.

In this paper, a class of hemivariational inequality problems are introduced and studied on Hadamard manifolds. Using the properties of Clarke’s generalized directional derivative and Fan-KKM lemma, an existence theorem of solution in connection with the hemivariational inequality problem is obtained when the constraint set is bounded. By employing some coercivity conditions and the properties of Clarke’s generalized directional derivative, an existence result and the boundedness of the set of solutions for the underlying problem are investigated when the constraint set is unbounded. Moreover, a sufficient and necessary condition for ensuring the nonemptiness of the set of solutions concerned with the hemivariational inequality problem is also given.

In this paper, a generalized mixed variational inequality on Hadamard manifolds is introduced and studied. Some gap functions for the generalized mixed variational inequality on Hadamard manifolds are obtained under suitable conditions. By using these gap functions, global error bounds for the generalized mixed variational inequality are derived on Hadamard manifolds. The main results presented in this paper generalize and improve corresponding known results.

Background: Idiopathic scoliosis is a common spinal deformity in teenagers, which is managed mainly by orthomorphia. However, due to great trauma, long operative duration and large blood loss, a great amount of blood transfusion is needed during the surgery. Allogeneic blood transfusion should be reduced in order to release blood insufficient, decline blood transfusion expense, as well as avoid transfusion diseases. Objective: The objective of the following study is to investigate the value of controlled hypotension combined with autotransfusion in idiopathic scoliosis orthomorphia and in order to reduce surgical bleeding and reduction in blood transfusion. Subjects and Methods: Intra-operative controlled hypotension was performed during posterior orthomorphia surgery on all the 46 cases of idiopathic scoliosis, 17 cases in which were served as the control group, who underwent allogeneic blood transfusion without autotransfusion, whereas the other 29 cases were served as the experimental group, who underwent autotransfusion that including reinfusion of pre-operative deposited autologous blood and intra-operative salvaged autologous blood. The blood loss volume and transfusion status in two groups were observed. Results and Conclusion: Blood loss volume in the control group was 400-1000 (835.3 ± 167.5) mL and that in the experimental group was 350-1400 (812.1 ± 152.7) mL, there was no marked difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The volume of allogeneic blood transfusion in the control group was 500-1800 (855.9 ± 321.1) mL, which was greater than that in the experimental group ((0-1300 (337.9 ± 258.3) mL) (P < 0.01). The results suggested that controlled hypotension reduces intraoperative bleeding and post-operative autotransfusion minimizes the need of allogeneic blood transfusion.

In this paper, a relationship between a vector variational inequality and a vector optimization problem is given on a Hadamard manifold. An existence of a weak minimum for a constrained vector optimization problem is established by an analogous to KKM lemma on a Hadamard manifold.

In this paper, we investigate the proximal point algorithm (in short PPA) for variational inequalities with pseudomonotone vector fields on Hadamard manifolds. Under weaker assumptions than monotonicity, we show that the sequence generated by PPA is well defined and prove that the sequence converges to a solution of variational inequality, whenever it exists. The results presented in this paper generalize and improve some corresponding known results given in literatures.

This paper proposal an apparatus and processing steps to realize 3d laser marking onto the target's surface directly. A camera is attached to an ordinary inner engraver and laser source is multiple used for measuring and manufacturing respectively. Through steps successively including Camera Calibration, 3D Measuring, Surface Reconstruction, Image Ditching, Texture Mapping, Computer Aid Design (CAD), Computer Aid Manufacture (CAM) Calculation and Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Control, an inner engraver can become a 3D marking machine in a manner which is both novel and cheap.

Objective：The aim of the study was to explore most effective way to control infection during implant treatment. Methods: The study was carried out in two implant operating surgeries (Surgery A, Surgery B), which were set up air disinfectant machine and ultraviolet disinfection respectively. For baseline measurements, the number of bacterials in the air of the two surgeries was counted at 5min, 15min, 30min, 45min and 60min before sanitizing. To compare sanitizing effect of static air disinfection, air samples from these surgeries were collected for bacterial cultivation after sanitizing for 5min, 15min, 30min, 45min and 60min, and the the sterilization rate was calculated. To compare dynamic air disinfection, the two surgeries were sterilized before implant surgery, and the air samples were collected at 5min, 15min, 30min, 45min, 60min after implant operation. Results: There were no significant differences between air disinfectant machine and ultraviolet disinfection in static air disinfection (p

In this paper, a new class of roughly geodesic $B$-invex sets, quasi roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions and pseudo roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions are introduced and studied on Hadamard manifolds by relaxing the definitions of geodesic convex sets and functions. Some properties of quasi roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions and pseudo roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions are proved on Hadamard manifolds. As applications, some sufficient and necessary conditions for optimal solution of the nonlinear programming problems involving the quasi roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions and the pseudo roughly geodesic $B$-invex functions are given on Hadamard manifolds. The Mond-weir type dual problems for the nonlinear programming problems are also considered on Hadamard manifolds.

To evaluate the protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) on acute lung and liver injury in rat model induced by sepsis with infra-abdominal infection.This study was performed in the University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China in May 2007. Sepsis models were made by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into sham, CLP, CLP/UTI I (20 u/g) and CLP/UTI II (50 u/g) groups, with 10 rats in each. All of them were sacrificed 12 hours after CLP. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (W/D) was measured and venous blood was collected for assaying tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactic acid. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in lung and hepatic tissues were examined.Compared with the CLP group, MAP and HR in 50 u/g UTI treated rats was stable (p0.01). Marked elevation levels of W/D ratio were lowered after administration of 50 u/g UTI (p0.01). Treatment with 50 u/g UTI prevented marked elevation in MDA, ALT, AST, TNF-alpha, lactic acid levels, expression of iNOS mRNA, and elevated IL-10 and SOD activity (p0.01).Urinary trypsin inhibitor has a protective effect against sepsis. Its action mechanisms are probably involved in the inhibition of inflammatory factor production and suppression of lipid peroxidation and iNOS mRNA expression.

Background: A prospective randomized controlled trial was designed to observe the effect of tramadol on T-lymphocyte subsets, activated T cell and natural killer (NK) cells of patients undergoing gastric cancer surgeries. Subjects and Methods: Thirty patients undergoing elective gastric cancer surgeries under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. Before anesthesia induction, Group I did not receive any drugs and Group II received intramuscular tramadol 1 mg/kg. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken before anesthesia, 1 h after incision and postoperation. CD3+, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD8+, CD3–CD16+ CD56+ (NK) cells and CD3+ human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ (activated T cell) were measured by flow cytometer. Results: One hour after incision, CD3+, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD4+/CD3+ CD8+, CD3-CD16+ CD56+, and CD3+ HLA-DR+ cells in the experimental and control group were significantly decreased compared with their baselines (P < 0.05), while the values of Group I were lower than those of Group II (P < 0.05). After surgery, the values of Group I were lower than their baselines (P < 0.05). But the values of Group II had no significant difference compared with their baselines. Conclusion: Tramadol can reduce the decrease of T-lymphocytes subsets and NK cells, thus improve the cellular immune function in the perioperation of gastric cancer.