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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 120,000 death each year. Although surgery is a routine treatment, RCC could be fatal if not diagnosed at an early stage. This study aims to search for suitable serum biomarkers and construct a miRNA panel with high diagnostic sensitivity or specificity. Totally 146 RCC patients and 150 normal control were involved in this three-stage study. Serum expression levels of 30 miRNAs selected from literature were tested by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in the screening stage, the testing stage, and the validation stage. The diagnostic efficiency of miRNAs was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) analysis. A panel with the highest diagnostic efficiency was constructed by backward stepwise logistic regression analysis. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate potential biological functions and mechanisms of candidate miRNAs. MiR-224-5p, miR-34b-3p, miR-129-2-3p and miR-182-5p with low to moderate diagnostic ability (AUC = 0.692, 0.778, 0.687 and 0.745, respectively) were selected as candidate miRNAs after the three-stage study. The final diagnostic panel was consisted by miR-224-5p, miR-34b-3p and miR-182-5p with AUC = 0.855. No significance has been found between these four miRNAs and tumor location, Fuhrman Grade and AJCC clinical stages of RCC. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the three-miRNAs panel may participate in tumorigenesis of RCC by targeting CORO1C. The three-miRNA panel in serum could serve as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker of RCC.

Objective: Urothelial carcinoma (UCa) is one of the most common malignancies of the genitourinary system, and its early diagnosis is vital to improve the survival of UCa patients. Therefore, novel noninvasive markers are urgently needed to improve the diagnosis of UCa. The present study aims to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) relevant for the diagnosis of UCa. Materials and Methods: We enrolled a total of 152 UCa patients and 135 healthy controls at a single institution, between 2012 and 2020. The expression levels of candidate miRNAs were calculated from serum samples based on quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. miRNAs with a good diagnostic value were selected and confirmed step by step in a four-phase test. The area under the curve (AUC) of each miRNA was obtained by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which was used to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and corresponding cutoff values of miRNAs. Backward stepwise logistic regression was used to identify a panel of miRNAs that could distinguish UCa from healthy controls. Results: Four miRNAs were relevant for diagnosis: miR17-5p (AUC = 0.786, p < 0.001), miR-125a-5p (AUC = 0.681, p < 0.01), miR145-5p (AUC = 0.737, p < 0.001), and miR-224-5p (AUC = 0.872, p < 0.001). These miRNAs were used to construct a diagnostic panel. The final optimal combination to diagnose UCa included three miRNAs, namely, miR17-5p, miR145-5p, and miR-224-5p. The ROC curve of the panel was constructed, and its AUC was 0.961 (95% CI: 0.931–0.991; sensitivity = 93.8%, and specificity = 87.5%). Conclusion: In this study, we discovered four miRNAs (miR17-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR145-5p, and miR-224-5p) that were relevant for UCa diagnosis, and successfully developed a panel using three of these miRNAs. This panel may serve as a new biomarker tool with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose UCa in patients.

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and development of various types of cancer. Among them, miR-425-5p is proven to serve an important function in several types of cancer, including gastric, cervical cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the function of miR-425-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the expression level of miR-425-5p was upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines compared with normal tissues and cell lines (P

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most common cancer in the urological system; however, the pathogenesis remains unknown. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that long non‑coding RNAs are dysregulated in various tumors and serves an important role in tumorigenesis and development. In the present study, expression of lncRNA differentiation antagonizing non‑protein coding RNA (DANCR) in 24 paired RCC and adjacent normal tissues was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that DANCR is downregulated in RCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Subsequent study revealed that overexpression of lncRNA DANCR by transfection of pcDNA3.1‑DANCR could suppress 786‑O and ACHN (RCC cell) proliferation, migration and invasion, and induce apoptosis compared with cells transfected with the pcDNA3.1 vector. The results revealed that DANCR functions as a tumor suppressor in RCC. In conclusion, the present study, to the best of our knowledge, was the first to reveal DANCR as a tumor suppressor. The results implicate DANCR as a potential biomarker of RCC, and further study will be focused on the clinical significance and signaling pathways of DANCR.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common malignancy, yet, the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis remain unclear. Several miRNAs have been implicated in the development of RCC previously via regulation of target gene expression. As miR-625-3p has recently been identified to play a role in development of other malignancies and is reportedly upregulated in ccRCC, we sought to investigate the role of this miRNA in the progression of ccRCC. Analysis of 30 paired fresh ccRCC tissues and adjacent normal renal tissues revealed that the expression of miR-625-3p was increased in ccRCC tissues compared to normal tissues. Subsequently, in 136 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ccRCC tissues, the increased miR-625-3p expression was correlated with poor prognosis for ccRCC patients. The diagnostic value of miR-625-3p was identified in 50 ccRCC patients and 74 healthy controls by ROC curve. miR-625-3p was decreased in serum of ccRCC patients compared to healthy individuals. miR-625-3p could serve as a promising serum biomarker for yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.792 with 70.3% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity in discriminating ccRCC from healthy individuals. Using in vitro functional assays, we found that overexpression of miR-625-3p promoted migration and invasion of ccRCC cells but reduced ccRCC cell apoptosis. Inhibition of miR-625-3p, on the other hand, exerted the opposite effects. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that predicted gene targets of miR-625-3p are correlated with lower overall survival of ccRCC patients. Together, these findings demonstrate that miR-625-3p promotes ccRCC migration and invasion and reduces apoptosis, providing a prognostic marker for survival and a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target against ccRCC.

The aim of the present study was to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with true hermaphroditism complicated by seminoma. The patient was a 35-year-old man who was admitted to the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital with a retractable mass in the left inguinal region for 20 years. A computed tomography examination revealed right cryptorchidism. The postoperative pathology suggested true hermaphroditism with a seminoma. The results of immunohistochemical examination were as follows: Sal-like protein 4+ (partially weak); octamer-binding transcription factor 4+ (partially weak); CD117+; cytokeratin+; CD30-, α-fetoprotein-, inhibin-α-. The karyotype was 46, XY. Adult true hermaphroditism combined with seminoma is rare in clinical practice. Combined histopathological analysis, immunophenotype detection and karyotype analysis are of great value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Early intervention and combined surgery with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can significantly improve the prognosis of such patients.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, which is associated with poor prognosis and high recurrence. Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be dysregulated in cancer and to be important in the regulation of carcinogenesis, thus suggesting that this class of molecules may be used as biomarkers in cancer. The lncRNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) has been observed to be upregulated and to function as an oncogene in certain types of cancer; however, the role of UCA1 in RCC remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of UCA1 in RCC. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine the expression levels of UCA1 in 46 paired RCC and adjacent normal tissue samples. Furthermore, qPCR was used to determine the expression levels of UCA1 in four RCC cell lines compared with the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line. The impact of UCA1 on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis was investigated by wound scratch assay, MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that UCA1 expression levels were significantly increased in RCC tissues and cells, as compared with the controls. Ectopic expression and gene silencing of UCA1 in RCC cell lines exerted opposite effects on cellular proliferation, migration and apoptosis, and the results suggested that UCA1 may function as an oncogene in RCC. These results indicated that UCA1 may be considered as a promising biomarker for diagnosis, and a therapeutic target in RCC. Further research is required to elucidate the role and target genes of UCA1 in RCC.

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an infrequent malignant tumor, occurring in the bilateral adrenal glands as a mass in the majority of cases. The current study presents a case of bilateral primary adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma in a 52-year-old female patient, who presented with abdominal pain in the left lumbar region for ~2 weeks. Abdominal ultrasound examination and computed tomography scanning revealed a mass of 132×119×101 mm on the left adrenal gland and a mass of 53×27 mm on the right adrenal gland. A percutaneous biopsy was performed and histopathological examination further confirmed this lesion as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The present study highlights the importance of early diagnosis of PAL, and performs a literature review of the subject.

Primary adrenal teratoma is a rare type of cancer. Of the 338 patients who underwent adrenalectomy during this study, only 2 (aged 69 and 29 years) were diagnosed with adrenal teratoma and underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy. For the purposes of the present study, the term ‘adrenal teratoma’ was searched in the PubMed database, and 237 articles published between June 1952 and March 2017 were retrieved. However, we were only able to identify 10 relevant studies. In total, these studies reported a series of 18 cases of primary adrenal teratoma in patients aged >16 years, another 8 cases of adult adrenal retroperitoneal teratoma, and 7 cases of adrenal teratoma in children aged 16 years, the age range was 17–61 years (mean ± standard deviation, 33.06±15.47 years), the median tumor diameter was 8.25 cm and 13 patients (72.22%) were female. Almost all patients underwent laparoscopic surgery between 2006 and 2017 (75%). Among the 7 cases of adrenal teratoma in children under the age of 16 years, 5 cases (71.43%) were male, the median tumor diameter was 10 cm, the oldest patient was aged 8 years, 5 cases (71.43%) were selected for open surgical resection of the tumor, and 5 cases (71.43%) were followed up without recurrence or death. These data indicate that primary adrenal teratomas in children are rarer compared with adults. Although the data are limited, it was observed that the clinical symptoms of primary adrenal teratoma are not typical, the preferred treatment is retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery, and the prognosis is favorable. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics associated with primary adrenal teratoma, in order to further raise awareness of this rare disease.

MiR-216a-5p has been acknowledged as an oncogene and is known to be involved in the progression and metastasis of numerous cancer subtypes. However, the potential role of miR-216a-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-216a-5p in RCC tissues. Cell counting kit-8, MTT, wound scratch, Transwell and flow cytometric assays were performed to establish the biological functions of miR-216a-5p in RCC. Functional experiments demonstrated that the expression of miR-216a-5p was upregulated in RCC (P

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common tumor of the urinary system. Previously, miR-191-5p has been reported to be associated with various types of cancer; however, its specific functions in RCC have not been investigated to date. In the present study, the expression of miR-191-5p in the 786-O and ACHN cell lines was detected in vitro by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results of RT-qPCR revealed that miR-191-5p was significantly downregulated in the two cell lines compared with the 293T cell line. miR-191-5p was also significantly downregulated in RCC tissue compared with paired normal tissue. In addition, the effects of miR-191-5p on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were examined by CCK-8, MTT, wound scratch, Transwell and flow cytometry assays. Downregulation of miR-191-5p was observed to promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as to repress the cell apoptosis of 786-O and ACHN cells. Therefore, the current study suggests that miR-191-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in RCC. Further studies are required to uncover the underlying signaling pathway of miR-191-5p and its potential role as a biomarker for early detection and prognosis prediction, and as a therapeutic target of RCC.

MicroRNA (miR)-510-5p has been demonstrated to be involved in a number of types of malignancy; however, the function of miR-510-5p in renal cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine the expression of miR-510-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) specimens and analyzed the impact of miR-510-5p on renal cancer by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, wound scratch and apoptosis assays. The results showed that miR-510-5p was significantly downregulated in RCC specimens compared with normal renal specimens. Overexpression of miR-510-5p by synthetic mature mimics reduced cell proliferation and migration and induced an increase in cell apoptosis, indicating that miR-510-5p may act as a tumor suppressor in RCC. The present study firstly revealed that downregulated miR-510-5p functioned as a tumor suppressor by reducing cellular proliferation and migration, and inducing apoptosis in RCC. Further research is required to define target genes of miR-510-5p to determine the cellular mechanism of miR-510-5p in the carcinogenesis of RCC.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, endogenous, small, noncoding RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides in length that function as post-transcriptional gene regulators. Their aberrant expression may be involved in human diseases, including cancer. Although miRNA-184 (miR-184) has been reported in other tumors, its function in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR-184 in RCC. The impacts of miR-184 on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using migration scratch, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assay. Our studies revealed that miR-184 mimic significantly inhibits cell migration, suppresses cell proliferation and induces renal cancer cell apoptosis in vitro when compared with the negative control (P

In the general population, tuberous sclerosis-associated renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) is a rare benign hamartoma with potentially life-threatening complications and a poor prognosis. The two patients reported in the present study, who were diagnosed with bilateral RAML and spontaneous rupture of the RAML with tuberous sclerosis, presented with flank pain, abdominal pain, hemorrhage, hematuria and multiple lesions. The two cases are representative examples of the disease, and highlight the importance of determining the risk of acute hemorrhage in the early stages, and the significance of timely and proper treatment.

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML), also referred to as renal hamartoma, is a rare solid tumor without malignant characteristics. The inheritance pattern of renal AML is autosomal dominant. If the lesion grows to a large size, a series of clinical manifestations and serious complications may occur. We herein present a case of giant renal AML in a 34-year-old female patient, who presented with left-sided abdominal bloating for ~6 months. Following abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography examination, the patient underwent total left nephrectomy. The resected mass was sized 29×20x10 cm. Postoperative histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as a giant renal AML. There are only few cases of giant renal AML (>20 cm) reported in the literature to date. Due to the large size of the tumor, it is crucial to report similar cases, their diagnosis and treatment.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common urinary tumors. Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNA (miR)‑181a‑5p has an important role in numerous types of cancer. However, the function of miR‑181a‑5p in RCC remains unknown. In the present study, the expression levels of miR‑181a‑5p in RCC tissues and cell lines were investigated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis. The results of the RT‑qPCR analyses suggested that the expression of miR‑181a‑5p was upregulated in RCC tissues and cells lines compared with adjacent normal renal tissues and normal renal cell lines. Furthermore, the effect of miR‑181a‑5p on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis was investigated in the present study. Overexpression of miR‑181a‑5p was revealed to suppress the apoptosis of 786‑O and ACHN cells, in addition to enhancing the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of 786‑O and ACHN cells in vitro, thus suggesting that miR‑181a‑5p may function as an oncogene in RCC. However, further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism of miR‑181a‑5p and its potential role as a biomarker for early detection and prognosis, in addition to as a therapeutic target in RCC.

As influencing factors of genesis and progression in several types of human tumor, microRNAs (miRs) serves roles in the regulation of tumor cell viability, migration, and apoptosis. The present research aimed to investigate the association between the function of miR‑100‑5p and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). miR‑100‑5p expression was determined in RCC tissue and paired normal tissue samples using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To assess the effects of miR‑100‑5p on cell viability, migration and apoptosis, multiple methods were used, including scratch wound assays, MTT assays, and flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that miR‑100‑5p was significantly upregulated in RCC tissue compared with in normal adjacent tissue samples. Furthermore, the viability and migration of 786‑O and, ACHN cells tranfected with miR‑100‑5p was significantly increased compared with the negative control group. In addition, miR‑100‑5p‑transfected 786‑O and ACHN cells demonstrated significantly reduced cellular apoptotic rates compared with the negative control group. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report an association between miR‑100‑5p and RCC. The results of the current study suggest that tumor oncogene miR‑100‑5p could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for RCC.

Urachal carcinomas are rare bladder malignances, which usually present at an advanced stage with a high risk of distant metastases and a poor prognosis. To improve understanding of this uncommon carcinoma, a retrospective review was conducted for the cases observed at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital and Peking University First Hospital. The clinical outcomes were analyzed for 17 patients with a diagnosis of urachal cancer, who were admitted to Peking University Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China) and Peking University First Hospital (Beijing, China) between 1998 and 2013. The TNM staging system was used to predict outcomes. Among the 17 study patients, there were 10 males and seven females, with a median age at diagnosis of 50 years. A total of four (23%) patients presented with lymph node or distant metastasis. The median overall survival time for all stages was 57.6 months, with five patients (38.4%) alive for more than five years following treatment. The application of the TNM staging system demonstrated a median survival time of 6.2 years for stage I/II patients, compared with a median survival of 1.8 years (log-rank, P

Objectives: Patients with idiopathic chronic scrotal pain are challenging to both the general practioner and urologist. In this study, we tried to recognize mild epididymitis as an underrecogniczed cause of idiopathic chronic scrotal pain. Methods : We described a consecutive series of 44 patients with idiopathic chronic scrotal pain characterized by mild scrotal pain, mild to moderate tenderness of epididymis without abnormal swelling of epididymis. We obtained a detailed history and physical examination along with routine urinalysis and Doppler ultrasound to identify the characteristics of this new clinical entity. Results : A consecutive series of 44 patients who were primarily diagnosed as "idiopathic chronic scrotal pain" came to our hospital. All had the sign of mild to moderate tenderness on the affected epididymis without epididymis enlargement. Doppler ultrasound showed the affected epididymis with normal size and no abnormal change. We treated them with antibiotics orally along with cessation of strenuous activity and all fully recovered from scrotal pain. Conclusion: In this study, we recognized mild epididymitis as an underrecogniczed cause of idiopathic chronic scrotal pain. It was characterized by mild scrotal pain, mild to moderate tenderness of epididymis without abnormal enlargement of epididymis.

MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) has been described as a tumor suppressor in several human cancers, but the results of a study to identify miRNAs associated with metastatic capability in breast cancer suggested that miR-7 may be characterized as an oncogene. The present study was to determine the expression and function of miR-7 in renal cell carcinoma. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the expressions of miR-7 in 48 paired renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and normal tissues, based on the preliminary sequencing results of miRNAs. Furthermore, the impacts of miR-7 on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using wound scratch assay, MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. The results demonstrated that miR-7 was up-regulated in RCC compared with normal tissues (p = 0.001). Down-regulation of miR-7 with synthesized inhibitor inhibited cell migration in vitro, suppressed cell proliferation and induced renal cancer cell apoptosis, prompting that miR-7 could be characterized as an oncogene in RCC. The present study was the first to reveal that miR-7 was up-regulated in RCC and it played an important role in RCC by affecting cellular migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Further researches should be conducted to explore the roles and target genes of miR-7 in RCC and other cancers.

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC), which exhibits low-stage and low-grade characteristics, is a special type of RCC. MCRCC is extremely rare and generally develops at ages >50 years. We herein report a case of MCRCC in a 28-year-old man, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the youngest case reported worldwide to date. The patient presented with irritative bladder symptoms for 1 year. Dynamic enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a mass with inhomogeneous enhancement in the left kidney, with a rich blood supply. B-ultrasonography also revealed a renal protruding mass. As the mass was highly suspicious to be a malignant tumor, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed and MCRCC was definitively diagnosed by pathological examination. The patient has been regularly followed up for 6 months, without complications or disease recurrence.

Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma is a common kidney malignant tumor in childhood, accounting for ~5% of all pediatric tumors. At present, reports on Wilms' tumor occurring in adults, particularly at ages >30 years, are extremely rare. The majority of the cases of adult Wilms' tumor are closely associated with chemotherapy. Furthermore, in rare cases, Wilms' tumor is characterized by three classic types of cells, namely blastemal, stromal and epithelial cells. We herein report a case of Wilms' tumor with three classic types of cells on histological examination in a 51 year-old male patient who had received prior chemotherapy. The patient promptly underwent radical nephrectomy and remains alive. A review of previously presented cases of adult Wilms' tumor from PubMed database was also performed.

Glomus tumors are rare and benign neoplasms, which normally originate from peripheral soft tissue. To date, reported cases of glomus tumor occurring in genitourinary tract, particularly in the urethra, are exceedingly rare. The present study presented a rare case of glomus tumor of the anterior urethra in a 42 year-old male, his main complaints were a history of anterior urethra pain for 3 years, and a palpable and tender mass in the urethra for 2 weeks. Urethrocystoscopy examination and the resection of the urethral mass were performed. Pathological and immunohistochemical examination revealed that the mass was a benign glomus tumor. The patient remained in good condition by 6 month follow-up, and revealed no problems or recurrence following surgery. This is the first case, to the best of our knowledge, to present a glomus tumor occurring in a male's urethra and the present report provided a supplementary review for the previous cases and the literature.

The majority of the metastatic lesions of the adrenal gland normally originate from lung cancer, colon malignant tumor, renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. However, adrenal gland metastasis that metastasize from breast invasive ductal carcinoma are extremely rare. The present study reported a rare case of left adrenal gland metastasis in a 35-year-old female who was diagnosed as breast carcinoma 5 years ago with a mass located on the left adrenal gland, which was detected during a routine examination. The patient was asymptomatic and adrenal gland computed tomography revealed a mass in the left adrenal gland. Definitive preoperative diagnosis failed to be established. Left adrenal gland laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed and the diagnosis of adrenal gland metastasis of breast invasive ductal carcinoma was confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination. The patient remained in good condition by the time of writing.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, endogenous noncoding RNAs that serve a significant function in various biologic processes, including those involved in cancer. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of miR-16 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of miR-16 in 48 paired RCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The impact of miR-16 on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis was analyzed by transfecting miR-16 mature molecules into the renal cancer cell lines 786-O and ACHN. The results indicated that miR-16 was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues (P

Adenomatoid tumors are rare benign neoplasms that normally occur in the scrotum. The clinical symptoms and routine examinations mean that it is difficult to distinguish adenomatoid tumors from malignant intratesticular solid tumors, which may result in unnecessary orchidectomies. The present report describes two adenomatoid tumor patients treated between 2006 and 2013 at the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital who presented with an asymptomatic mass in the scrotum. Based on thorough analysis of clinical features, blood, radiological images and intra-operative findings, limited local excisions were performed, revealing adenomatoid tumors of the testis on pathological examination. The patients were followed up and exhibit no recurrence at the time of writing. The present report also summarizes the morphological and immunohistochemical features of paratesticular tumors and reviews the literature to improve understanding of these rare lesions and assist in accurate diagnosis.

Bizarre leiomyomas of the scrotum are rare benign tumors that are often misdiagnosed. In this study, we present a case of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum in a 53-year-old male. The patient presented with a painless scrotal mass that was insidious in the right side of the scrotum with no sudden increase in size. Definitive preoperative diagnosis could not be established; however, following surgical resection of the tumor, a diagnosis of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum was determined by pathological examination. The patient was followed up six months following resection and no problems were reported. This is the first reported case of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum in China. A supplementary review of previously published cases and literature is also presented.

Paragangliomas are extra-adrenal tumors of the autonomic nervous system and may be found within the skull base, neck, mediastinum and periaortic region. Paragangliomas of the urinary bladder are rare, and non-functioning bladder paraganglioma is even rarer and not easily recognized. Histological examination is often key in leading to a definitive diagnosis. The current report presents a case of a 28-year-old female with urinary bladder paraganglioma. The patient presented with no classical signs and symptoms, and these were only appreciated following histological examination of a transurethral resection specimen that elucidated the correct diagnosis. In the present report, the clinical features, diagnosis, management and pathological observations of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder are discussed.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer in adults and has a poor prognosis. cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is a proto‑oncogenic transcription factor involved in malignancies of various organs. However, its functional role(s) have not yet been elucidated in RCC. We investigated the expression pattern, function and regulation of CREB1 in RCC. CREB1 was overexpressed in the RCC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of CREB1 inhibited RCC tumorigenesis by affecting cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Multiple computational algorithms predicted that the 3'‑untranslated region (3'‑UTR) of human CREB1 mRNA is a target for miR‑10b‑5p and miR‑363‑3p. Luciferase reporter assay, qPCR and western blot analysis confirmed that miR‑10b‑5p and miR‑363‑3p bind directly to the 3'‑UTR of CREB1 mRNA and inhibit mRNA and protein expression of CREB1. qPCR data also revealed a significantly lower expression of miR‑10b‑5p and miR‑363‑3p in RCC tissues. Introduction of miR‑10b‑5p and miR‑363‑3p mimics led to suppressed expression of CREB1 and inhibited cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis reduction. Taken together, we propose that CREB1 is an oncogene in RCC and that upregulation of CREB1 by loss of tumor suppressive miR‑10b‑5p and miR‑363‑3p plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of RCC.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of malignant tumor of the adult kidney and has a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are important in a wide range of biological and pathological processes, including cell differentiation, migration, growth, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. The present study aimed to determine the role exerted by miR‑30a‑5p in the tumorigenesis of RCC. The expression levels of miR‑30a‑5p in RCC tissues and RCC‑derived cells were demonstrated to be significantly downregulated by real‑time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Wound scratch assay, cell proliferation assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that the abilities of migration and proliferation of the RCC‑derived cells were suppressed, whereas cell apoptosis was promoted, when miR‑30a‑5p was overexpressed in these cells. N‑acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 (GALNT7) was predicted to be one target gene of miR‑30a‑5p by bioinformatics analysis. Luciferase reporter assay, RT‑qPCR and western blotting were performed to confirm that GALNT7 is the direct conserved target of miR‑30a‑5p. These results suggested that miR‑30a‑5p has a tumor‑suppressive role in the tumorigenesis of RCC.

microRNAs (miRNAs; miR) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases through the negative regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-509-3p is a novel miRNA associated with cell proliferation and migration in 786-O renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. However, the mechanism of action of miR-509-3p in RCC remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the functional role and mechanism of miR-509-3p in the development of RCC. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-509-3p were downregulated in the 786-O and ACHN RCC cell lines compared with the normal tissues of 10 patients with RCC, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) were upregulated in the RCC cell lines. Functional investigations demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-509-3p inhibited the migration and proliferation of the RCC cells, as determined by wound scratch and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the overexpression of miR-509-3p reduced the transcriptional activity of MAP3K8. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that the ectopic transfection of miR-509-3p led to a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein expression levels of MAP3K8 in the RCC cells. Finally, knockdown of MAP3K8 inhibited the migration and proliferation of the RCC cells. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that the miR-509-3p RCC suppressor was a significant regulator of the MAP3K8 oncogene, suggesting that it may have a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of RCC.

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the bladder is rare. The most common symptoms are hematuria, suprapubic pain and dysuria. The patient in the present case was a 59-year-old female who presented with a tumor sized ~5.0×3.4 cm, located in the anterior bladder wall, which was pathologically diagnosed as mucinous bladder adenocarcinoma. The stage at presentation was considered to be advanced and inoperable, due to extensive local invasion. For this type of cancer, early diagnosis is crucial. If the cancer is limited to the bladder, the survival rate may exceed 75%. Thus, for patients with confirmed or highly suspicious bladder mucinous adenocarcinoma, radical bladder cancer resection is required. The 5-year survival rate of this type of cancer is 35–55%. In the present case, the cancer of the patient was considered inoperable and 3 months later she succumbed to the disease.

miR‑886‑3p has been discovered to be involved in the oncogenesis, progression and metastasis of several types of human cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify the biological function of miR‑886‑3p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and to determine its possible molecular mechanisms. miR‑886‑3p was found to be significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues (P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small, non‑coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post‑transcriptional level. They are involved in apoptosis, proliferation and migration and are known to have an important role in many types of cancer. Aberrant expression of miRNA‑451a (miR‑451a) has previously been reported in tumors, however its role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR‑451a in RCC. The expression of miR‑451a was analyzed in 50 paired RCC and normal tissues by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the effects of miR‑451a on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated, using migration scratch, MTT and flow cytometric assays. The present study demonstrated that miR‑451a was upregulated in RCC, as compared with paired normal tissues (P

There are few cases of prostatic schistosomiasis. Here we report a case of Schistosoma japonicum of the prostate, in which the immunophenotyping of individual glandular tubes was atypical. Whether the S. japonicum infection contributed to the lesion or not is unknown. We suspect the lesion was a sign of early precancerous hyperplasia. Follow-up of this patient may give clues about the relationship between schistosomiasis and prostate cancer. This is the first case report of prostatic S. japonicum in the English literatures. A review of the literature is carried out.

Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare benign renal neoplasm of originating in the epithelial cells, which is often difficult to distinguish from malignant neoplasms preoperatively. In this study we present two cases of patients with MA with the aim to analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of MA. Computed tomography (CT) of the first case revealed a solid well-demarcated tumor, 5.5 × 5.4 cm in diameter. Ultrasound examination of the second patient revealed a hypoechoic mass with solid aspect and irregular limits in the upper pole of the right kidney. CT confirmed the presence of a 4 cm expansive tumoral formation with intermediate attenuation and minimum venous contrast enhancement at that anatomic site. The two cases underwent surgery and the patients were free from recurrence after a follow-up period of 18 months to 2 years. We also present a supplementary review of previously published cases and related literature.

Recently identified molecular tumor markers have numerous potential applications in the diagnosis, therapy and prognostic prediction of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Through bioinformatics‑based screening approaches together with validation of western blot and immunohistochemical data, the present study identified a novel renal cancer‑associated gene, preliminarily named Renal Cancer Differentiation Gene 1 (RCDG1), originally known as chromosome 4 open reading frame 46 (C4orf46). RCDG1 expression was evaluated by western blot analysis of RCC and adjacent normal tissues, renal cancer cell lines and normal kidney HEK293T cells. Additionally, RCDG1 expression was assessed in 124 RCC paraffin sections, including 92 paired adjacent normal tissues, by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that RCDG1 was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues as compared with normal adjacent tissues (P

Introduction: The use of ketamine as a recreational drug is on the increase among young adults attending clubs and parties. Recreational ketamine users have anecdotally reported increased lower urinary tract symptoms while using the substance. Methods: We describe the severe lower urinary tract symptoms experienced in 6 patients with chronic recreational ketamine use. We obtained a detailed history and physical examination along with further investigation to identify a relationship between recreational ketamine use and these symptoms. Results: The urine cultures were sterile in all cases. Intravenous urography was performed in 3 patients and demonstrated bilateral upper ureteric narrow, mild bilateral hydronephrosis and contracted bladder urodynamic studies showed detrusor instability with urinary leakage when the bladder was filled to a capacity of 30– 50 ml. Cystoscopy revealed a small capacity bladder with erythematous lesions throughout the bladder. Bladder biopsies were performed in 3 patients and showed up as chronic cystitis. Ketamine cessation along with intravesical sodium hyaluronate solution appeared to provide some symptomatic relief. Conclusion: Ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction appears to be a relatively new clinical phenomenon. The pathological mechanism of ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction is unknown and current management strategies are ketamine cessation along with intravesical sodium hyaluronate solution.