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Reliable medium-range weather forecasts are crucial for both science and society. Although weather predictions primarily rely on numerical weather models, the artificial intelligence (AI) weather big models have shown potential for accurate weather forecasts with reduced computational costs. However, prediction skills of big models remain uncertain, particularly in East Asia, which limits further application of weather AI models. To systematically evaluate predictive capabilities of Pangu, FuXi, and GraphCast models over East Asia, their prediction results are focusing on 500 hPa geopotential height, 2 m air temperature, 10 m wind speed, precipitation, and track of tropical cyclones.ECMWF reanalysis V5 (ERA5) datasets are utilized to provide the initial conditions for big models, and to assess their predictive skill. Additionally, precipitation observations and China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone datasets are utilized to access big models as well. FuXi shows the highest forecasting skills among 3 big models for 500 hPa geopotential height. The forecast from FuXi is reliable for up to 9.75 days, while the forecasts from Pangu and GraphCast are reliable for 8.75 days and 8.5 days, respectively. For 2 m air temperature forecasting, FuXi presents higher skills with an averaged temporal anomaly correlation coefficient (TCC) ranging from 0.48 to 0.91, while TCCs of Pangu and GraphCast are 0.43-0.91 and 0.38-0.83, respectively. Among 3 models, only FuXi and GraphCast provide precipitation forecasts. FuXi shows higher prediction skill compared to GraphCast in forecasting precipitation, light rain, and moderate rain; however, GraphCast has advantage in heavy rain forecast. As the lead time increases, the threat scores (TSs) of FuXi for rainfall, light rainfall and moderate rainfall are 0.22-0.41, 0.15-0.24 and 0.06-0.22, respectively. The model demonstrates higher skill in the northern and southeastern regions of China. For predicting the track of cyclones, Pangu model demonstrates superior predictive skill. As the lead time increases from 6 hours to 240 hours, biases of Pangu's prediction track increase from 17.5 km to 1850 km.The study focuses on the prediction skill of various AI big models through TCC, spatial anomaly correlation coefficient, and TS. Generally, the performance of FuXi is superior for most elements. And reasonable evaluation of AI model is helpful for the development of AI models.

The structures of hypersonic vehicle surfaces，engine blades，internal ducts and exhaust ducts may generate thermal-acoustic fatigue damage because of high temperature and high-intensity noise environments. Thus，it is of significance to study the thermal-acoustic fatigue problems for improving the durability and reliability of such structures. Thermal-acoustic fatigue problems of aircraft structure have received widespread attention. In this paper，the research status of thermal-acoustic fatigue problems and the research progress during the theoretical research，simulation analysis and experimental technology of thermal-acoustic fatigue are summerized both at home and abroad. The research status of structural thermal-acoustic fatigue in foreign countries is reviewed from the 1970s to the present from a time perspective. The work carried out by domestic research institutes and higher education institutions in this field is introduced according to the classification of research units. On this basis，the technical difficulties are analyzed and the further development is proposed during the research on thermal-acoustic fatigue of aircraft structures.

A novel series of meta-diamide compounds incorporating a pyrazole moiety (2a–2v) were designed and synthesized based on cyproflanilide. Their structures were validated through 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS analyses. These compounds were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, Mythimna separate, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Nilaparvata lugens. Most of the title compounds exhibited good activity against N. lugens at 400 mg/L. Compound 2k demonstrated potential for further optimization as an insecticidal lead, thereby extending the application of meta-diamide compounds in the field of sucking mouthparts.

The aim of this article is to consider a three-dimensional Cauchy problem for the parabolic-elliptic system arising from biological transport networks. For such problem, we first establish the global existence, uniqueness, and uniform boundedness of the strong solution by estimating the derivative of the diagonal permeability tensor with respect to time variable. Moreover, for the diffusion coefficient appropriately large, we demonstrate that the corresponding stationary problem admits a strong solution and that the solution of the Cauchy problem will stabilize to its stationary counterpart in infinite time with a time-decay rate.

The sediment type in the “Shenhu” sea area of the South China Sea is mud sediment, with poor reservoir physical conditions, and the seabed is loose with a small pressure window. These conditions pose heightened safety challenges for the extraction of hydrates in this region. This study develops a multiphase flow model that accounts for the endothermic decomposition of hydrates and employs the finite difference method for its solution. Utilizing this model, the multiphase flow characteristics during depressurization extraction at a specific well in the “Shenhu” area are investigated. Building on this, the study analyses the impact of varying pump rates and geothermal gradients on multiphase flow properties, hydrate yield, and engineering safety. Based on the analytical findings, recommendations are proposed to balance hydrate production with engineering safety, effectively mitigating potential engineering accidents during depressurization extraction. The outcomes of this research offer technical guidance for the commercial exploitation of hydrates in the “Shenhu” area of the South China Sea, laying a foundation for future related studies.

First-principles simulations are conducted to investigate the absorption and optoelectronic efficacy of molybdenum–sulfur–selenium, referred to here as MoSSe, and molybdenum–sulfur–oxygen, referred to here as MoSO, Janus monolayers. The materials MoSSe and MoSO demonstrate characteristics of semiconductors, as they possess bandgaps of 2.00 eV (direct) and 1.61 eV (indirect), respectively. This property renders them highly suitable for efficient light absorption. The efficiency of absorption of the device was calculated for the MoSSe and MoSO families, leading to the observation that these material families demonstrate a broad absorption range spanning from the infrared to the ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This finding represents a novel discovery. Furthermore, the design as a topmost cell is particularly attractive due to its exceptional device absorption efficiency and broader bandgap. This particular family ensures that its band edges remain in alignment with the water-redox potentials. Molybdenum sulfide and molybdenum selenide exhibit promising potential as photocatalysts and in optoelectronic device applications. This is attributed to their appealing photocatalytic properties and notable efficiency in absorbing light for the purpose of water splitting.

In order to realize the intelligent optimization design of cavitation performance of fuel centrifugal pump, a multi-stage active learning adding strategy based on Kriging is proposed. The focus is to establish the three-stage adding strategy by using MSE, EI and CV, and clarify the switching criteria for each stage. Based on the test functions such as one-dimensional function and multi-dimensional function, it is compared with the single-stage adding strategy to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Furthermore, for a certain type of fuel centrifugal pump, the optimization application of the proposed strategy in its cavitation characteristics is completed. The result of the test function calculation shows that the proposed strategy takes slightly longer to achieve the same accuracy than MSE, which is better than EI and CV. However, compared with MSE, the local accuracy of the global optimal solution is higher. The result of centrifugal pump case shows that the pressure loss at the inlet of the optimized pump decreases, the local flow such as return flow and vortex at the inlet is weakened, the pressure gradient and the vortex flow in the volute weakens. Moreover, the cavitation coefficient of the optimized pump is increased by 30.83%, the NPSH allowance is reduced by 9.14%, the cavitation ratio is reduced by 7.17%, and the gas content in the pump is reduced by 17.27%. Thus, the proposed method improves the cavitation performance of the centrifugal pump effectively.

To address the inefficient data processing performance and excessive resource utilization issues that field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based SM4 implementations faced, an implementation scheme that adopted both iteration and pipeline in order to reduce resource consumption and improve throughput was proposed. A combination of cyclic key extension and 32 bit pipeline encryption and decryption architecture was adopted by the proposed scheme. The cyclic key extension reduced logical resource consumption, while the 32 bit pipeline encryption and decryption improved data throughput. Additionally, an algebraic S-box that combined linear operations to select an optimal matrix from those generated by different irreducible polynomials was employed. Resource usage and computation overhead was further minimized, thus achieving an increased engineering frequency. Experimental results demonstrate a 43% throughput improvement and a 10% reduction in resource usage compared to the current best scheme.

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. In the present study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms, namely, rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs3761549, to determine the relationship between FOXP3 polymorphisms and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) susceptibility among the Northern Chinese Han population.

With the increase in population at an immense rate, electricity demand is growing exponentially. Researchers and policymakers are seeking alternating means of power generation to meet the load demand. These resources should be cost-effective, environmentally friendly and least carbon emissions. To mitigate the load demand Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are integrated into electrical networks. In this work, an off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system is designed for rural areas of Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), Pakistan. These areas often lack access to reliable grid power. Installing PV systems in these areas can help provide a reliable source of electricity, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and improve living conditions. This case study is simulated using PVsyst 7.2. of Roonghan village such as hospitals, shops, and residential houses for techno-economic analysis of off-grid solar PV. The economic viability shows that installing off-grid solar PV in DG Khan is much cheaper. The electricity taken from the grid that's almost 80.01%is expensive. This case study helps other researchers and policymakers to mitigate the electricity requirement of remote areas located far away from the national grid. To install a transmission line, having cost $26.98 corer but using an off-grid to provide electricity to the same area is $2.16 corer. Additionally, it integrates Battery Energy Storage (BES) with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to achieve a 5 % annual energy cost reduction and enhanced self-sufficiency, filling a gap in existing literature.

This paper addresses the issue of enhancing the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of doubly-fed wind farms during asymmetric faults. This research is of critical importance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid and the sustainable development of wind power technology. Given the stricter LVRT requirements set by the latest national standards in China, existing schemes are insufficient to meet these challenges. This paper first analyzes the control performance of the rotor side converter under asymmetric fault conditions. Based on national standard requirements, the availability of STATCOM, optimized operation targets, and converter voltage and current limitations, an optimized LVRT scheme is proposed. Validation through PSCAD simulations demonstrates that the proposed scheme effectively meets the national LVRT operation requirements. It also shows significant advantages in reducing electromagnetic torque fluctuations, enhancing active power output, protecting converters, and mitigating power fluctuations during faults. The innovation of this research lies in proposing a multi-target coordinated LVRT strategy, providing a new technical approach for improving the LVRT performance of wind farms and the stability of power grid operation.

Several anti‑Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs have been approved for clinical use at home and abroad recently. In order to facilitate its safe and effective treatment of anti‑Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in China, we present recommendations for the clinical use of anti‑Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs based on existing clinical trials and the clinical practice of AD treatment with Aducanumab at Ruijin Hospital Hainan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. The recommendations include clinical indications, pre ‑ medication assessment and preparation, medication instructions and precautions, as well as post ‑ medication clinical monitoring, which is aimed to furnish clinicians with comprehensive medication guidance.

Glioma is a highly malignant brain tumor with a grim prognosis. Genetic factors play a role in glioma development. While some susceptibility loci associated with glioma have been identified, the risk loci associated with prognosis have received less attention. This study aims to identify risk loci associated with glioma prognosis and establish a prognostic prediction model for glioma patients in the Chinese Han population.

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy(ESR) was used to investigate the effects of hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide concentration in perchloric acid system and sodium hydroxide system on the state and behavior of free radicals generated by hydrazine bond breaking catalyzed by catalysts. The difference of free radicals generated by Pt/SiO2 catalyzed hydrazine decomposition in acid-base system was determined. The results show that in the alkaline system, with the increase of hydroxide concentration, the N-H bond breaking rate increases significantly, and the hydrolysis reaction is the main decomposition reaction. In acidic systems, with the increase of hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range from 6.9 to 1.1, the N-N bond breaking rate increases rapidly and is much higher than the N-H bond breaking rate. In the range of pH

Conventional static radiative coolers have an unadjustable cooling capacity, which often results in overcooling in low temperature environment. Therefore, there is a great need for an adaptive dynamic radiative cooler. However, such adaptive coolers usually require complex preparation processes. This paper proposes an adaptive radiative cooler based on a Fabry–Perot resonant cavity. By optimizing the structural parameters of the radiative cooler, this adaptive radiative cooler achieves a modulation rate of 0.909 in the atmospheric window band. The net radiative cooling performance difference between low and high temperatures is nearly eight times. Meanwhile, the device is easily prepared, has a high tolerance, and can effectively prevent W–VO2 oxidation. This study provides new insights into adaptive radiative cooling with potential for large-scale applications.

The heading reversal of air-to-air missile is designed based on relaxed static stability and aerodynamic torque generated by static instability of air-to-air missile, and the kinematic sign is proposed. The slender body theory and the viscous crossflow theory are used to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics involved in the redirection of air-to-air missile. The slender body is assumed to be incapable of achieving the proposed kinematic sign of completing redirection, and it is necessary to increase control techniques such as aerodynamic rudder surface or direct force. The aerodynamic characteristics of a fin-body configuration are obtained for the angle of attack from 0° to 180°, and the trajectory and attitude of air-to-air missile during the process of heading reversal are calculated. The results show that the heading reversal is finished in 1.15 s, and the process of redirection is safe, quick and stable. Finally, some key technologies are discussed in the process of heading reversal.

The concentration, complexity, and significant anisotropy of in-situ stress make it a pressing and challenging issue in engineering geology safety in strong tectonic activity areas. This paper firstly analyzes the application and existing problems of in-situ stress measurement in deep-buried underground engineering in strong tectonic activity areas. Then, it focuses on the application method, technology, and roles of real-time in-situ stress monitoring in deep underground engineering within tectonically active regions. Finally, it discusses the problems that need to be considered in the application of in-situ stress measurement and real-time monitoring. The results show that in the strong tectonic activity area, relying solely on limited deep hole in-situ stress measurements to determine overall stress design parameters for deep underground engineering is inadequate. A comprehensive study of the three-dimensional in-situ stress field is necessary to reveal its spatial distribution characteristics. Different in-situ stress design parameters should be used for different positions of the deep-buried underground project to avoid engineering waste or engineering damages caused by large or small in-situ stress design parameters. In the strong tectonic activity area, the disk core density is inversely proportional to the measured magnitude of the in-situ stress, and the depth range that has yet to form in the cake-shaped core often has the highest in-situ stress and the most concentrated stress, and the deep underground engineering should avoid this depth range. While a major earthquake or major engineering geological problem occurs, real-time monitoring of in-situ stress can dynamically reveal the relative change trend and evolution process of the in-situ stress magnitude of a specific structural site. It can calculate the absolute value of the in-situ stress state in different time domains during the real-time monitoring period without carrying out new absolute in-situ stress measurements. Regional crust stability and deep-buried engineering geological safety risks can be quickly evaluated, and quantitative in-situ stress design parameters and the stress-strain reserved threshold for preventing deformation and breaking can be provided for the damage repair of deep-buried engineering and the risk of fault activity can also be assessed. The research results will offer geological security for the planning, construction, and safe operation and maintenance of major projects in strong tectonic activity areas.

The Chanziping–Daping gold deposit area is located in the southwest section of the Xuefeng arc-shaped structural belt, with mainly NWW-NNW-trending and secondary NNE-trending Au veins. Existing studies proposed the NE-trending faults as the ore-passing and ore-bearing structures and the NW-trending faults as the ore-bearing structures. However, there is no clear and reliable understanding of the nature and age of ore-controlling faults. Given this, the authors carried out detailed field observation and analysis of surface outcrop structures and mineralization alteration, and then combined with regional structural characteristics, tectonic evolutions, and dating data, determined the deformation sequences and their ages in the Chanziping–Daping gold deposit area, and determined the types and attributes of ore-controlling structures. The study suggests that the study area experienced six main deformation events from early to late: Regional NWW compression during the late Silurian which resulted in the NNE-trending folds, slaty cleavages and brittle-ductile shear zones; Regional NNW compression in the late Middle Triassic which caused the formation of NWW-to-NW-trending dextral strike-slip faults and shear fractures, NS-trending sinistral shear fractures, NW- and NNE-trending conjugate shear fractures, NEE-trending thrust faults and superimposed folds; Regional NS compression in the early Late Triassic which led to the development of NW-to-NNW-trending dextral strike-slip faults and shear fractures, NNE-to-NE-trending sinistral shear fractures and faults, and NEE-trending sinistral kinks; Regional NWW-to-near EW-compression in the late Middle Jurassic which resulted in the NS-to-NNE-trending thrust faults, NW-to-NWW-trending sinistral shear fractures, NE-trending dextral thrust shear fracture, NNE-to-near NS-trending fracture cleavages, foliation folds and boudins; Regional NE compression in the middle-late Paleogene which led to the development of NNE-to-NS-trending dextral shear fractures and faults, NEE-trending sinistral shear fractures, NW-trending thrust faults and fracture cleavages; Regional NW compression during the late Paleogene to early Neogene which led to the formation of NE-trending thrust shear fractures and NWW-trending dextral shear fractures. The NNE-trending mineral veins in the study area formed in the late Silurian and the late Late Triassic, and the NWW-to-NNW-trending mineral veins formed in the late Late Triassic. The mineralization in the late Silurian was associated with the tectonic activation caused by the fault movement, and the mineralization in the late Late Triassic was related to large-scale granitic magmatism in the same period. The ore-passing structures are mainly the large NNE-trending faults, namely the brittle-ductile shear zones formed by NWW- compression in the late Silurian. The main ore-bearing structures are the NWW-to-NW-trending dextral strike-slip faults formed by NNW compression in the late Middle Triassic, NW-to-NNW-trending dextral strike-slip faults formed by NS compression in the early Late Triassic, with next NNE-trending brittle-ductile shear zones formed by NWW compression in the late Silurian.

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a recent category of tobacco products, with their relative safety compared to cigarette smoking and potential to help smokers to quit being two reasons why regulators may consider their market approval. Designed to heat tobacco rather than to burn in order to produce aerosol, different heating techniques are applied to commercial HTPs, which may result in differing aerosol formation. Therefore, each product requires separate assessment. This work focuses on a closed-end HTP (coded as HTP-A), which is electrically heated and designed to allow puffing air flow to bypass its tobacco section, resulting in reduced oxygen concentration within the tobacco section during heating and aerosol forming. To provide a preliminary aerosol chemistry and in vitro toxicological screening, this study assessed HTP-A against a commercial electrically heated HTP (IQOSTM, coded as HTP-B) and a 3R4F reference cigarette. Under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime, the levels of 9 regulatory priority toxicants in the aerosol of HTP-A were either reduced or comparable to those in HTP-B on a per-stick basis. Additionally, both HTPs showed significant reduction (greater than 90%) in comparison to those measured in mainstream smoke of 3R4F cigarette for these toxicants. Using a set of standard in vitro toxicological assays (Ames, Micronucleus and Neutral Red Uptake), the two HTPs showed no observable responses while significant toxicity responses were recorded for 3R4F’s total particulate matter. Based on these preliminary results, the novel closed-end HTP-A design may provide similar toxicological profiles to the comparator HTP-B. Further toxicological and clinical assessments are warranted to evaluate HTP-A’s potential for exposure or disease risk reduction. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 146–156]

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem is a classic combinatorial optimization problem with a wide range of engineering applications. Since the 1960s, many optimization algorithms have been used to solve this problem, but most intelligent optimization algorithms do not perform well in the whole problem space. Aiming at this challenge, a two-stage evolutionary imperialist competitive algorithm (TSE-ICA) is proposed. Firstly, based on the block extraction strategy obtained by the critical-path method, two assimilation operators are presented for diversification and convergence, respectively. The two-stage evolution framework of TSE-ICA is constructed by selecting appropriate assimilation operators in different stages. Then, the block-based improved revolution mechanism includes two neighborhood search strategies of insertion and out-of-order, and the empire competition mechanism realizes the adaptive adjustment of parameters for each empire by collecting the convergence information of them. Lastly, the memory is used to guide the evolution of the population and improve the convergence rate. The design of experiment technique of Taguchi method is applied to determining the optimal parameter setting for TSE-ICA. In the following numerical experiment, the TSE-ICA is implemented and tested by 3 instance sets (J30, J60 and J120) from the standard instance library of PSPLIB. Moreover, the empirical statistical data of TSE-ICA are compared with 17 advanced state-of-the-art algorithms based on two evaluation criteria. Experimental results show that the TSE-ICA has well optimization performance and convergence efficiency, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed improved mechanism and the problem applicability of the TSE-ICA preliminarily.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the composition and the functional bioactivity of tea polyphenols from cocoa tea. Methods: Chemical components of crude green tea polyphenol extracts from cocoa tea were analyzed and identified using high resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, their potential functional effects were predicted by network pharmacological analysis. Results: The in vitro hyperglycemic potential of crude green tea polyphenol from cocoa tea was preliminarily confirmed based on their strong inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Six key targets including GAPDH and AKT and multiple pathways such as PI3K-AKT were predicted to be involved in the underying mechanisms behind the hyperglycemic effects of crude green tea polyphenol from cocoa tea through the GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis. Ten polyphenol components including myricetin, anthocyanin, etc. were suggested to play a key role in the hyperglycemic activities of crude green tea polyphenol from cocoa tea via the construction of a “component-target-pathway” network combined with the molecular docking between these components and starch hydrolase. Conclusion: Crude green tea polyphenols from cocoa tea exerted a high hypoglycemic effect by regulating multi-targets through multi-pathways via multi-components.

BackgroundElement capture logging can be used to determine the elemental contents of rocks in formations.PurposeThis study aims to obtain accurate elemental composition, the content of shale reservoirs and the inaugural parameter well for shale gas in the Cambrian Niutitang Formation of the Baojing Block, located in the Middle Yangtze region of China, with emphasis on the developmental and distributional characteristics of shale gas reservoirs in this formation.MethodsThe shale gas parameter well BY2 was taken as the research object, by interpreting and processing elemental capture logging data, precise elemental compositions of the shale reservoirs were determined. This analysis led to the creation of a comprehensive geochemical index profile for the Niutitang Formation. Additionally, elemental geochemical indicators were used to identify and reconstruct the paleosedimentary environments.ResultsThe analysis results reveal that the predominant elements in the Niutitang Formation's shale are Si, Al, and Fe, accompanied by lower amounts of K, Ca, Mg, and S. The shale features relatively high concentrations of Si, Fe, and S, which contributed to its enhanced fracturing ability. The sedimentation process of this shale can be categorized as active continental margin sedimentation. The source material for the sedimentary rocks is originated from the Kangdian ancient land, located in the northwest. The sedimentation is primarily normal but was influenced by the presence of hydrothermal fluids in the region's active tectonic zone.ConclusionsThe upper section of the Niutitang formation is subject to a dry climate during its depositional period, featuring gentle slope sedimentation at the periphery of a stagnant basin and a lack of oxygen, characterizing with high water salinity, ample land supply, and low water body paleoproductivity this region. Conversely, the lower section is experienced a humid climate and served as a deep-water retention basin, with limited the land supply, but high water salinity and paleoproductivity, leading to the accumulation of organic matter. The aquatic setting is primarily anaerobic, conditions that are conducive to the preservation of organic matter, and provides an optimal sedimentary environment for the generation and concentration of shale gas.

Cigarette ventilation characteristics are one of the important design factors that affect the combustion state and therefore smoke release. In order to study the changes of ventilation characteristics and the combustion state of cigarettes with different rod circumferences during smoking, a device was designed that could flexibly measure the different ventilation characteristics along the cigarette rod. The device was utilized to measure the changes of the total ventilation rate and filter ventilation rate of cigarettes with different rod circumference in both burned and unburned conditions. At the same time, a test method was implemented to measure the temperature of the combustion coal puff-by-puff during the smoking process. The relationship between ventilation and the combustion state was analyzed on a per-puff basis. The results show that with the decrease of the rod circumference from 24 mm to 20 mm and 17 mm, the total ventilation rate under burning conditions changed considerably compared with unburned conditions, increasing by 55.7%, 60.5% and 74.5% on average, respectively. The ventilation of the cigarette paper played a major role in regulating the ventilation during puffing. With the increase from 17 mm to 24 mm in circumference, the combustion efficiency of the tobacco decreased as indicated by a range of thermophysical parameters of the burning coal.

The KCl/PHPA waste drilling fluid is produced during drilling operations in Bohai Oilfield, China, which cannot be directly used or discharged, it needs to be flocculated. In order to know the aggregation mechanism of colloidal particles in KCl/PHPA drilling fluid, the calculation method of zeta potential and the relationship between the stability of waste fluid and zeta potential are discussed in detail in this article. The process of decreasing the zeta potential of waste fluid due to the addition of cationic polyacrylamide is called instability. The process in which unstable particles aggregate into larger particles is called coagulation, and the process in which unstable particles aggregate into large flocs is called flocculation. According to the types of treatment agents in KCl/PHPA waste drilling fluid, the structure and energy changes formed between low-viscosity polyanionic cellulose, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, xanthan gum, starch, and water molecules are constructed. The energy of the four treatment agent systems decreased by 21.4–67.5% after the cationic polyacrylamide was added. The reduction of system energy reduced the repulsive force between colloidal particles in the waste fluid and promoted the agglomeration of colloidal particles. The agglomeration mechanism of waste liquid particles was obtained.

This paper reports a case of rare secondary lymphedema with pretibial myxedema, which was diagnosed as secondary lymphedema of both lower extremities by completing a comprehensive examination of the lymphatic system. After partial resection and biopsy were performed on the tumor of the left lower leg, it was initially diagnosed as a fibromyxoid tumor (intermediate type), more likely superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor with myxodegeneration. As the tumor of the left lower leg was rare, after consulting the opinions of some domestic hospitals, and combined with the medical history and hormone treatment effect, our final diagnosis was left anterior tibial myxedema. After more than 10 months of external treatment with halometasone ointment, all nodules became flat, leaving light brown pigmentation spots. This article discusses the differential diagnosis of this disease, with the aim to enhance clinical doctors' understanding of the disease.

The countryside contains rich tourism resources and business opportunities due to its beautiful natural scenery and unique humanistic environment. The purpose of this paper is to create an innovative path for rural tourism e-commerce development by designing an e-commerce mobile service platform. The F-PBFT algorithm, hybrid collaborative filtering algorithm, and panoramic VR technology are comprehensively applied to provide technical support for platform design. Combining the analysis of tourists, tourist attractions, and other platform service objects, this paper designs and completes a rural tourism e-commerce mobile service platform containing a variety of functions. Exploring the application case of Battle Flag Village, the net profit margin of e-commerce sales in Battle Flag Village after the application of rural tourism e-commerce mobile service platform can reach up to 47.84%, with a year-on-year increase of 18.88%. At the same time, the platform has attracted the attention of a large number of tourists after its application, and the search volume of Battle Flag Village on the platform reaches up to 241,968.33 during the peak hours of the tour, which significantly enhances the popularity of Battle Flag Village and effectively promotes the innovative development of rural tourism e-commerce business in Battle Flag Village.

In order to improve the teaching quality of the free throw action process in basketball courses, this paper proposes research on the teaching of free throw action by integrating motion vector field transformation. Starting from the actual situation of the player’s free throw action, it describes the problems in the teaching process of free throw action. It elaborates on the structure and principle of the motion vector field transformation algorithm in depth. In video analysis teaching of free-throw shooting action processes, the player’s motion vectors can easily be interfered with by random noise, which needs to be optimized using smoothing processing and compensation models. Combined with the teaching objectives of free throw action, the design and development of the “basketball free throw action” microteaching by integrating the motion vector field transformation through the analysis of a university sports college basketball class of 2021 students found that from the seventh week and the eighth week of the experimental group and the control group, respectively, there is a difference of 7.8% and 13%. The ball-hitting rate is significantly different from that of the control group (

In the digital age, e-commerce has emerged as a transformative force in the domain of rural tourism, infusing traditional practices with renewed dynamism. This study employs the spatiotemporal extreme entropy value method to assess the evolution of rural tourism in China. The investigation delves into the influence of e-commerce on the qualitative enhancement of rural tourism, utilizing a dynamic panel data model to analyze its effects and conducting heterogeneity tests based on geographic and economic criteria. According to the weights assigned by the spatiotemporal extreme entropy method, the quality of rural tourism development in China generally increased between 2013 and 2023, with a notable dip to 0.3005 in 2020. The heterogeneity analysis, implemented through a fixed-effects model, reveals significant positive impacts in both the eastern and central regions at the 5% significance level. Moreover, regions with a medium level of economic development exhibit a robust positive effect, with a regression coefficient of 0.429. The developmental impact of e-commerce on high-quality rural tourism is statistically significant at the 1% level, and all control variables demonstrate significant positive correlations. These findings underscore the substantial role that e-commerce development plays in advancing high-quality rural tourism.

The aircraft carrier is the storage and transportation platform of air-to-air missiles, and the carrier aircraft is the launching platform of air-to-air missiles. Air-to-air missile, carrier and aircraft interact with each other, therefore, the research on the suitability of air-to-air missile, carrier and aircraft must be carried out to ensure the safe and reliable use of air-to-air missiles on carrier, reduce the time of support process, and maintain the operational requirements of efficient fire strike. Based on the understanding of the suitability of aircraft-missile and carrier-missile, this paper combs the influencing factors for air-to-air missiles on carrier from three aspects: operational environment suitability, support suitability and safety suitability, and puts forward the design requirements for carrier-missile suitability. The study can provide reference for relevant work.

Fano resonance from photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) is important building block for large-scale photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to enable photonic switches and sensors with superior characteristics. Nevertheless, most state-of-the-art demonstrations rely on electron beam lithography (EBL) and operate in dielectric mode. Hence, we theoretically, numerically and experimentally present the characteristics of Fano resonance from optical interference between the discrete state of air-mode PCNC and the continuum mode of side-coupled line-defect waveguide with partially transmitting element (PTE) using deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography for the first time. Experimentally high average Q-factor of ∼1.58 × 104 is achieved for 30 measured devices, which indicates the feasibility of mass manufacture of high-Q Fano resonance from air-mode PTE-PCNC. Additionally, the thermo-optic bi-stability and thermal tuning characterizations of the proposed device are discussed. This work will contribute to building ultra-compact lab-on-chip resonance-based photonic components.

Retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) is a type of low-grade malignant angiosarcoma. It commonly involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremities, but a few cases have been reported in the gut. However, hepatic RH has not been previously reported. This report presents the case of RH of the liver in a 61-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital having presented with liver space–occupying lesions of 2 months evolution. The patient underwent an abdominal ultrasound examination, which indicated a hemangioma, but abdominal computed tomography diagnosed a liver abscess. In order to determine the nature of the lesion, an ultrasound-guided liver biopsy was performed, after which a pathological diagnosis confirmed the presence of RH in the liver. The patient underwent ultrasound-guided microwave ablation three times and has been followed up for 8 years with no tumor recurrence or metastasis. Surgical excision is still the first choice for the treatment of hepatic RH. As shown in this case, however, for patients who refuse to undergo surgery or have surgical contraindications, ultrasound-guided microwave ablation is an alternative treatment option. The report of this case expands the scope of liver tumors to a certain extent and provides a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To compare and validate the efficiency of four models predicting the malignancy of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN). Methods Patients diagnosed with SPN during health check-up were selected as the research subjects. Risk assessment was conducted using four predictive models. Outcomes were obtained through prospective follow-up. Statistical description and univariate analysis were performed for all risk factors of the four models. ROC curve was applied to compare the efficiency of the four predictive models. Results A total of 479 cases were included in this study. Among these patients, 82 were diagnosed with lung tumor, and the malignant rate was 17.12%. Age, nodule diameter, smoking, family history of tumor, history of extrapulmonary tumor ≥5 years, upper lobe site, unclear boundary, and spiculation rates were higher in the malignancy group than those in the benign group (P < 0.05). The efficiency of Brock model was the best. Its AUC was 0.833, sensitivity was 80.49%, and specificity was 74.31%. Its Youden index, positive likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were the highest, and its negative likelihood ratio was the lowest. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of Mayo model were 0.815, 81.71%, and 67.51%, respectively; those of PKUPH model were 0.754, 69.51%, and 73.55%, respectively; and those of VA model were 0.738, 68.29%, and 67.55%, respectively. Conclusion The Brock model might be the most appropriate predictive model for the risk assessment of SPN among the health check-up population, and the VA model is the worst. The combination of Brock, Mayo, and PKUPH models requires further study.

Objective To study the epidemiology of mold infections in China. Methods Based on the surveillance data of 19 hospitals participating in the China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net from Jan 2019 to Jun 2022, the general information of patients and the epidemiological characteristics such as the proportion of different strains and clinical infection were analyzed by WHONET software. Results A total of 16 285 mold infection cases were included in the analysis, of which 49.3% were patients aged 61 and over, with the median age of 60 years old. The proportion of males was significantly higher than that of females (62.1% vs. 37.9%). The patients were mainly from the internal medicine, ICU and surgical wards. Most strains were isolated from lower respiratory tract, accounting for 81.7%, followed by pus and secretions (7.8%). In terms of species distribution, Aspergillus spp. accounted for the highest proportion (84.8%), with Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., order Mucorales and Sedosporium spp. accounting for 5.1%, 3.0%, 1.3% and 0.4%, respectively. For species distribution among different mold infection, 88.7% of lower respiratory tract mold infections were caused by Aspergillus spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus(47.8%) was the most common species. Otomycosis was mainly caused by Aspergillus spp.(98.7%), of which Aspergillus terreus accounted for 39.7%, and ophthalmomycosis was mainly caused by Fusarium spp.(54.6%). Conclusions By the retrospective analysis of mold isolation from multicenter in China, we found that Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, and Fusarium spp. were the most common species causing pneumonomycosis, otomycosis, and ophthalmomycosis, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the differences in species distribution among different mold infections in clinical empirical treatment of fungal infections.

To solve the problems of poor mixing effect and poor sphericity for the silicon nitride particles in the dry granulation chamber, the influence of the inclination parameters for the open turbine typed axial‒radial combined structure on the mixing effect of silicon nitride particles prepared by dry method was studied. The mathematical model of Eulerian‒Eulerian gas‒solid two phase flow was established, and the physical model of the axial‒diameter combined structure granulation chamber was simplified. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to analyze the volume distribution and velocity field of silicon nitride particles in granulation chamber in the axial structure under the different inclined angles. The sphericity of silicon nitride particles was tested by experiments, and the accuracy of numerical simulation results was verified. The numerical analysis results show that, when the inclination angle is 45°, the volume fraction of silicon nitride particles is 0.3~0.7 (accounting for 28%), showing the better circulating fluidity and the best mixing effect, compared with the inclination angle of 30° and 60°. The experimental results show that, the best average sphericity of the silicon nitride particles is 0.72 when the inclination angle of the axis‒diameter combined structure is 45°, which can effectively improve the mixing effect of silicon nitride particles.

Esophageal cancer is one of the major life-threatening diseases in the world. RNA methylation is the most common post-transcriptional modification and a wide-ranging regulatory system controlling gene expression. Numerous studies have revealed that dysregulation of RNA methylation is critical for cancer development and progression. However, the diverse role of RNA methylation and its regulators in esophageal cancer remains to be elucidated and summarized. In this review, we focus on the regulation of major RNA methylation, including m 6A, m 5C, and m 7G, as well as the expression patterns and clinical implications of its regulators in esophageal cancer. We systematically summarize how these RNA modifications affect the “life cycle” of target RNAs, including mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and tRNA. The downstream signaling pathways associated with RNA methylation during the development and treatment of esophageal cancer are also discussed in detail. Further studies on how these modifications function together in the microenvironment of esophageal cancer will draw a clearer picture of the clinical application of novel and specific therapeutic strategies.

The demand-pull and the promotion of technological progress have been the principal line of air-to-air missile development.This paper reviews the development course of American air-to-air missiles, puts forward that the operational concept is the original point of missile design, and the level of missile technology system determines the way of operation. Combine the US equipment demonstration mechanism, the new operational concept and the operational system requirements, the capabilities of future air-to-air missile are proposed.

Vandammella animalimorsus is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium typically transmitted to humans through direct contact with the saliva of infected animals, primarily through biting, scratches, or licks on fractured skin. The absence of a confirmed post-exposure treatment of V. animalimorsus bacterium highlights the imperative for developing an effective vaccine. We intended to determine potential vaccine candidates and paradigm a chimeric vaccine against V. animalimorsus by accessible public data analysis of the strain by utilizing reverse vaccinology. By subtractive genomics, five outer membranes were prioritized as potential vaccine candidates out of 2590 proteins. Based on the instability index and transmembrane helices, a multidrug transporter protein with locus ID A0A2A2AHJ4 was designated as a potential candidate for vaccine construct. Sixteen immunodominant epitopes were retrieved by utilizing the Immune Epitope Database. The epitope encodes the strong binding affinity, nonallergenic properties, non-toxicity, high antigenicity scores, and high solubility revealing the more appropriate vaccine construct. By utilizing appropriate linkers and adjuvants alongside a suitable adjuvant molecule, the epitopes were integrated into a chimeric vaccine to enhance immunogenicity, successfully eliciting both adaptive and innate immune responses. Moreover, the promising physicochemical features, the binding confirmation of the vaccine to the major innate immune receptor TLR-4, and molecular dynamics simulations of the designed vaccine have revealed the promising potential of the selected candidate. The integration of computational methods and omics data has demonstrated significant advantages in discovering novel vaccine targets and mitigating vaccine failure rates during clinical trials in recent years.

BackgroundDue to its pollution-free nature and non consumption of fossil fuels, nuclear fusion is the most ideal future energy source. China is preparing to build a China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) with independent intellectual property rights, and plans to build a commercial thermonuclear fusion power plant that can generate electricity externally by the mid-20th century. However, there is contradiction between the instability of nuclear fusion heating power output and the smooth operation of steam turbine generators, hence thermal storage technology is used for peak shaving and valley smoothing of power output in nuclear fusion reactors.PurposeThis study aims to compare heat storage technologies applied to CFETR nuclear fusion power plants to reduce its the peak and valley power output.MethodsThe parameters of helium cooled ceramic breeder cladding in nuclear fusion reactors was selected as the boundary conditions for thermal storage technology. By evaluated the applicable temperature range of thermal storage technology, three potential thermal storage technologies, i.e., chemical heat storage, sensible heat storage technology and phase change heat storage, for CFETR nuclear fusion power plants were preliminarily analyzed, and their costs were preliminarily predicted.ResultsThe three major types of heat storage technologies can all select heat storage media suitable for the temperature parameters of the helium cooled breeder blanket in CFETR nuclear fusion power plants. However, chemical heat storage has the potential to be applied in CFETR nuclear fusion power plants due to the temperature difference between its heat absorption and release, which is not conducive to the stability of the system and causes energy loss. Sensible heat storage technology and phase change heat storage technology have smaller temperature differences between their heat absorption and release. The preliminary economic analysis results show that the cost of phase change heat storage is the lowest, followed by molten salt heat storage, and the use of silicon bricks as the heat storage medium in solid-phase sensible heat storage technology. The use of cast steel as the heat storage medium in solid-phase sensible heat storage technology has the highest cost.ConclusionIn thermal storage technology, molten salt thermal storage technology has a high degree of maturity and has a large number of engineering applications, with a cost between phase change thermal storage and solid-phase sensible thermal storage, and has great potential for application. The cost of phase change heat storage is the lowest, and the parameters are suitable for nuclear fusion power generation. However, its technological maturity is relatively low, and it is expected to become a focus of future research.

Catastrophic geo-hazards have occurred frequently in the karst areas of Southwestern China for these years because of internal, external geologic processes and human engineering activities, which makes it urgently necessary to reveal their triggering mechanisms for their consequences controlling. Detailed site geological investigation, full-scale block distinct-element-code modeling and related engineering geological analysis were conducted to recognize main characteristics, controlling factors and dynamic formation mechanism of a so-called underground mining-induced landslide. Results on the Pusa landslide show its dynamic formation is influenced by micro-landform, rock strata types, rock mass structure, weathering, goaf, heavy rainfall and, especially blasting vibration during underground developing and mining, i.e. controlling factor. Based on the numerical modeling, whole subsidence and clock-wise rotation are obvious characteristics of deformation caused by the goaf and the heavy rainfall during pre-failure of the landslide. What’s more, the whole subsidence which was caused by the goaf is one of the key characteristics of the underground mining-induced landslide. After the landslide behaves its critical failure, following dynamic responses include shattering, scraping off part top of the bed, debris flowing and final depositing. Finally, the dynamic formation mechanism is proposed based on evolution of main forces contributing the Pusa landslide. The forces are actuated by the seepage stress, vertical and horizontal blasting stresses, shear stress, unloading stress and dilation stress caused by the caved rock mass.

The problem that the early capacity planning of microgrid in data center is unreasonable and cannot adapt to the operation characteristics of data center has not been solved. At the same time, in order to improve the power supply economy and renewable energy consumption capacity of the microgrid in data center, a bi-level optimal configuration model of the microgrid capacity in data center taking into account the load characteristics is proposed in this paper. Scenario reduction-based selection method is used to deal with the uncertainty of renewable energy and the computational complexity caused by a large number of scenarios. The corresponding load scheduling strategies are proposed according to the characteristics of different loads together with their flexibility. The problem of capacity planning for different microgrid resources, including energy storage system, photovoltaic and wind turbine, is solved by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ) and Gurobi. Finally, the conpromise optimal soulation is obtained by the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making approach. The simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce the construction costs, operation costs and carbon emissions of data center microgrids. Besides, the satisfaction of data center operators is improved.

Due to the lack of research on the embroidery types and needle techniques of the Gaoshan nationality of Taiwan, China, we used the two-dimensional verification method of literature and image analysis, Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator to illustrate their stitching techniques and to summarize the basic application rules of Gaoshan embroidery stitch. The results show that the Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan is closely related to the Han nationality. Since the Qing Dynasty, after the Gaoshan nationality traded with the Han nationality in Chinese mainland, the embroidery utensils of the Gaoshan nationality have been gradually improved. According to the degree of communication with the Han nationality, the embroidery of the Gaoshan nationality is divided into primitive ecological embroidery and immigrated embroidery. The primitive ecological embroidery has a strong primitive and religious atmosphere. The immigrated embroidery has been developed from the integration of Han and Gaoshan ethnic characteristics.

Background: To observe the short-term outcome of plasma adsorption PA therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: 28 cases of ALS patients were recruited in this study, of which 20 were male and 8 were female with a mean age of 53.21±9.07 years and the average course of 33±23.35 months. The clinical manifestations were limb weakness (N=27), muscular atrophy (N=27), muscular tremor (N=5), dysphagia (N=12) and dysarthria (N=12). The clinical data of the patients recruited were graded by Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale Revised (ALSFRSR) : 40 (N=5). All patients received PA therapy once a week for three successive times after examining the conditions of blood coagulation and virus infection. PA therapy was supplemented with neurotrophic therapy meanwhile. All patients' clinical manifestations and scores of ALSFRSR before treatment and one week after treatment were evaluated and compared. The levels of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-10 (IL-10), serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) before and after treatment were compared. Results: After PA therapy, 14 patients have improved obviously in muscle strength, 4 patients in hypermyotonia partially, 3 patients in muscular tremor, 5 patients in dysarthria, 3 patients in salivation to some extent and 2 patients in swallowing function. The score of ALSFRSR after PA treatment (31.89±10.36) was remarkably higher than that before PA treatment (30.68±10.52) (P

A bistable-nonlinear energy sink（BNES） is designed to control the vibration of the main system in a wide frequency range. The spatial magnetic force of cantilever structure system is analyzed based on the magnetizing current theory, and the influences of magnetic spacing and cantilever length on stability point of BNES are studied. The dynamic equations of main system coupling BNES are established to study the stability of transient performance of BNES under different excitation intensities. The effect of magnetic spacing on the steady-state vibration reduction performance of the BNES is studied through the amplitude frequency characteristics, and the stability performance of the BNES with the change of excitation intensity at 0.5 times, 1 times and 1.5 times resonant excitation frequency is studied. The analysis results show that the proposed BNES has good transient and steady-state vibration reduction performance and good robustness.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of acteoside (ACT) in inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human hepatoma HCCLM3 cells by regulating the ERK1/2 pathway. Methods CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. The invasion and migration of HCC cells were detected by scratch and Transwell tests. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and EMT-related genes (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Results ACT reduced the activity of HCCLM3 cells and inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, and the effects had certain correlation with drug concentration and time. ACT inhibited the migration and invasion process of HCCLM3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ACT downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of genes related to the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. It increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of the EMT-related gene E-cadherin but decreased those of N-cadherin. Conclusion ACT could inhibit EMT and the invasion and migration of HCCLM3 cells in human hepatoma, and the underlying mechanism is closely related to the downregulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

The Namjag Barwa syntaxis is in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis area with the most intensive neotectonic activity. There are many late Quaternary active fault belts and strong seismicities. The tectonic stability of these active fault belts, such as the Jiali, Dongjiu-Milin, and Motuo fault belts, may influence the project's construction. In-situ stress is a critical parameter for estimating regional tectonic stability. Currently, there is a lack of abundant in-situ stress results about the Namjag Barwa syntaxis. It is challenging to assess geological safety risks for major projects. Based on focal mechanism solutions, the paper reveals the orientation of the maximum principal stress surrounding the Namjag Barwa syntaxis using the stress tensor inversion method. According to the critical condition of fault instability, the magnitudes of principal stresses around the Namjag Barwa syntaxis are also estimated by combining the inversion of the stress shape ratio and the frictional coefficient. The results indicate that the maximum principal stress direction in the Namjag Barwa syntaxis area is NE-NNE. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses increase linearly with depth at a gradient of 0.032~0.0355 MPa/m and 0.0227~0.0236 MPa/m, respectively. Heterogeneous features of the in-situ stress field still exist. Generally, the results estimated in this study are in good concordance with the in-situ stress measurements. They can provide reliable in-situ stress parameters for evaluating the tectonic stability in the Namcha Barwa region.

The pile-beam composite structure in high-elevation debris flow areas is selected as the research object. Based on characterizing the pile-beam composite structure, the particle-flow simulation analysis program and the explicit dynamic analysis program were used to study comparatively the blocking effects of single-row piles and two-row piles, as well as that of a pile-beam composite structure at different positions. Besides, We simulated the mechanical characteristics of the pile-beam composite structure and discussed debris flow accumulation and structural stress transfer after the blocking. The calculation results show that the blocking effect of the pile-boulder force chain formed by the contact between large-size particles in the debris flow with the blocking structure and side boundaries on both sides of the gully could effectively block and delay the subsequent debris flow movement. The blocking effect of the pile-beam composite structure is the best. Meanwhile, the transition zone between the two-row piles further suppressed the flow velocity. When choosing the position for a pile-beam composite structure, we should consider suppressing the debris flow velocity as early as possible at the beginning and the potential energy-kinetic energy conversion process. Meanwhile, we also need to emphasize the design of the reservoir capacity, beware of the escape of debris flow due to a low-head barrier, and choose the optimal solution for the layout. The impact stress by debris flow boulders will be transmitted to the rear pile through the connecting beams, and the connecting parts at both ends of the beam almost reach the yield strength, which needs reinforcement to strengthen.

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis is one of the regions having the most intense tectonic activities, the most complex geological conditions, and the most frequent geohazards in the world. The planning and construction of engineering projects are faced with four types of catastrophic geo-safety risks, including tectonic faulting in the plate tectonic belt, disaster occurrence of the deep-buried tunnels, instability of loose mountains, and regional geological disaster chain. It is a critical topic in the field of engineering geology how to select relatively stable and safe sites in active tectonic zones to minimize the geo-safety risks of planning, construction, and operation of engineering projects. This paper summarized the major geo-safety problems in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Accordingly, it revealed that traditional site selection theories hardly satisfy the requirements of the engineering projects in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis area. The site selection encounters geo-safety challenges caused by unclear geological evolution process and construction, prominent disaster risk of tectonic activity and strong earthquake, weak research on the deep tectonic stress field and disaster evaluation, and severe ultra-high-elevation and ultra-long-runout geological disaster chain. Thus, this paper suggested the main research directions of the site selection from five aspects: (1) regional geological evolution and engineering geological problems, (2) active fault and engineering safety risk, (3) complex in-situ stress field and engineering disaster risk, (4) engineering risk of regional geological disaster chain, and (5) theory and method of site selection in eastern Himalayan syntaxis. This paper provides ideas for improving the risk assessment and prevention methods of site selection of engineering projects.

The solid-liquid coupling process is crucial in transforming debris flow to mudflow to form a hybrid landslide, which extends the disaster-affected area. It is a hot topic and a tricky problem to be solved in disaster prevention and mitigation research. We used the self-developed post-landslide damage numerical simulation platform (LPF3D) to explore the dynamic process of the Wushanping landslide induced by heavy rainfall in Chongqing under hydrodynamic action and revealed the solid-liquid coupling mechanism. The results show that hydrodynamic effects in the landslide movement are mainly manifested as liquefaction and dragging. The incremental effects of the two hydrodynamic actions are apparent, which often transform debris flow into mudflow, causing long-runout disasters. A two-phase coupled computational model based on the SPH method is proposed. It restores the two-phase movement of the Wushanping landslide under heavy rainfall conditions considering the combined effects of the fluid state equation, the solid viscoplastic constitutive equation, and the inter-phase forces. The numerical calculation results show that the maximum velocity of the Wushanping landslide is 34 m/s, the maximum accumulation thickness is 21.5 m, the accumulation area is 0.12 km2, and the farthest movement distance is 1300 m. The simulation results are consistent with the actual landslide's accumulation pattern. In conclusion, in the high remote landslide risk investigation and prediction process, the pore water pressure and solid-liquid phase interaction under heavy rainfall conditions need to be fully considered, and the numerical simulation based on the LPF3D method provides a basis for the quantitative risk assessment of high-elevation and long-runout landslides.

The frequent occurrence of remote landslide disasters under heavy rainfall in the mountainous area with sand-mudstone strata in southwest China is a critical issue to be solved in disaster prevention and mitigation. Taking the July 13, 2020 Niuerwan landslide in Wulong, Chongqing as an example, technical means including UAV image, field investigation, geological condition analysis, and PFC3D simulation were used to study the long-runout motion model of flowslide under heavy rainfall. The results show that the unique stratigraphic structure (Quaternary residual slope soil in the upper part and sand-mudstone in the lower part) is the root cause of the landslide instability and long-runout fluidization movement. Heavy rainfall is the key factor in causing the deep destabilization and overall decline of the landslide, and it also leads to the long-distance movement of the upper saturated residual soil. The long-runout fluidization disaster model of bedding landslide shows the characteristics of overall sliding of the lower layer, mixing of coarse and fine particles of the middle layer, and saturation fluidization in the upper layer. The long-runout fluidization process can be divided into three stages: the overall instability, the mixed acceleration, and the fluidization accumulation. Based on the above research, it is concluded that the investigation and prediction process of long-runout fluidization landslide in the mountainous area with sand-mudstone strata should be based on this particular disaster model to provide a quantitative scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation.

A novel concept is described here that utilizes externally applied heat to a solid rod of reconstituted tobacco biomass to form a stream of aerosol under progressively oxygen-deficient atmosphere. The boundary of auto-ignition was determined at oxygen concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 21% and then the effects of these different atmospheres on various parameters were studied. Experimental results indicated that the ignition temperature decreased with the increase of oxygen concentration and a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) for atmosphere with oxygen was observed at before but close to ignition temperature. Significant differences in the yields of CO and CO2 between oxygen and oxygen-free atmosphere were observed. The mass of aerosol produced under an inert atmosphere and reduced-oxygen atmosphere were characterized with selected volatile and semi-volatile components, phenols, aldehydes, and other organic compounds of interests. In addition, higher oxygen concentration resulted in higher bulk and surface oxygen content of solid-phase residue, the reduction of carbon and hydrogen element content and related functional groups, and the content of inorganic compounds also exhibited an increase with oxygen concentration. By systematically changing oxygen concentrations of the biomass bed with increasing temperatures, an aerosol stream of controlled chemical composition and yields could be formed without leading to ignition. Key chemical markers of inhalation harm were measured and compared to each other under different degrees close to combustion. Studying reconstituted tobacco or other biomass materials in such a way could provide alternative and useful information in the design heated biomass aerosol generators.