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Comprehensive Summary: All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their inherent advantages over other types of organic solar cells, including superior optical and thermal stability, as well as exceptional mechanical durability. Recently, all‐PSCs have experienced remarkable advancements in device performance thanks to the invention of polymerized small‐molecule acceptors (PSMAs) since 2017. Among these PSMAs, PY‐IT has garnered immense interest from the scientific community due to its exceptional performance in all‐PSCs. In this review, we presented the design principles of PY‐IT and discussed the various strategies employed in device engineering for PY‐IT‐based all‐PSCs. These strategies include additive and interface engineering, layer‐by‐layer processing methods, meniscus‐assisted coating methods, and ternary strategy. Furthermore, this review highlighted several novel polymeric donor materials that are paired with PY‐IT to achieve efficient all‐PSCs. Lastly, we summarized the inspiring strategies for further advancing all‐PSCs based on PY‐IT. These strategies aim to enhance the overall performance and stability of all‐PSCs by exploring new materials, optimizing device architectures, and improving fabrication techniques. By leveraging these approaches, we anticipate significant progress in the development of all‐PSCs and their potential as a viable renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precisely controlled digital pulse plays a crucial role in various cutting-edge testing applications. This paper introduces an innovative approach to digital pulse generation utilizing an FPGA transceiver, with the AMD evaluation board ZCU102 serving as a demonstrative platform. In the normal mode, the transmitter generates a serial bit stream, enabling the generation of single or repeated pulses with configurable width and period. In the high precision mode, an internal dedicated phase interpolator enhances the configuration step size for width and period by up to 64 times, providing finer phase shift capability. The demonstration system operates at a line rate of 10 Gbps, achieving a resolution of 100 ps in normal mode and 1.5625 ps in high precision mode. This paper details the design methodology, presents test results for pulse width uncertainty and non-linearity, and showcases achieved period jitter and time interval error jitter as small as around 1 ps. • A novel digital pulse generator is implemented with GTH transceiver in AMD FPGA. • Transceiver can produce digital pulse by controlling the sent bits with low jitter. • Resolution can be further enhanced by phase interpolator in the transceiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the main presentation in adults with moyamoya disease (MMD), an unusual clinical entity with a poor prognosis. However, optimal management in the acute stage of ICH in patients with MMD remains a challenge. Since minimally invasive surgery (MIS) plus local thrombolysis has emerged as a promising strategy for ICH, we aimed to describe our experience of performing this procedure in this special population in the acute phase, while focusing on its efficacy and safety. The medical data of patients with ICH treated with MIS and local thrombolysis between November 2013 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed at our institution. MMD was identified based on the angiographic images. The primary outcome was postoperative intracranial rebleeding. The secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 6-month outcome graded using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Logistic regression was applied to explore independent risk factors for the above outcomes. A cohort of consecutive 337 ICH patients was analysed, of whom 14 (4.15%) were diagnosed with MMD. In total, 36 (11.46%) patients experienced postoperative intracranial rehaemorrhage, of which one patient had MMD. No significant difference was found between the patients with and without MMD regarding postoperative rebleeding (9.09% vs. 11.55%, p = 1.000). Additionally, the 30-day mortality of patients with MMD was 21.42% (3/14), which was not significantly different from that of non-MMD patients (10.83%; p = 0.201). Moreover, 53.8% of patients had poor outcomes at the 6-month follow-up among MMD patients, similar to 43.9% of patients without MMD (p = 0.573). The coexistence of MMD failed to show a significant association with postoperative intracranial rebleeding (p = 0.348), 30-day mortality (p = 0.211), or poor outcome at the 6-month follow-up (p = 0.450). Our findings suggest that coexistent MMD is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative rebleeding or poor outcome after local thrombolysis for ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental pulp vitality is extremely important for the tooth viability, since it provides nutrition and forms the dentin. Bioactive glasses (BGs) may be promising materials for pulp repair due to their excellent abilities of rapidly bonding to bone and stimulating new bone growth. However, the unsatisfied handling property, low plasticity, and poor rapid-setting property of traditional BGs limit its application in vital pulp therapy. Spherical bioactive glasses (SBGs) exhibited higher osteogenesis and odontogenic differentiation than irregular BGs. This study focuses on the application of SBGs with rapid setting property for dental pulp repair. Here, SBGs with various compositions were successfully synthesized by a sol-gel process using dodecylamine (DDA) served as both a catalyst and a template. The maximum content of CaO in SBGs was about 15%. The non-bridge oxygen amounts of the Si O network and the apatite-forming ability increased with the content proportion of CaO and P 2 O 5 . Bioactive glass pulp capping materials (BGPCMs) were prepared by mixing the SBGs powders and the phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The K 3 CaH(PO 4 ) 2 and hydroxyapatite (HA) formed between SBGs particles as soon as they were mixed with PBS solution. The compressive strengths of fully set BCPCM-2 molded were measured to be 31.76 ± 1.9577 MPa after setting for 24 h. The K 3 CaH(PO 4 ) 2 and the low crystallinity HA phases at the initial stage of solidification transformed to crystalline HA for 3 days, and the compressive strength was still higher than 10 MPa. Additionally, SBG-2 with a designed molar composition of 35% SiO 2 , 55% CaO and 10% P 2 O 5 more promoted dental pulp cell proliferation, and could be potential pulp capping applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two types of mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) including spherical MBGs (SBG) with radial mesostructure and pineal MBGs (PBG) with lamellar mesostructure have been successfully synthesized through a novel sacrificial liquid template method in sol–gel process. The morphologies and structures of the samples were characterized and the results demonstrated that ethyl acetate was added in the hexadecy ltrimethyl ammonium bromide aqueous solution to form micro-emulsion droplets as liquid template; the aqueous ammonia was added as template corrodent and hydrolysis catalyst. The morphology of MBGs could be controlled by the reaction conditions. Meanwhile, the size and the mesostructure of MBGs could be tuned by the aqueous ammonia concentration. The novel MBGs may be a good candidate as therapeutic molecules carriers for bone and dental tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous spontaneous bilateral external capsule hemorrhage is a rare clinical entity with extremely poor outcome. However, knowledge on the effective management of this fatal disease is limited. Herein,we described a case of a 42-year-old man with acute coma and quadriplegia as well as respiratory failure related to the disease. The patient underwent minimally invasive surgery plus local thrombolysis. Consequently, he recovered with satisfactory neurological function recovery on the 180th day of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open reading frame 45 (ORF45) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an immediate-early and tegument protein that plays critical roles in antagonizing host antiviral responses. We have previously shown (Zhu et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99:5573-5578, 2002) that ORF45 suppresses activation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a crucial regulator of type I interferon gene expression, by blocking its virus-induced phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. We report here further characterization of the mechanisms by which ORF45 inhibits IRF7 phosphorylation. In most cell types, IRF7 is phosphorylated and activated by IKK and TBK1 after viral infection. We found that phosphorylation of IRF7 on Ser477 and Ser479 by IKKƐ or TBK1 is inhibited by ORF45. The inhibition is specific to IRF7 because phosphorylation of its close relative IRF3 is not affected by ORF45, implying that ORF45 does not inactivate the kinases directly. In fact, we found that ORF45 is phosphorylated efficiently on Ser41 and Ser162 by IKK and TBK1. We demonstrated that ORF45 competes with the associated IRF7 and inhibits its phosphorylation by IKKƐ or TBK1 by acting as an alternative substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Acanthopanax senticosides B is a monomer of Acanthopanax senticosus saponins. Previous reports showed that Acanthopanax senticosus saponins exhibit antioxidant action and cardiac protection. However, whether Acanthopanax senticosides B has cardiac protection remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of Acanthopanax senticosides B on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of cardiomyocytes. As revealed from the results, when the cardiomyocytes were exposed to H2O2 for designed time and concentration, the percentage of survival cells was down significantly, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the content of cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased markedly. These results indicated that the cells were subjected to oxidative damage. Treatment with Acanthopanax senticosides B prior to H2O2 (100μM) exposure can increase cell viability significantly, lessen H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte morphological change, and inhibit augmentation of LDH activity in culture media and cellular MDA content markedly. Our results demonstrated that Acanthopanax senticosides B (400μg/ml and 200μg/ml) can protect cells against oxidative injury of H2O2 (100μM). Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, catalase and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) of cardiomyocytes were also raised by Acanthopanax senticosides B. Taken together, the study implicated that Acanthopanax senticosides B protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative-stress injury induced by H2O2 through reduction of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of the activity of antioxidant defense. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Violence behavior recognition is an important research scenario in behavior recognition and has broad application prospects in the field of network information review and intelligent security. Inspired by the long-short-term memory network, we estimate that temporal shift module (TSM) may have more room for improvement in the feature extraction ability of long-term information. In order to verify the above conjecture, we explored based on TSM. After many attempts, it was finally proposed to connect the two TSMs in a cascaded manner, which can expand the receptive field of the model. In addition, an efficient channel attention module was introduced at the front end of the network, which strengthened the model's spatial feature extraction capabilities. At the same time due to behavior recognition prone to over-fitting, we extended and processed on the basis of some open-source datasets to form a larger violence dataset and solved the problem of over-fitting. The final experimental results show that the algorithm proposed can improve the model's feature extraction ability of violent behavior in the space and temporal dimension and realize the recognition of violent behavior, which verified the above point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has emerged as a key player in cancer and diabetes since it targets thioredoxin (TRX)-mediated redox regulation and glucose transporter (GLUT)-mediated metabolism. TXNIP consists of two arrestin (ARR, N-ARR and C-ARR) domains at its amino-terminus and two PPxY (PY) motifs and a di-leucine (LL) motif for endocytosis at its carboxyl-terminus. Here, we report that TXNIP shuffles between TRX and GLUTs to regulate homeostasis of intracellular oxidative stress and glucose metabolism. While TXNIP functions as a gatekeeper of TRX by default, it robustly interacted with class I GLUTs through its C-ARR domain upon increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species. This interaction prompted the surface expression downregulation and lysosomal degradation of GLUTs by its carboxyl-terminal LL endocytic signaling motif to attenuate glucose uptake. Consequently, TXNIP expression significantly limited glucose uptake, leading to the suppression of glycolysis, hexosamine biosynthesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Our findings establish a fundamental link between ROS and glucose metabolism through TXNIP and provide a promising target for the drug development against GLUT-related metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerized small molecule acceptors have recently greatly facilitated the development of all‐polymer solar cells (All‐PSCs) with respect to the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, high‐performance and low‐cost polymer donors for All‐PSCs are still lacking, limiting further large‐scale manufacturing of All‐PSCs. Herein, this work designs and synthesizes a new thiophene derivative, FETVT, featuring vinyl‐bridged fluorine and ester‐substituted monothiophene. Incorporation of FETVT into a polymer yields a high‐performance polythiophene derivative PFETVT‐T, which exhibits deep‐lying HOMO level, suitable solution pre‐aggregation ability, finely‐tuned polymer crystallinity, and appropriate thermodynamic miscibility with the polymer acceptor L15. As a result, binary based on PFETVT‐T achieves a record PCE of 11.81% with agood stability, representing a breakthrough for polythiophenes and their derivatives‐based All‐PSCs, which is also significantly higher than that (1.92%) of All‐PSCs based on its isomerized analog. Remarkably, PFETVT‐T achieves an impressive PCE exceeding 16% via the implementation of a ternary blend design. These findings offer a hopeful pathway toward attaining high‐performance, stable, and cost‐effective PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate how BBIBP-CorV vaccination affecting antibody responses upon heterologous Omicron infection. 440 Omicron-infected patients were recruited in this study. Antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleoprotein of both wild-type (WT) and Omicron were detected by ELISA. The clinical relevance was further analyzed. BBIBP-CorV vaccinated patients exhibited higher anti-RBD IgG levels targeting both WT and Omicron than non-vaccinated patients at different stages. By using a 3-day moving average analysis, we found that BBIBP-CorV vaccinated patients exhibited the increases in both anti-WT and Omicron RBD IgG from the onset and reached the plateau at Day 8 whereas those in non-vaccinated patients remained low during the disease. Significant increase in anti-WT RBD IgA was observed only in vaccinated patients. anti-Omicron RBD IgA levels remained low in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. Clinically, severe COVID-19 only occurred in non-vaccinated group. anti-RBD IgG and IgA targeting both WT and Omicron were negatively correlated with virus load, hospitalization days and virus elimination in vaccinated patients. BBIBP-CorV vaccination effectively reduces the severity of Omicron infected patients. The existence of humoral memory responses established through BBIBP-CorV vaccination facilitates to induce rapid recall antibody responses when encountering SARS-CoV-2 variant infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Single-target puncture plus catheter insertion into the clot is a routine step in hematoma aspiration and local thrombolysis for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). However, multiple-target puncture of this procedure may imply faster hematoma reduction for large-area ICH. We retrospectively examined the outcomes after clot aspiration plus local thrombolysis with single-/double-target and conservative therapy for extensive basal ganglic hematomas.Methods: A case note review was conducted on a consecutive series of ICH patients in a single centre with huge basal ganglia hematomas who underwent clots aspiration and thrombolysis or pure medical therapy. We analysed the clinical presentation, radiological features and treatment outcomes of ICH patients in single-target group, double-target group and conservative group.Results: A total of 92 ICH cases were included in this study. At the post-treatment assessment, the average level by hematoma size in single-target and double-group was respectively smaller than that in the conservative group (20.61 ml vs. 15.75 ml vs 60.53 ml,p < 0.01). The 30-day case fatality rate in conservative group was respectively significantly higher than that in single-target and double-target groups (50% vs. 14.70% vs. 20.59%,p < 0.01). At the time of 6-month follow-up, the proportion of good survival in conservative group was respectively remarkably less than that in single- and double-target group (29.17% vs.64.71% vs. 67.65%,p < 0.01). But no difference was detected with respect to 30-day mortality or long-time outcome between the two micro-invasive groups (p = 0.53 and 0.798, respectively).Conclusion: Our data suggested for the massive basal ganglia hematomas, clot aspiration and thrombolysis can improve the short- and long-term prognosis compared with the pure conservative therapy. But, no evidence was found to demonstrate double-target of this procedure to be more effective than single-target to improve the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RSK1, an essential cellular kinase for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) replication, is highly phosphorylated and SUMOylated during KSHV lytic cycle, which determine the substrate phosphorylation and specificity of RSK1, respectively. However, the SUMO E3 ligase responsible for attaching SUMO to RSK1 has not yet been identified. By genome-wide screening, we found that KSHV ORF45 is necessary and sufficient to enhance RSK1 SUMOylation. Mechanistically, KSHV ORF45 binds to SUMOs via two classic SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) and functions as a SIM-dependent SUMO E3 ligase for RSK1. Mutations on these ORF45 SIMs resulted in much lower lytic gene expressions, viral DNA replication, and mature progeny virus production. Interestingly, KSHV ORF45 controls RSK1 SUMOylation and phosphorylation via two separated functional regions: SIMs and amino acid 17–90, respectively, which do not affect each other. Similar to KSHV ORF45, ORF45 of Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus has only one SIM and also increases RSK1 SUMOylation in a SIM-dependent manner, while other ORF45 homologues do not have this function. Our work characterized ORF45 as a novel virus encoded SUMO E3 ligase, which is required for ORF45-RSK1 axis-mediated KSHV lytic gene expression. Author summary: The 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinases 1 (RSK1) is an essential cellular kinase for the lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Besides the phosphorylation, RSK1 is highly SUMOylated, which is required for efficient KSHV lytic replication. Here, we found that KSHV ORF45 binds to SUMO1 and SUMO2 via two classic SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) and functions as a SIM-dependent SUMO E3 ligase, which is necessary and sufficient to enhance RSK1 SUMOylation upon KSHV lytic replication. Interestingly, KSHV ORF45 controls RSK1 SUMOylation and phosphorylation via two separated functional regions: SIMs and amino acid 17–90, respectively, which do not affect each other. Like KSHV ORF45, ORF45 of Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus also enhances RSK1 SUMOylation in a SIM-dependent manner, while ORF45 of Herpesvirus saimiri, Murine γ-herpesvirus 68, and Epstein-Barr virus cannot. Our data demonstrated that ORF45 as a novel virus encoded SUMO E3 ligase, which is essential for KSHV lytic replication and progeny virus production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: The autophagy and inflammasome pathways are ancient innate immune mechanisms for controlling invading pathogens that are linked by mutual regulation. In addition to controlling the metabolic homeostasis of the cell through nutrient recycling, the 'self-eating' process of autophagy is also responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, cells, and pathogens to protect the integrity of the organism. As a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) complex, the inflammasome both induces and is induced by autophagy through direct interactions with autophagy proteins or through the effects of secondary molecules, such as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial DNA. Recent Advances: While the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation are largely unknown, much of the current knowledge has been established through investigation of the role of autophagy in innate immunity. Likewise, regulatory proteins in the NOD-like receptor family, which includes inflammasome PRRs, are able to stimulate autophagy in response to the presence of a pathogen. Critical Issues: Many of the newly uncovered links between autophagy and inflammasomes have raised new questions about the mechanisms controlling inflammasome function, which are highlighted in this review. Future Directions: Our basic understanding of the mutual regulation of inflammasomes and autophagy will be essential for designing therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases, especially those for which autophagy and inflammasome genes have already been linked. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 495-506. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RSK1, a downstream kinase of the MAPK pathway, has been shown to regulate multiple cellular processes and is essential for lytic replication of a variety of viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Besides phosphorylation, it is not known whether other post-translational modifications play an important role in regulating RSK1 function. We demonstrate that RSK1 undergoes robust SUMOylation during KSHV lytic replication at lysine residues K110, K335, and K421. SUMO modification does not alter RSK1 activation and kinase activity upon KSHV ORF45 co-expression, but affects RSK1 downstream substrate phosphorylation. Compared to wild-type RSK1, the overall phosphorylation level of RxRxxS*/T* motif is significantly declined in RSK1K110/335/421R expressing cells. Specifically, SUMOylation deficient RSK1 cannot efficiently phosphorylate eIF4B. Sequence analysis showed that eIF4B has one SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) between the amino acid position 166 and 170 (166IRVDV170), which mediates the association between eIF4B and RSK1 through SUMO-SIM interaction. These results indicate that SUMOylation regulates the phosphorylation of RSK1 downstream substrates, which is required for efficient KSHV lytic replication. Author summary: RSK1 is an essential celluar kinase for lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Besides phosphorylation, it is not known whether other post-translational modifications play an important role in regulating RSK1 function. Here, we found that RSK1 is SUMOylated at lysine residues K110, K335, and K421, which is enhanced by KSHV lytic replication. RSK1 SUMOylation is required for effient KSHV lytic replication and mutations on its SUMOylation sites leads to reduced lytic gene expressions and impaired progeny virus production. Interestingly, SUMO modification does not alter RSK1 activation and kinase activity upon KSHV ORF45 co-expression, but affects RSK1 downstream substrate phosphorylation. Specifically, SUMOylation deficient RSK1 cannot efficiently phosphorylate eIF4B since SUMO-SIM interaction mediates the association between eIF4B and RSK1. These results indicate that SUMOylation regulates the phosphorylation of RSK1 downstream substrates, which is required for efficient KSHV lytic replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open reading frame 45 (ORF45) of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes sustained activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which is crucial for KSHV lytic replication, but the exact functional roles remain to be determined. To characterize the biological consequence of persistent RSK activation by ORF45, we screened known cellular substrates of RSK. We found that ORF45 induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), increased its assembly into translation initiation complex, and subsequently facilitated protein translation. The ORF45/RSK-mediated eIF4B phosphorylation was distinguishable from that caused by the canonical AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal S6 kinase and MEK/ERK/RSK pathways because it was resistant to both rapamycin (an mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor) and U1026 (an MEK inhibitor). The rapamycin and U1026 doubly insensitive eIF4B phosphorylation was induced during KSHV reactivation but was abolished if either ORF45 or RSK1/2 were ablated by siRNA, a pattern that is correlated with reduced lytic gene expression as we observed previously. Ectopic expression of eIF4B but not its phosphorylation-deficient mutant form increased KSHV lytic gene expression and production of progeny viruses. Together, these results indicated that ORF45/RSK axis-induced eIF4B phosphorylation is involved in translational regulation and is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study showed high prevalence of psychological disorders and associated factors. • It encompassed all phases of the Chinese COVID-19 epidemic, extending from early in the outbreak to the present remission for the first time. • It raises spcial concerns about public mental health, especially among non-HCWs involved at the remission stage of the COVID-19 epidemic. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of psychological disorders and associated factors at different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. The mental health status of respondents was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scale. 5657 individuals participated in this study. History of chronic disease was a common risk factor for severe present depression (OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82–2.66, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR 2.41, 95% CI, 1.97–2.95, p < 0.001), and insomnia (OR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.83–2.95, p < 0.001) in the survey population. Female respondents had a higher risk of depression (OR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.39–1.87, p < 0.001) and anxiety (OR 1.35, 95% CI, 1.15–1.57, p < 0.001) than males. Among the medical workers, confirmed or suspected positive COVID-19 infection as associated with higher scores for depression (confirmed, OR 1.87; suspected, OR 4.13), anxiety (confirmed, OR 3.05; suspected, OR 3.07), and insomnia (confirmed, OR 3.46; suspected, OR 4.71). The cross-sectional design of present study presents inference about causality. The present psychological assessment was based on an online survey and on self-report tools, albeit using established instruments. We cannot estimate the participation rate, since we cannot know how many potential subjects received and opened the link for the survey. Females, non-medical workers and those with a history of chronic diseases have had higher risks for depression, insomnia, and anxiety. Positive COVID-19 infection status was associated with higher risk of depression, insomnia, and anxiety in medical workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of psychological disorders and associated factors at different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China.Methods: The mental health status of respondents was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scale.Results: 5657 individuals participated in this study. History of chronic disease was a common risk factor for severe present depression (OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-2.66, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR 2.41, 95% CI, 1.97-2.95, p < 0.001), and insomnia (OR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.83-2.95, p < 0.001) in the survey population. Female respondents had a higher risk of depression (OR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.39-1.87, p < 0.001) and anxiety (OR 1.35, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57, p < 0.001) than males. Among the medical workers, confirmed or suspected positive COVID-19 infection as associated with higher scores for depression (confirmed, OR 1.87; suspected, OR 4.13), anxiety (confirmed, OR 3.05; suspected, OR 3.07), and insomnia (confirmed, OR 3.46; suspected, OR 4.71).Limitation: The cross-sectional design of present study presents inference about causality. The present psychological assessment was based on an online survey and on self-report tools, albeit using established instruments. We cannot estimate the participation rate, since we cannot know how many potential subjects received and opened the link for the survey.Conclusions: Females, non-medical workers and those with a history of chronic diseases have had higher risks for depression, insomnia, and anxiety. Positive COVID-19 infection status was associated with higher risk of depression, insomnia, and anxiety in medical workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthened glycolysis is crucial for the macrophage pro-inflammatory response during sepsis. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays an important role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis in hepatocytes and adipocytes. However, its immunometabolic role in macrophage during sepsis remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found that the expression of ATF4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was increased and associated with glucose metabolism in septic patients. Atf4 knockdown specifically decreased LPS-induced spleen macrophages and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in mice. Moreover, Atf4 knockdown partially blocked LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, lactate accumulation and glycolytic capacity in RAW264.7. Mechanically, ATF4 binds to the promoter region of hexokinase II (HK2), and interacts with hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and stabilizes HIF-1α through ubiquitination modification in response to LPS. Furthermore, ATF4-HIF-1α-HK2-glycolysis axis launches pro-inflammatory response in macrophage depending on the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Importantly, Atf4 overexpression improves the decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lactate secretion and HK2 expression in LPS-induced tolerant macrophages. In conclusion, we propose a novel function of ATF4 as a crucial glycolytic activator contributing to pro-inflammatory response and improving immune tolerant in macrophage involved in sepsis. So, ATF4 could be a potential new target for immunotherapy of sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthetized a series of strontium-substituted submicron bioactive glasses spheres (Sr-SBG, SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -CaO-SrO) in which strontium was substituted for calcium on a mole percentage basis, then investigated the effect of strontium-substituted amount on morphologies, physicochemical properties, apatite-forming bioactivity of SBG and evaluated the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of Sr-SBG with different strontium substitution amounts by co-cultured with human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Results showed that Sr-SBG with different strontium substitution amounts were successfully fabricated and substituting different strontium amounts did not affect the morphology and particle size of SBG. All the Sr-SBG possessed good apatite-forming ability, but substituting a certain amount of strontium for calcium would weaken the apatite-forming ability of SBG. Additionally, all the Sr-SBG extractions promoted proliferation, early odontogenic differentiation and mineralization of HDPCs, however, the cell proliferation, differentiation and mineralization abilities would be reduced when the substituted amount of strontium was excess (15 mol%). This study suggests that Sr-SBG with moderate strontium substitution amounts can be used as a more promising biomaterial for dental repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Nerve growth factor (NGF) shows neuroprotection while it is hard to cross the blood-brain barrier due to its large molecular weight. Our study used intranasal delivery of NGF to treat the experimental epilepsy. Methods The seizure was induced by injection of pentylenetetrazol (40 mg/kg) into the rat. Based on the behavior performance, the successful models were randomized into control and NGF groups, given medium or NGF intranasally, respectively. The onset and duration of seizure were recorded. The neuron loss was assessed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. The expressions of Caspase-3, p75R and TrkA were measured by western blotting. Results Intranasal NGF significantly reduced the seizure onset and shortened the seizure duration. Intranasal NGF alleviated the neuron loss in the epileptic brain. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the NGF group was less than that in the control group ( P < 0.05). Overexpression of Caspase-3 and activation of p75R induced by seizure were inhibited by intranasal NGF. Conclusion Intranasal NGF protected neurons in the epileptic brain by inactivation of p75R/Caspase pathway. Intranasal NGF may be a novel therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. α-Synuclein (α-syn) oligomers play a critical role in the progression of PD. Baicalein, a typical flavonoid compound, can inhibit the formation of the α-syn oligomers, and disaggregate existing α-syn oligomers in vitro . However, whether baicalein could inhibit or disaggregate α-syn oligomers in vivo has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of baicalein on α-syn oligomers in vivo and to explore the possible mechanisms of such inhibition. A chronic PD mouse model was created by continuous intragastric administration of rotenone (5 mg/kg, 12 weeks). Baicalein (100 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected from 7 week to 12 week. Our result showed that the amount of α-syn, changes in the levels of the striatal neurotransmitters, and the behavioral changes found in the chronic PD mouse model were prevented after the baicalein injections. Although baicalein did not decrease α-syn mRNA expression, α-syn oligomers were significantly decreased in the ileum, thoracic spinal cord, and midbrain. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that baicalein could prevent α-syn monomers from the oligomer formation in vitro . Taken together, these results suggest that baicalein could prevent the progression of α-syn accumulation in PD mouse model partly by inhibiting formation of the α-syn oligomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic glycolysis is essential for supporting the fast growth of a variety of cancers. However, its role in the survival of cancer cells under stress conditions is unclear. We have previously reported an efficient model of gammaherpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-induced cellular transformation of rat primary mesenchymal stem cells. KSHV-transformed cells efficiently induce tumors in nude mice with pathological features reminiscent of Kaposi’s sarcoma tumors. Here, we report that KSHV promotes cell survival and cellular transformation by suppressing aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation under nutrient stress. Specifically, KSHV microRNAs and vFLIP suppress glycolysis by activating the NF-κB pathway to downregulate glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. While overexpression of the transporters rescues the glycolytic activity, it induces apoptosis and reduces colony formation efficiency in softagar under glucose deprivation. Mechanistically, GLUT1 and GLUT3 inhibit constitutive activation of the AKT and NF-κB pro-survival pathways. Strikingly, GLUT1 and GLUT3 are significantly downregulated in KSHV-infected cells in human KS tumors. Furthermore, we have detected reduced levels of aerobic glycolysis in several KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cell lines compared to a Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line BJAB, and KSHV infection of BJAB cells reduced aerobic glycolysis. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus regulates a key metabolic pathway to adapt to stress in tumor microenvironment, and illustrate the importance of fine-tuning the metabolic pathways for sustaining the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, particularly under stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking advantage of the biocompatibility and biodegradability of calcium carbonate, a simple method was introduced to synthesize the calcium carbonate microparticles with different morphologies, including hollow (H-calcium), flower-like (P-calcium) and peanut-like (P-calcium). The possible formation mechanisms of these kinds of calcium carbonate microparticles were discussed in this study. Initially, the aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was possibly hydrolyzed, and octa(amino-propylsilsesquioxane) (R-NH 3 + ) was obtained. The R-NH 3 + might guide the CaCO 3 nanoparticles to form multiple calcium carbonate microparticles in aqueous phase because of their positive potential. Furthermore, the final treatments were very essential to obtain the calcium carbonate microparticles with satisfactory shape with this method. The XRD and FTIR results revealed the components and crystalline phase of these products. The morphologies were characterized by SEM and TEM. Furthermore, the potential value of these kinds of microparticles was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing coverage of video surveillance systems in modern society, demand for using artificial intelligence algorithm to replace humans in violent behavior recognition has also become stronger. By moving some channels in the temporal dimension, temporary shift module (TSM) can achieve the performance of three-dimensional convolution neural network (CNN) with the complexity of two-dimensional CNN, and extract the temporal and spatial information at the same time. Our intuition is that too many temporary shift modules may fuse too much action information in each frame, which weakens the capability of CNN on spatiotemporal information extraction. To verify the aforementioned conjecture, we adjusted the network structure based on TSM, proposed partial TSM, selected the optimal model through experiments, and verified the performance of the algorithm on multiple datasets and our expanded datasets. The proposed optimal model not only reduced the memory usage of hardware but also achieved higher accuracy on multiple datasets with 77.3% running time. Meanwhile, we achieved state-of-the-art performance of 91% on RWF-2000 dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perihematomal edema (PHE) can worsen patient outcomes after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in combination with thrombolytic removal of hematoma has been proven to be a promising treatment strategy. However, preclinical studies have suggested that intraclot thrombolysis may exacerbate PHE after ICH. Herein, we investigated the effects of MIS and urokinase on PHE. Methods: ICH patients were retrospectively identified from our institutional ICH database. Computerized volumetric analysis was applied to assess changes in both ICH and PHE volumes using computed tomographic (CT) scans of T (pre-MIS) and T (post-MIS) time points. Relative PHE (rPHE) was calculated as a ratio of PHE and T ICH volume. Results: Data from 60 MIS plus urokinase (MIS + U), 20 MIS aspiration only (MO), and 30 control patients were analyzed. The ICH volume, PHE volume and rPHE on T CT in both MIS + U and MO groups significantly decreased as compared with the control group (ICH volume, 13.7 ± 5.7 ml, 17.0 ± 10.5 ml vs. 30.5 ± 10.3 ml, P < 0.01; PHE volume, 36.5 ± 18.9 ml, 32.2 ± 17.5 ml vs. 45.4 ± 16.0 ml, P < 0.01; rPHE, 0.9 ± 0.4, 0.8 ± 0.4 vs.1.4 ± 0.5, P < 0.01). Between the MIS + U and MO groups, the ICH volume, PHE volume and rPHE at T trended towards similarity, but was not significant ( P = 0.09, P = 0.40, P = 0.43). Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between the percent of ICH removal and PHE reduction (r = 0.59, P < 0.01). There was no correlation between the cumulative dose of urokinase and either T PHE volume (r = 0.19; P = 0.16) or T rPHE (r = -0.12; P = 0.37). Conclusions: Hematoma evacuation using MIS leads to a significant reduction in PHE. Furthermore, the use of urokinase does not exacerbate PHE, making its hypothesized proedematous effects unlikely when the thrombolytic is administered directly into the clot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common degenerative disease presenting intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in older people. Uric acid (UA) is a natural antioxidant, and may have a beneficial role in neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the role of UA in CAA remains unknown. In the present study, we compared serum UA levels in CAA-associated ICH patients ( n = 82) and age/sex-matched controls ( n = 82). Serum UA levels in possible CAA were significantly decreased when compared with healthy controls (232.68 ± 77.70 vs. 309.42 ± 59.83 μmol/L; p < 0.001). Furthermore, UA levels in patients clinically diagnosed as probable CAA were significantly lower than those in patients diagnosed as possible CAA (193.06 ± 56.98 vs. 232.68 ± 77.70 μmol/L; p = 0.014). These differences were still significant after adjusting for renal function and dyslipidemia ( p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). However, there were no associations between serum UA levels and the distribution of hemorrhagic lesion, as well as neurological impairment. Our observations indicate that serum UA levels were decreased in CAA patients. UA might play a neuroprotective role in CAA and serve as a potential biomarker for reflecting the severity of Aβ deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We developed an AuNP-based visual assay that combines with Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP amplification (CLAP) which could detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA as low as 4 copies/μL in less than 40 min. • The operation of CLAP is convenient and could be extended as a high-throughput automatic platform for large-scale population screening. • The CLAP assay is low-cost and easy to read out by the naked eye, which is suitable for POCT application. • The CRISPR/Cas12a enables the CLAP excellent sensitivity and specificity. The outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic. The high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for sensitive, rapid and on-site diagnostic assays of SARS-CoV-2 with high-throughput testing capability for large-scale population screening. The current detection methods in clinical application need to operate in centralized labs. Though some on-site detection methods have been developed, few tests could be performed for high-throughput analysis. We here developed a gold nanoparticle-based visual assay that combines with CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP, which is called C as12a-assisted RT- LA MP/AuN P (CLAP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. In optimal condition, we could detect down to 4 copies/μL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 40 min. by naked eye. The sequence-specific recognition character of CRISPR/Cas12a enables CLAP a superior specificity. More importantly, the CLAP is easy for operation that can be extended to high-throughput test by using a common microplate reader. The CLAP assay holds a great potential to be applied in airports, railway stations, or low-resource settings for screening of suspected people. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first AuNP-based colorimetric assay coupled with Cas12 and RT-LAMP for on-site diagnosis of COVID-19. We expect CLAP assay will improve the current COVID-19 screening efforts, and make contribution for control and mitigation of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]