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Background: To evaluate whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measured during newborn screening (NBS) at birth and at discharge can be surrogate markers for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely preterm infants. Methods: The population cohort enrolled infants born

Abstract Background Research indicates that preterm infants requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation often exhibit suboptimal neurodevelopment at follow-up, coupled with altered brain development as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age (TEA). However, specific regions of brain dysmaturation and the subsequent neurodevelopmental phenotype following early-life adverse respiratory exposures remain unclear. Additionally, it is uncertain whether brain dysmaturation mediates neurodevelopmental outcomes after respiratory adversity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between early-life adverse respiratory exposures, brain dysmaturation at TEA, and the developmental phenotype observed during follow-up in extremely preterm infants. Methods 89 infants born

The exposure to and health hazards of phthalates have received abundant attention. However, reducing phthalate exposure and further decreasing the associated health risks are difficult. Nonetheless, it is important to actively seek relevant measures. Recently, antioxidant vitamins have been frequently mentioned to improve phthalate-related issues. This scoping review summarizes the existing epidemiological and experimental studies on the interaction of phthalates with antioxidant vitamins. Through a systematic search, sparse epidemiological studies explored the effects of interaction between phthalates and vitamins on reproduction, the endocrine, respiratory, and nervous system and human aging. Four prospective studies were conducted in China, the United States, Canada and Netherlands. Only one study from Netherlands focused on the female reproductive system.The other three studies focused on neurological damage to fetuses caused by phthalate exposure, and its mitigation by vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. Four cross-sectional studies were conducted based on the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. These studies involved hazards in different systems and interactions with different vitamins. Overall, epidemiological evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin A, B, D, and folic acid probably may alter the health hazards induced by phthalate exposure. Current animal studies often focus on three phthalates, DBP, DEHP and DIDP,22 DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEHP, diethylhexyl phthalate; DIDP, diisodecyl phthalate and most commonly, the first two phthalates. These chemicals cause reproductive, urinary, digestive and neurodevelopmental damage; the antioxidant vitamin C, E and B could mitigate the harm caused by phthalates. Possible mechanisms involve reducing oxidative stress, removing methylation,etc. Determining whether these mechanisms are similar to those in humans requires a rigorous experimental study.

There is a close relationship between preconception health and maternal and child health outcomes, and the consequences may be passed down from generation to generation. In 2018, Lancet published three consecutive articles emphasizing the importance of the preconception period. Phthalic acid ester (PAE) exposure during this period may affect gametogenesis and epigenetic information in gametophytes, thereby affecting embryonic development and offspring health. Therefore, this article reviews the effects of parental preconception PAE exposure on reproductive/birth outcomes and offspring health, to provide new evidence on this topic. We searched Web of Science, MEDLINE (through PubMed), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, and the VIP Journal Library from the date of database establishment to July 3, 2024. Finally, 12 articles were included. Three studies investigated the health hazards (effects on birth weight, abortion, etc.) of women's preconception PAE exposure. Nine studies involved both parents. Nine studies considered the impacts of PAE preconception exposure on reproductive/birth outcomes, focusing on birth weight, pregnancy loss, preterm birth, embryo quality, and placental weight. Three studies considered the impacts of preconception PAE exposure on offspring behavior. The results of this review suggested that parental preconception PAE exposure may have an impact on reproductive/birth outcomes and offspring behavior, including birth weight, child behavior, and dietary behavior. However, studies on the health hazards of preconception PAE exposure are relatively scarce, and the outcomes of current studies are varied. It is necessary to use systematic reviews to verify an accurate research question to provide recommendations for public health policy making.

The phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one class of the most abundant and frequently studied pseudo-persistent organic pollutants. Noninvasive urine is an effective substrate for evaluating PAE exposure, but repeated sampling is needed to overcome this bias. This adds much work to on-site collection and the cost of detection increases exponentially. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a scope review to describe the detection methods and validity of the use of other noninvasive matrices, such as nails and hair, for assessing long-term exposure to PAEs. The PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), electronic databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 3 April 2024, and 12 studies were included. Nine and three studies used hair and nails, respectively, as noninvasive matrices for detecting PAE exposure. Five articles compared the results of nail or hair and urine tests for validity of the assessment of PAE exposure. The preprocessing and detection methods for these noninvasive samples are also described. The results of this review suggest that, compared with nails, hair may be more suitable as a noninvasive alternative matrix for assessing long-term exposure to PAEs. However, sample handling procedures such as the extraction and purification of compounds from hair are not uniform in various studies; therefore, further exploration and optimization of this process, and additional research evidence to evaluate its effectiveness, are needed to provide a scientific basis for the promotion and application of hair detection methods for assessing long-term PAE exposure levels.

NPP reactor containment dust can easily turn into radioactive dust, endangering staff health and the environment. However, the nuclear reactor containment wall-climbing cleaning robot cleans blindly without the ability to clean the dust in a timely and thoroughly. In this paper, ShuffleNetV2-YOLOv5s (S-YOLOv5s) model is proposed to solve the problem of wall-climbing robots unable to detect different categories of dust in time. The use of ShuffleNetV2 in the backbone of the network not only ensures a large number of characterized channels and a large network capacity, but also reduces the complexity of the model; SIoU is chosen for the loss function to improve the model accuracy. Then, planar cleaning index (PCI) is proposed by combining the results of S-YOLOv5s to evaluate whether the wall-climbing cleaning robot cleans thoroughly. Compared to other methods, PCI considers amount and area occupation of different classes of dust. The dust data set is collected to train the designed model, and the model size is reduced to 14 % of the original model, and the FPS is 7.313 higher than the original model. Especially when compared with the state-of-the-art lightweight methods, our model has smaller model size and higher recognition speed. Experimental results have shown that our dust detection and cleanliness assessment method can be used on a wall-climbing cleaning robot to clean dust in time and thoroughly.

Purpose: To evaluate gestational age (GA) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) as continuums and gender on the incidences of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring intellectual disability (ID). Methods: This is a population-based cohort study using the 2004–2008 Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database. The diagnosis of ASD was determined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9). Generalized estimating equations models were fit to evaluate associations between perinatal variables and ASD. Results: This study included 916,315 individuals. A total of 9474 (1.0%) children were diagnosed with ASD, among whom 1594 (16.8%) had co-occurring ID. Lower GA carried higher odds of ASD with ID (GA < 28 weeks, aOR: 4.26, 95% CI: 2.13, 8.50; GA 28–30 weeks, aOR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.57, 4.97; GA 31–33 weeks, aOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.55; GA 34–36 weeks, aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.67) and ASD without ID (GA < 28 weeks, aOR:2.05, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.36; GA 28–30 weeks, aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.79; GA 31–33 weeks, aOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.77; GA 34–36 weeks, aOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.29). Male preterm infants had ASD risks negatively correlated to GA, while ASD risks were significantly increased only among female infants born late preterm. The degree of SGA showed a stepwise increased risk for ASD with and without ID in both male and female infants. Conclusion: Lower GA and the degree of SGA are both associated with ASD susceptibility, either with or without co-occurring ID, and remarkably increased the risk of ID.

Nitrile-containing insecticides can be converted into their amide derivatives by Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans. N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide (TFNG-AM) is converted to 4-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinoyl glycine (TFNG) using nitrile hydratase/amidase. However, the amidase that catalyzes this bioconversion has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, it was discovered that flonicamid (FLO) is degraded by P. salicylatoxidans into the acid metabolite TFNG via the intermediate TFNG-AM. A half-life of 18.7 h was observed for P. salicylatoxidans resting cells, which transformed 82.8% of the available FLO in 48 h. The resulting amide metabolite, TFNG-AM, was almost all converted to TFNG within 19 d. A novel amidase-encoding gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme, PmsiA, hydrolyzed TFNG-AM to TFNG. Despite being categorized as a member of the amidase signature enzyme superfamily, PsmiA only shares 20–30% identity with the 14 previously identified members of this family, indicating that PsmiA represents a novel class of enzyme. Homology structural modeling and molecular docking analyses suggested that key residues Glu247 and Met242 may significantly impact the catalytic activity of PsmiA. This study contributes to our understanding of the biodegradation process of nitrile-containing insecticides and the relationship between the structure and function of metabolic enzymes.

This is the first pilot meta-analysis on the association of prenatal phthalate exposure with childhood cardiometabolic risks. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science and CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) until June 5, 2023. A total of seven studies with 5746 children (2646 girls and 3100 boys) were finally included. Four, three and two studies investigated the effects of maternal phthalate exposure on childhood blood pressure (BP), blood lipids and blood glucose profiles, respectively. The pilot meta-analysis suggested that di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolite exposure was associated with a decrease in childhood z-systolic BP (SBP, β = −0.169, 95% CI = −0.338–0.001). Furthermore, the pooled results showed negative relationships of prenatal ∑DEHP exposure with z-SBP (β = −0.109, 95% CI = −0.163 to −0.055) and z-diastolic BP (DBP, β = −0.126, 95% CI = −0.182 to −0.069) in girls. In addition, MEP exposure was associated with z-SBP in girls (β = −0.227, 95% CI = −0.387 to −0.066). The pooled result showed a positive relationship between prenatal ∑DEHP exposure and triglycerides (β = 0.103, 95% CI = 0.028–0.178). The overall results revealed that exposure to ∑DEHP throughout gestation was associated with a decrease in insulin (β = −0.074, 95% CI = −0.144 to −0.004) and glucose (β = −0.129, 95% CI = −0.199 to −0.058) in boys. Interestingly, there was an inverse relationship of prenatal mono− 3 −carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) exposure with glucose in pubertal boys (β = −3.749, 95% CIs = −6.758 to −0.741) but not found in postpubertal children. In conclusion, prenatal phthalate exposure interfered with cardiovascular risk in children with gender-specific differences and was influenced by puberty. Overall, prenatal ∑DEHP was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure in girls and with insulin and glucose in boys but increased the level of triglycerides.

Bat feces have been reported in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books to have the effect of reducing fever and improving eyesight, but the mechanism of vision improvement still needs further research. To this end, we used 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to analyze the antioxidant capacity of and the types of vitamins in bat feces. We hoped to screen the pharmacological components of bat feces and to explain the role that these components may play in treating visual deterioration. Our results found that bat feces had a good antioxidant capacity and mainly contained vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B3 (nicotinic acid), and B5 (pantothenic acid). Although these vitamins may help to maintain the health of the optic nerve and cornea, the vitamin content of bat feces is low, but the heavy metal content is high, as shown using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Therefore, we suggest that the use of bat feces as TCM to improve vision should be strictly restricted.

BackgroundMultiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the association between neonatal jaundice and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk, but their results have been inconsistent. This may be because the included observational studies could not adjust for all potential confounders. Mendelian randomization study can overcome this drawback and explore the causal relationship between the both.MethodsWe used the data of neonatal jaundice, direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), and ASD collected by genome-wide association study (GWAS) to evaluate the effects of neonatal jaundice, DBIL and IBIL on ASD by using a two-sample Mendelian randomized (MR). The inverse variance-weighted method (IVW) was the main method of MR analysis in this study. Weighted median method, MR-Egger regression and mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test were used for sensitivity analysis.ResultsThere was no evidence of an effect of neonatal jaundice (OR, 1.002, 95% CI, 0.977–1.027), DBIL (OR, 0.970, 95% CI, 0.884–1.064) and IBIL (OR, 1.074, 95% CI, 0.882–1.308) on ASD risk by IVW test. In the weighted median method, MR-Egger regression and leave-one-out analysis, the results were robust and no heterogeneity or pleiotropy was observed.ConclusionsWe found that neonatal jaundice, DBIL and IBIL were not associated with ASD in this study. However, this paper did not explore the effect of severity and duration of jaundice on ASD in different ethnic populations, which may require further research.

Abstract Background Not all lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as intended. Thus, biomarkers are needed to identify patients who benefit most from EGFR-targeted therapy. Our previous in vitro data has shown that the co-signal molecule B7-H3 determines EGFR-TKI gefitinib susceptibility of EGFR-mutated LUAD cell lines, based on the potential crosslinking between B7-H3-induced signaling and EGFR signaling. Methods We detected tumoral B7-H3 expression in the original biopsy from 56 treatment-naïve LUAD patients and analyzed the association between high/low B7-H3 expression with the clinical outcomes of first-line anti-EGFR therapy. The main criteria for the analysis of response were overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary criterion was overall survival (OS). Results In the subgroups of B7-H3 high and low expression, the ORR were 16.0% (4/25) and 74.2% (23/31) (p

In diabetes mellitus, Ficus formosana has been reported to ameliorate blood sugar levels and inhibit inflammation through its polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, its effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ficus formosana extract (FFE) on DPN in ovariectomized diabetic mice. Ovariectomized female C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet plus streptozotocin injections to induce type 2 diabetes were orally administered FEE at 20 or 200 mg/kg BW daily, for 6 weeks. To evaluate the pain responses in the paws of the mice, a von Frey filament test and a thermal hyperalgesia test were performed. Additionally, the intraepidermal and sciatic nerve sections were examined, along with an assessment of inflammation- and pain response-related mRNA expression in the paws of the mice. The results showed that the oral administration of both 20 and 200 mg/kg BW FEE significantly alleviated the hypersensitivity of the paw and the abnormal proliferation and rupture of the C fiber, and reduced the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interferon-γ, cyclooxygenase-2, and voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 in the sciatic nerve of ovariectomized diabetic mice. We propose that FFE ameliorates peripheral neuropathy by suppressing oxidative damage in ovariectomized diabetic mice.

Background: To examine whether the patterns of head-size growth trajectory in the first month after birth are associated with different susceptibility to cognitive impairment outcomes at age 24 months. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 590 infants of very-preterm survivors born between 2001 and 2016 receiving neurodevelopmental assessment at age 24 months. 403 children were enrolled for analysis after excluding infants with small-for-gestational age and severe brain injury. The head circumference (HC) growth evaluated weekly in the first month after birth compared to the at-birth HC was analyzed using group-based trajectory modeling. Neurocognition outcomes were determined as normal, borderline delay, or impaired using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: The HC growth dynamics in the first month after birth showed three trajectory patterns: delayed catch-up (31.5%), slow catch-up (54.0%), and fast catch-up (14.5%), which significantly corresponded to different rates of impaired cognition at 19.5%, 6.0%, and 8.5%, respectively (p

Background: Using regression modeling analysis to investigate the breakpoints of the trends in survival-without-major-neonatal-morbidities (MNM) or -without-neurodevelopmental- impairment (NDI) by year and gestational age (GA) in preterm infants. Methods: We enrolled 2237 preterm infants (GA

The neonicotinoid imidacloprid is a widely used insecticide worldwide. We assessed the effects of acute and chronic imidacloprid exposure on the social behavior of adult zebrafish. We assembled simple apparatus to detect 2D locomotion: a single camera capture system and two specially designed water tanks. We then used the tracking and heat maps of the behavior trajectories of zebrafish subjected to sham and imidacloprid exposure and compared their social behavior. Furthermore, histomorphology and immunohistochemistry of their brain tissue sections were performed to clarify possible neurotoxicity due to imidacloprid exposure in our adult zebrafish. Our results showed that imidacloprid exposure significantly reduced the zebrafish’s swimming speed, distance traveled, acceleration, and deceleration. The longer the imidacloprid exposure, the more severe the locomotor behavior disability. Furthermore, imidacloprid exposure significantly reduced heterosexual attractive behavior between the different sexes, as well as defensive alert behavior among males. Our histomorphology and immunohistochemistry evidence showed imidacloprid exposure may lead to neuronal oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and damage in the telencephalon of adult zebrafish. Thus, we suggested that neonicotinoid imidacloprid exposure can damage the telencephalon neurons of adult zebrafish through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and then affect the social behavior of adult zebrafish.

Childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP; platelet count < 100 × 109/L) is the most common bleeding disorder in children. A total of 3–5% of children with ITP face a greater risk of bleeding, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Childhood ITP is often benign and self-limited; however, children with severe ITP (platelet count < 30 × 109/L) require investigation and monitoring. In addition, 20% of ITP patients may not go into remission (platelet counts < 100 × 109/L by 12 months after diagnosis) and may develop chronic ITP. The early identifying predictors associated with the resolution of severe ITP at the time of diagnosis may be helpful for family guidance. However, there is still controversy about the associations between the clinical factors at the time of initial diagnosis and the definitions of disease remission assessed at different timepoints after diagnosis. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the shared clinical factors among the disease remission definitions at three arbitrarily set timepoints—3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. This study retrieved records for hospitalized children aged under 18 years and diagnosed with ITP from the hospital registry in a tertiary university hospital. Clinical variables were recorded by reviewing the medical records with structured data entry for ITP admission. The serial follow-up platelet counts within 12 months after diagnosis were recorded. The times of ITP remission were identified by experienced pediatric hematologists. Patients with mild-form ITP (platelet counts ≥ 30 × 109/L) at diagnosis or who were lost to follow-up within 3 months were excluded. From 1988 to 2019, 546 children were enrolled, and a total of 497 children with severe ITP were included in the further analysis. In total, one (0.2%) died of an intracranial hemorrhage, 363 (73.2%) children went into remission at 3 months, 40 (8.1%) went into remission between 6 and 12 months, and 104 (20.9%) developed chronic ITP. The shared significant predictors for remission by the third, sixth, and twelfth months included pre-adolescent age ( 100 × 109/L at 1 month post diagnosis). ITP patients with positive viral serology tests or vaccination within 4 weeks had trends of delayed remission. In conclusion, diagnosis before preadolescent age, abrupt onset, and speedy recovery may share favorable factors for the remission of childhood ITP assessed at different timepoints.

Quercetin and isoquercitrin were reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on typical asthma. Therefore, we investigated quercetin-3-O-glycosides to clarify the potential for treating atypical asthma. The inhibitions of quercetin-3-O-glycosides on PDE1–5 activities and on high-affinity rolipram binding sites were measured. The sensitized guinea-pig trachealis was challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) to induce contractions. Ten female BABL/c mice in each group were sensitized by OVA on days 0 and 14. On day 21, these mice were injected a mixture of 1% OVA and Freund’s complete adjuvant (1:1). Mice were challenged using 1% OVA in saline for 30 min on days 28, 29, and 30 by ultrasonic nebulization. Twenty-four hours after the last nebulization, the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these mice were collected. Total immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG2a level in the serum and cytokines in the both were determined. The number of inflammatory cells was counted using a hemocytometer. Rutin (30 and100 μmol/kg, p.o.) and quercitrin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) significantly suppressed the increases in the inflammatory cells and cytokines in the BALF of mice. In contrast to rutin, quercitrin significantly increased the IFN-γ level. Both significantly increased the IgG2a level in the serum and suppressed total and OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum and BALF of mice. Rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin did not affect xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia. In conclusion, the above results suggest that quercetin-3-O-glycosides have few adverse effects and that rutin and quercitrin, but not isoquercitrin, may have the potential for treating atypical asthma.

Abstract Background Lower gestational age may increase autism spectrum disorder (ASD) vulnerability; however, the incidence of ASD diagnosis through a direct assessment on every very preterm birth child on the population base remains unclear. Moreover, the behavioral characteristics of preterm birth ASD are unknown. Methods Every very preterm birth child (gestational age 37 weeks) ASD children characterized by ADOS and ADI-R were group matched to the preterm birth ASD by age at examination for comparison. ADOS severity scores were calculated by the Mann–Whitney U test and ADI-R by multivariate analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis. Results Two hundred forty-six (87%) of the 283 very preterm survivors were followed prospectively to 5 years of age. Nineteen (7.7%) of the 246 children fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of ASD. After excluding 1 patient with cerebral palsy and profound mental disability, 18 preterm ASD children were compared with 44 term birth ASD children. The two ASD groups were comparable for age at examination, gender, and intelligence quotient. The two groups showed comparable ADOS severity scores in social affect deficits, restricted repetitive behaviors, and total score, but had differences in qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction (Wilks lambda F value = 6.2, P

Background: The neonatal changes of corpus callosum or cerebellar volume in preterm infants have been shown to link with abnormal mentality and motor disability in early childhood. This study aims to predict the long-term neurological outcomes by measuring these changes on neonatal brain ultrasound in preterm infants. Methods: Our cohort consisted of infants aged below 32 weeks' gestation with very low birth body weights who completed neuro-assessments at 5 years of age. Corpus callosum or cerebellar vermis were measured at 28–30 weeks and at 37–40 weeks gestational age in premature infants with cerebral palsy (CP), mental retardation (MR) and normal control premature infants. Results: There are 12 patients in MR group, 12 in CP group and 27 patients as controls for final analysis. There was no significant difference in other factors between study groups except lower gestational age (P = 0.043) in CP group. Respiratory distress syndrome was more common in MR group (P = 0.037) and cystic periventricular leukomalacia was more common in CP group (P

Although serious adverse events have remained uncommon, cases of myocarditis induced by messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines have been reported. Here, we presented a rare but potentially fatal disorder, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, in a 14-year-old previously healthy adolescent after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. The initial evaluation showed splenomegaly, pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, and hypofibrinogenemia. Further examination revealed positive blood EBV DNA, and other infectious pathogen surveys were all negative. Hemophagocytosis was observed in the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. HLH was confirmed and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and methylprednisolone pulse therapy were given. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was set up for cardiopulmonary support for 3 days due to profound hypotension. The patient was kept on oral prednisolone treatment for 28 days with the following gradual tapering. The hemogram and inflammatory biomarkers gradually returned to normal, and the patient was discharged. The fulminant presentation of HLH in our case could be the net result of both acute immunostimulation after COVID-19 vaccination and EBV infection. Our case suggests that the immune activation after COVID-19 vaccination is likely to interfere with the adequate immune response to certain infectious pathogens, resulting in a hyperinflammatory syndrome.

In the smart grid and big data environment, accurate and large amount of power load data for users can be obtained with the wide application of non-intrusive load monitoring technology. In the research process of customers’ information, information security protection of users’ electricity data has become a research hotspot urgently. This article proposes a new type of load decomposition method for electric vehicle load information and compares it with hidden Markov model algorithm to verify its accuracy. On this basis, the elliptic curve encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the users’ electricity data, and the function and effectiveness of the encryption algorithm are verified by comparing the load decomposition of the electric vehicle with the unencrypted data.

The tractor is a vehicle often used in agriculture. It is mainly used to tow other unpowered agricultural machinery for farming, harvesting, and seeding. They consume a lot of fuel with emissions that often contain a large amount of toxic gases, which seriously jeopardize human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, the electrical tractor is bound to become a future trend. The objective of this study is to design and implement a lightweight, energy-saving, and less polluting electric tractor, which meets the requirements of existing smallholder farmers, equipped with unmanned technology and multi-functions to assist labor and to provide the potential for unmanned operation. We reduced the weight of the tractor body structure to 101 kg, and the bending rigidity and torsional rigidity reached 11,579 N/mm and 4923 Nm/deg, respectively. Two 7.5 kW induction motors driven by lithium batteries were applied, which allows at least 3.5 h of working time.

Abstract Introduction We previously reported transferring seventh cervical (C7) nerve from unaffected side to affected side in patients with spastic hemiplegia due to chronic cerebral injury, to improve function and reduce spasticity of paralyzed upper limb. In the clinics, some patients also reported changes of spasticity in their lower limb, which could not be detected by routine physical examinations. Pennation angle of muscle can indirectly reflect the condition of spasticity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this upper limb procedure may affect spasticity of lower limb, using ultrasonography to detect changes of muscle pennation angle (PA). Methods Twelve spastic hemiplegia patients due to cerebral injury including stroke, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury, who underwent C7 nerve transfer procedure, participated in this study. B‐mode ultrasonography was used to measure PA of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle at rest preoperatively and postoperatively. The plantar load distribution of the lower limbs was evaluated using a Zebris FDM platform preoperatively and postoperatively. Results The PA of the GM was significantly smaller on the affected side than that of unaffected side before surgery. On the affected side, the postoperative PA was significantly larger than preoperative PA. On the unaffected side, the postoperative PA was not significantly different compared to preoperative PA. The postoperative plantar load distribution of the affected forefoot was significantly smaller than preoperative load distribution, which was consistent with ultrasonography results. Conclusions This study indicates that C7 nerve transfer surgery for improving upper limb function can also affect muscle properties of lower limb in spastic hemiplegia patients, which reveals a link between the upper and lower limbs. The interlimb interactions should be considered in rehabilitation physiotherapy, and the regular pattern and mechanism need to be further studied.

Periviable infants (PIs) born at 22–25 weeks gestational age (wGA) have a variable survival rate (49.7–86.2%) among hospitals. One factor involved in this difference may be the definition of the threshold of viability. The American Academy of Pediatrics revised the neonatal resuscitation program in late 2015 (NRP 2015) and altered the threshold of viability from 23 to 22 wGA. The impact on the survival of PIs after the guideline alteration has seldom been discussed. Since 2016, the unit of this study has implemented the renewed guideline for PIs. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the survival and clinical variables of PIs before and after implementation of the guideline, which included a 10-year cohort in a single center in Taiwan. There were 168 PIs enrolled between 2010 and 2019 (Epoch-I, 2010–2015; Epoch-II, 2016–2019), after excluding those with congenital anomalies and parent-decided comfort care. Compared to those in Epoch-I, the PIs in Epoch-II had significantly higher odds ratios (2.602) (95% confidence interval: 1.170–5.789; p = 0.019) for survival. Younger gestational age, small size for gestational age, cesarean delivery, low blood pH at birth, and surfactant therapeutic treatment were found to be significant risk factors associated with the survival of PIs (p < 0.05 for each). The altered threshold of viability by NRP 2015 may impact the survival of PIs. However, long-term follow-up for surviving PI is required in the future.

Cervical cancer is a common gynecological malignancy, accounting for 10% of all gynecological cancers. Recently, targeted therapy for cervical cancer has shown unprecedented advantages. Several studies have shown that ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2C) is highly expressed in a series of tumors, and participates in the progression of these tumors. However, the possible impact of UBE2C on the progression of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) remains unclear. Here, we carried out tissue microarray analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues from 294 cervical cancer patients with FIGO/TNM cancer staging records. The results indicated that UBE2C was highly expressed in human CESC tissues and its expression was related to the clinical characteristics of CESC patients. Overexpression and knockdown of UBE2C enhanced and reduced cervical cancer cell proliferation, respectively, in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that UBE2C regulated the expression and activity of the mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway. In summary, we confirmed that UBE2C is involved in the process of CESC and that UBE2C may represent a molecular target for CESC treatment.

An experimental and numerical investigation is performed into the power loss induced in grooved polymer optical fibers (POFs) subjected to combined bending and elongation deformations. The power loss is examined as a function of both the groove depth and the bend radius. An elastic-plastic three-dimensional finite element model is constructed to simulate the deformation in the grooved region of the deformed specimens. The results indicate that the power loss increases significantly with an increasing bending displacement or groove depth. Specifically, the power loss increases to as much as 12% given a groove depth of 1.1 mm and a bending displacement of 10 mm. Based on the experimental results, an empirical expression is formulated to relate the power loss with the bending displacement for a given groove depth. It is shown that the difference between the estimated power loss and the actual power loss is less than 2%.

In this study, power losses in polymer optical fiber (POF) subjected to cyclic tensile loadings are studied experimentally. The parameters discussed are the cyclic load level and the number of cycles. The results indicate that the power loss in POF specimens increases with increasing load level or number of cycles. The power loss can reach as high as 18.3% after 100 cyclic loadings. Based on the experimental results, a linear equation is proposed to estimate the relationship between the power loss and the number of cycles. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is found to be less than 3%.

This paper investigates the effect of electrical contact on the thermal contactstress of a microrelay switch. A three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model withcontact elements is used to simulate the contact behavior between the microcantilever beamand the electrode. A model with thermal-electrical coupling and thermal-stress coupling isused in the finite element analysis. The effects of contact gap, plating film thickness andnumber of switching cycles on the contact residual stress, contact force, plastic deformation,and temperature rise of the microrelay switch are explored. The numerical results indicatethat the residual stress increases with increasing contact gap or decreasing plating filmthickness. The results also show that the residual stress increases as the number of switchingcycles increases. A large residual stress inside the microcantilever beam can decrease thelifecycle of the microrelay.

BackgroundKMUP-1 is a xanthine derivative with inhibitory activities on the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3,4 and 5 isoenzymes to suppress the degradation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. However, the effects of KMUP-1 on osteoclast differentiation are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether KMUP-1 inhibits osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL in RAW 264.7 cells and bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice, and the underlying mechanisms.Principal findingsIn vitro, KMUP-1 inhibited RANKL-induced TRAP activity, the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and resorption-pit formation. It also inhibited key mediators of osteoclastogenesis including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and HMGB1. In addition, KMUP-1 inhibited RANKL-induced activation of signaling molecules (Akt, MAPKs, calcium and NF-κB), mRNA expression of osteoclastogensis-associated genes (TRAP, MMP-9, Fra-1, and cathepsin K) and transcription factors (c-Fos and NFATc1). Furthermore, most inhibitory effects of KMUP-1 on RANKL-mediated signal activations were reversed by a protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) and a protein kinase G inhibitor (KT5823). In vivo, KMUP-1 prevented loss of bone mineral content, preserved serum alkaline phosphate and reduced serum osteocalcin in ovariectomized mice.ConclusionsKMUP-1 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by cAMP and cGMP pathways. Therefore, KMUP-1 may have a role in pharmacologic therapy of osteoporosis.