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Background: The Covid-19 pandemic imposed numerous constraints on medical practice and exacerbated preexisting vulnerabilities in Lebanon’s healthcare system, which was already grappling with instability due to concurrent political and economic crises. This situation had a complex impact on the doctor-patient relationship (DPR), with both negative and positive repercussions. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with physicians from various specialties practicing at a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. Our study aimed to 1) explore the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the DPR in Lebanon, and 2) provide recommendations for improving the DPR, healthcare policy, and education. Results: Thematic analysis of the data revealed that the pandemic had varying effects on the DPR. While both physicians and patients seemed to have developed a more favourable perception of the medical profession, communication between them appeared to be challenged by the use of personal protective equipment and patients’ concerns about close contact with physicians. The media played a vital role in educating and raising awareness during the pandemic but lacked organization and ethical standards, leading to anticipated fear and confusion among the society. Telemedicine emerged as an alternative means for communication and remote care but faced several obstacles including inadequate internet infrastructure and disruptions to physicians’ personal lives. Conclusion: Our qualitative study unveiled the multifaceted impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on perceiving the healthcare system, doctor-patient interactions, and the role of telemedicine in Lebanon, among others. These findings underscore the importance of effective communication in enhancing the DPR, the need to address misinformation on social media, and the imperative for systemic improvements to strengthen the resilience of Lebanon’s healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ce roman invite à la découverte du Liban, entre autres, son patrimoine naturel et culturel. Il évoque la beauté des paysages naturels et la diversité culturelle des Libanais auxquelles la romancière franco-libanaise a été sensible pendant sa résidence dans ce pays. Celle-ci organise un voyage pour les lecteurs dans le Nord de ce pays, connu par sa nature vierge et les us et les coutumes auxquels les habitants sont fortement attachés. Elle braque l’éclairage sur des sites emblématiques riches en héritage culturel, notamment la forêt des Cèdres de Dieu, la vallée de Qadisha et les champs des oliviers de Koura, qui se situent dans un cadre naturel somptueux. Ces monuments éternels et sacrés invitent à la méditation et nous mettent en communion plus étroite avec Dieu.

From 2018 to 2022, the Lebanese Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT-L), in collaboration with the United Nations (UNODC, United Nations Office for Drug and Crime) and with the support of the government of the Netherlands, conducted a project to provide psychological care to victims of terrorism in Iraq. Ninety Yezidi women participated in this program. Each participant had experienced sexual violence during the control of part of Iraqi territory by the jihadists of the Islamic State group (ISIS) between 2014 and 2018. After a semi-structured interview, these Yezidi women first participated in experience-sharing sessions for three consecutive days. Then, they benefited from an individual psychological follow-up for 6 months. Over the last ten years, the association's team has developed a protocol that combines art therapy with group and individual psychotherapy. The care is regularly evaluated. From the first interview, the psychologist uses the results of the Traumaq. An evaluation tool that assesses trauma-related symptoms. Subsequently, the PCL5 scale is used to measure the evolution of the symptoms. A considerable support that is studied in resonance with the life story and the social, personal, and professional evolution of each person. At the end of the psychological support sessions, significant changes were observed, particularly for criteria B and D of the DSM-5. We recorded a reduction in intrusive memories, as well as an improvement in emotional and physical reactions to these memories. Feelings of guilt had subsided and a significant improvement in sleep and concentration was noted. Participants experienced an improvement in their self-esteem, with a desire to pursue studies and active projects in their community. However, anger regarding injustice and lack of compensation remains palpable. This work culminated in supporting and accompanying these women in making their voices heard at the United Nations headquarters in New York. In this paper, we will highlight the beneficial aspects of art therapy used in this program. We will emphasize the value of clay art therapy particular within this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on qualitative phenomenological research alongside village dwellers in Lebanon, this article identifies village-ness – an experience of being labelled as 'non-urban' with an upbringing and habitus considered to be 'of the village' – as difference and lack. I accordingly argue for the recognition of a hierarchization between those considered 'city people' and 'village people' in mainstream Lebanese imaginary that establishes experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and assault. Developing this, the article explores participants' understandings of transformation improving these conditions. (Western-style) education, (capitalist) employment, (modern) technology, and a deepened connectivity to the city emerge as key variables in this respect. This change, my analysis shows, is conceptualised as 'becoming urban' understood as 'becoming modern', where Modernity is specifically framed as a Western-centric formation with discourses of 'civility', linear time, 'development', and 'progress' dominant. Accordingly, the article posits that the construction, inferiorisation, and assault of village-ness is a key site of the establishment and (re)production of a Eurocentric 'urban modernity' at the level of everyday lived experiences. Recognising that this phenomenon extends far beyond Lebanon, I posit the need to seriously bring the 'urban question' into anti/post/decolonial thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper engages with a reinterpretation of the concept of abject space situating it within abjection theory and the concept of 'waiting'. It develops further the term of 'spatialities of abjection' and discusses how the complex relationality occurring in abjection manifests in various spaces, through porous, changing, invisible boundaries but also specific temporal conditions. Doing so allows us to unpack the transformations of the abject space alternatively and simultaneously considered as a refuge and as a place of danger, factor of contamination. More importantly, the paper situates the reading of spatial abjection through a temporal lens, denoting how abject subjects are spatialized in a context of 'political waiting' but more importantly in a situation where active 'waiting' re-shifted to passive 'waiting' because of the pandemic implications. To do so, we focus on the spatialities of abjection affecting Syrian refugees living in informal tented settlements (ITSs) in Lebanon during the COVID-19 crisis. While abjection, stigma and xenophobia were already occurring prior to 2019, ITSs as abject spaces and refugees as abject subjects were targeted by supplemented rules and control. Those led to more controlled encampments and immobilization, increasing their dependency and reliance on international aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western edge of the Jord Tannourine-Aaqoura plateau (Lebanon) is a Mediterranean mountain region that unites the suitable conditions for water erosion: abundant rain, steep slopes, ravaged natural vegetation cover, and soil susceptible to degradation. However, the agricultural terraces developed for decades remain a robust practice to limit runoff and expand the useful agricultural area. To determine water erosion and the role of anti-erosion practices, the adopted methodology is based on the universal USLE equation revised (RUSLE). The combination of model parameters in a GIS has made it possible to define that water erosion can exceed 51 t/ha/year, mainly in sectors marked by the absence of agricultural terraces, and not associated with dense plant cover. In contrast, terraced slopes induce losses of less than 16 t/ha/year. The implantation of a network of metal rods does the validation. Faced with this risk of degradation, it seems essential to recommend protective agricultural techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Suite à la tragique explosion du 4 août 2020 au Liban, l'auteur présentera son intervention en deux parties. Une première partie lors de l'intervention immédiate auprès des secouristes, une partie qui décrit l'importance du cadre mis en place par téléphone dans la langue des sauveteurs. La deuxième partie est une approche thérapeutique sur le long terme (toujours en cours au moment de la rédaction de l'article), utilisant l'écriture comme outil thérapeutique pour les traumatismes et le deuil. La mise en place d'un dispositif de soutien et/ou de supervision par téléphone des secouristes et des soignants montre son efficacité lorsque le cadre du pays lui-même est défaillant, voire inexistant. Le cadre apporté permettant un cadre à penser. Pour le suivi de patients à dix-huit mois après l'explosion avec, pour outil, l'écriture à visée thérapeutique semble favoriser la mise en place d'une mise en abîme de cadre nécessaire suite à un effondrement extérieur et intérieur, là où le corps et le psychisme sont blessés. Une ligne conductrice sera celle de l'impact d'un évènement tragique dans la sphère individuelle et dans la sphère collective. Du drame individuel au drame collectif et inversement, ainsi que de l'importance du multilinguisme pour le thérapeute face à la sidération traumatique possible chez les patients. Une tragédie comme celle du 4 août 2020 est un traumatisme pouvant fragiliser l'espace intime. Le traumatisme, cet indicible, est difficile à raconter. La psychothérapie en plusieurs langues, étayée par l'écriture thérapeutique, semble avoir un rôle réparateur et structurant là où l'effondrement est extérieur et intérieur. Following the tragic explosion of August 4, 2020 in Lebanon, the author will present his intervention in two parts. A first part during the immediate intervention with the rescuers, a part which describes the importance of the framework set up by telephone in the language of the rescuers. The second part is a long-term therapeutical approach (still in progress at the time of writing the article), using writing as a therapeutical tool for trauma and bereavement. The setting of a telephone support and/or supervision for rescuers and caregivers shows its effectiveness when the framework of the country itself is weak or non-existent. Thus, the framework provided allowing a framework to think. Regarding the follow up of patients eighteen months after the explosion, writing as a therapeutical tool seems to favor the setting up in the abyss of the framework that is needed following an external and internal collapse, where the body and psyche are injured. A guiding line will be that of the impact of a tragic event in the individual sphere and in the collective sphere. From individual drama to collective drama and vice versa. As well as the importance of multilingualism for the therapist regarding the traumatic sideration that could occur with patients. A tragedy like that of August 4, 2020 is a trauma that can weaken the intimate space of a person. The trauma is unspeakable, difficult to tell. Psychotherapy in different languages, supported by writing as a therapeutical tool, seems to have restorative and structuring role where the collapse is external and internal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Même si la vulnérabilité constitue une des pierres angulaires de l’accès à la protection et aux services d’aide humanitaire pour les personnes réfugiées, elle fait rarement l’objet d’une définition en dehors du sens commun - le risque de subir un préjudice - et de son usage comme outil de mesure de la précarité socioéconomique. Cet article propose d’élargir les contours de cette notion en s’appuyant sur une recherche empirique ancrée dans l’approche théorique féministe transnationale (Mohanty, 2003; McLaren, 2017; Zeweri, 2017) qui visait à documenter les expériences d’un groupe de femmes réfugiées considérées comme particulièrement vulnérables puisque détenant la responsabilité du soutien financier et des soins du quotidien de leur famille (HCR, 2014). Des entrevues de type récits de vie ont ainsi été effectuées avec 12 femmes réfugiées en provenance de Syrie détenant la responsabilité principale du soutien leur famille au Liban (7 femmes) et au Québec (5 femmes). Le cadre conceptuel de la vulnérabilité ambivalente (Oliviero, 2016) est mobilisé afin de faire ressortir la complexité des sources de difficultés, d’opportunités, de continuités qui caractérisent les expériences des femmes en contexte de migration forcée. L’article conclut avec la nécessité d’ancrer les pratiques de recherche et d’intervention auprès des personnes réfugiées dans des cadres conceptuels et méthodologiques dynamiques, inclusifs et solidaires qui permettent de placer au centre la voix des premières concernées et une prise en compte élargie de leurs expériences en contexte de migration forcée.

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La liaison autoroutière dite « autoroute arabe », qui reliera Beyrouth à Damas et aux autres villes du Proche et du Moyen-Orient, risque de perturber les milieux de vie actuels des habitants des territoires concernés. Traversant des territoires villageois et urbains, cette autoroute remettra sans doute en cause les pratiques sociales et les ressources des habitants proches des voies actuelles et futures. L’étude de cas choisi correspond à une section de l’autoroute non encore exécutée qui suscite un débat récurrent depuis les années 1960. En s’inspirant de la Convention européenne du paysage, l’article montre que la construction de cet équipement devrait s’accompagner de la consultation des habitants et des élus locaux concernés pour définir les tracés, choisir les échangeurs et atténuer les impacts environnementaux et paysagers. Notant que cet article fait partie d'une recherche dans le cadre d'une thèse doctorale.

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Cette recherche a pour but de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'équilibre psychique des enfants syriens réfugiés au Liban peut être altéré, et notamment d'identifier l'influence de l'histoire de l'enfant et de ses conditions de vie actuelles sur cet équilibre psychologique. Deux échantillons d'enfants syriens vivants au Liban, âgés de 8 à 12 ans, ont pris part à cette étude. L'un des deux groupes était constitué d'enfants vivant dans des camps de réfugiés et l'autre d'enfants non réfugiés, vivant dans des conditions de vie similaires à celles en Syrie. Le protocole, similaire pour tous les participants, est constitué d'un entretien semi-directif, d'une échelle d'évaluation de symptômes de stress post-traumatique et de l'épreuve du dessin libre. Les données recueillies ont permis d'observer une altération de l'équilibre psychique des enfants syriens réfugiés, ainsi que des différences conséquentes entre les deux groupes chez les enfants ayant participé à l'étude. Cette recherche montre donc une nécessité de prise en charge logistique et surtout psychologique des réfugiés syriens, notamment au Moyen-Orient, une région en très forte instabilité. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the psychological balance of Syrian refugee children in Lebanon can be altered. Our goal is to identify the influence of the children's history and their current living conditions on their psychological balance. War refugees, and more particularly children and young adolescents, experience different crises and traumas linked to war, loss, exile, poor living conditions and integration in the host country. The current issue and the various researches that have been carried out have led to several questions about the impact that the war experience, the migratory history and the living conditions of these children can have on their psychological balance. The main questioning which therefore guides this research project is whether the psychological balance of these Syrian refugee children is altered and if so, to what extent. We have seen from the literature that studies on war refugees are rather rare. Immigrant populations in European populations are those that are generally studied because of their proximity and the relative ease of making contact, which is not the case in refugee camps. This is all the accurate for Lebanon, a country which, as we have seen, lacks any framework, procedure and structure relating to the organized reception of refugees. The main hypothesis of this research is that Syrian children living in more precarious living conditions and having a past history marked by potentially traumatic events, will have a less developed mental balance than others. Two groups of Syrian children living in Lebanon, aged between 8 and 12 years old, took part in this study. One of the groups being made up of children living in refugee camps and the other one made up of non-refugee children, living in conditions similar to their own in Syria. This research includes both girls and boys. All the children are of Syrian nationality, grew up in Syria and currently live in Lebanon. The collection of information and the study of the influence of the migratory experience of war and the living conditions of the children on their psychological balance, were carried out by means of three main tools: A semi-structured clinical interview available in three languages (in French, English and Arabic). A post-traumatic stress symptom rating scale was included in the questionnaire, the CRIES-13, which is an assessment questionnaire designed to measure the impact of events on children, and the free drawing test was proposed, followed by a survey following the child's production, analyzed from the model of Georges and Anna Cognet. The collected data made it possible to observe an alteration in the psychological balance of Syrian refugee children, as well as significant differences between the two groups of children who participated in the study. This is a study with a population that has so far not aroused much interest, despite the multitude of migratory crises of our century on all continents, and which could contribute to the assessment and the care of immigrant or displaced populations all over the world. Indeed, in view of the results obtained, the research contributes to the need for refugee support by countries and supranational organizations having the means or the responsibility to do so. The question of the consequences of the living conditions of refugees in the long term arises with the imperative, as a health professional, to find means of logistical, physical and in particular psychological care, for this fragile and large population. need for appropriate follow-up and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans la nouvelle littérature française et francophone, Ezza Agha Malak est une figure emblématique de la littérature du postmodernisme. Directrice de recherches à l’Université libanaise, Médaille du Mérite de l’Éducation parlementaire, Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres depuis 2012, Officier dans l’ordre des Arts et des lettres depuis 2011, Ezza Agha Malak est détentrice de plusieurs prix et trophées des institutions libanaises. Auteure de plus d’une trentaine d’ouvrages en français, (romans, recueils de poèmes, essais) elle a signé une centaine d’études et d’articles centrés sur des thèmes sociétaux et humanistes. Six ouvrages collectifs examinent son œuvre, réalisés par des chercheurs de tous pays. Son œuvre (traduite en plusieurs langues, notamment en anglais et en arabe) a fait l’objet de plusieurs thèses de doctorat et de mémoires de Master. Abstract: Ezza Agha Malak is a leading figure of French and Francophone contemporary literature. Head of research at the Libanese University, she was the recipient of numerous awards including the Médaille du Mérite de l’Éducation parlementaire and was made Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2012) and Officier dans l’ordre des Arts et des lettres (2011). Ezza Agha Malak is also a prolific writers who authored more than 30 books in French (in genres ranging from poetry to novel) and 100 academic articles. Her work has been the focus of several dissertations and collective books, in addition to being translated in numerous languages including English and Arabic.

Little known in France, allspice is at the heart of the Lebanese cuisine, of the littoral and inland, among home and restaurant cooks. It is imperative for meat preparations, and, by affection and attachment, in vegetable and pulse dishes. Its aromatic scope is such that, with other spices, it is deemed most efficient to invalidate meats and offal from zankha, an abhorred miasma, and to bestow fragrance to them. For younger generations, the "7 spice mixture" shares similar prerogatives. After analysing the correlation between meat, zankha and spice, this study ponders on the pertinence of an aromatic mixture in the elaboration of culinary compositions in Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pregnancy is a period of heightened risk period for many psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety disorders. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the usage of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Over the past decade there has been a notable increase in the use of medications during pregnancy, with benzodiazepines being the primary choice for alleviating anxiety. It is important to note, though, that benzodiazepines have been associated with various risks for both pregnancy and newborns. In Lebanon, to date, there has been no study estimating the prevalence of the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy. Our study aims to find the prevalence of benzodiazepines use in a population of pregnant women in Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, a tertiary care center in Beirut, and the medical center of Saint-Joseph University and to compare our results to international literature. To accomplish our objectives we administered questionnaires to over two hundred women who had recently given birth in the gynecology department. These forms encompassed inquiries about benzodiazepine consumption, as well as various medical and socio demographic details. In total, we interviewed 225 women who gave birth at the Hôtel-Dieu de France between the months of December 2019 and February 2020 and between the months of February 2021 and October 2021 in the gynecology department. The questionnaires included socio demographic, medical, and psychiatric information as well as questions about the use of benzodiazepines. We found a significantly lower prevalence of benzodiazepine use among these women compared to the figures reported in international literature. The approval of the ethics committee was obtained on December 19, 2019 after making sure that this study raised no ethical objections. (File number: CEHDF 1533)., (Copyright © 2024 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

In divided societies that endure intrastate violence, ethnonational groups harness memory to support claims for territorial sovereignty and victimhood. Yet, in peace processes, rather than seek to deal with the legacy of the past, the state often enacts a culture of amnesia to support the logic of political transition, while at the communal level the rival ethnic groups proliferate commemorative practices as part of memorywars. These twin forces – amnesia and ethnicized memory – are also often embedded into post-conflict urban reconstruction, particularly the city centres of the municipal capitals. In this paper, I explore how non-sectarian movements imprint memory into city centre space to challenge the paradoxical forces of forgetting and ethnic communal remembrance. Towards this, I explore the memorywork of non-sectarian groups whose politics transcend established ethnic cleavages, such as trade unionists, movements resisting the privatization of public space and activists mobilizing to protect public services. In this paper I draw on a range of theoretical frameworks, including reflective nostalgia and ghosts and hauntings. Using fieldwork data, I look at non-sectarian memorywork in Beirut and Belfast city centres. These city centres generate contrasting uses and meanings for the local population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mêtis, which in ancient Greece designated the intelligence to survive –with its practical knowledge–, was dismissed when a new modality of knowledge emerged: the demonstrative knowledge (logos). It will only be reestablished in modern times. But, we wonder, is this mêtis equivalent to the one of ancient times? This is what we will focus on by describing, first, the change from the ancient social link, organized by the mythical discourse, to the social bond that prevailed between Antiquity and Modern times. Then, by studying the present context (postmodern) marked by the return and progressive domination of the mêtis. We will thereafter decipher the possible effects on the language, the subjects and the social link in Lebanon, to finish by analyzing the effects it seems to produce at the heart of the analytic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Voluntary non-remunerated donations remain the cornerstone for a safe and sustainable blood supply. According to the World Health Organization and other international scientific committees, all nations must switch their system of blood collection to voluntary non-remunerated donation. Several other types of blood donations still exist nowadays that will be discussed. Lebanon, similarly to other developing countries, is struggling to achieve 100% voluntary non-remunerated donations for the many existing social, demographic, cultural and economic problems. Replacement donations remain the predominant type, which creates huge burden on both hospital blood banks and patient families. Despite the limited resources, some improvements have been made recently in this field and Lebanon seems to be on the road of achieving 100% voluntary non-remunerated blood donation as requested by the World Health Organization. The Lebanese experience is worth sharing so that neighbouring countries facing similar problems could benefit from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the French mandate in Syria and Lebanon, the Holy See develops new aims and means of action. We have studied them through the letters written to Rome by Mons. Frediano Giannini, vicar apostolic of Aleppo and apostolic delegate in Syria from 1905 to 1936. Giannini's reports provide a good example of the way missionaries produce knowledge about Eastern Christian communities. He tells about the trials and migrations endured by them, thus taking part in the development of a new perception of Christian communities as persecuted minorities. Giannini turns to French authorities in order to defend Christians' interests (both Catholics' and Orthodox'). His position is ambiguous : he feels nostalgic about the traditional French protectorate, and in the same time involves himself in political matters, taking on part of the French former role. This ambivalence reveals the rise of a new pontifical policy, based on increasing autonomy and centralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water erosion is a degradation form that results in the stripping of mineral and organic elements from the soil. Due to the impact of meteoric factors (rain, wind) this global phenomenon, soil erosion, affects the productivity of agricultural land. Water erosion is a global phenomenon that affects the productivity of agricultural land. The absence of a protective cover and intense precipitation made the Litani River Basin a vulnerable region to water erosion. Besides, the absence of climate data has brought about erosion hazard mapping using a qualitative method which combines factors such as tillage erosion, infiltration into the rocks, land tenure using GIS, and intensity of the precipitation. The results show that a high hazard extends over 39.3% of the study area. Field validation and reliability are estimated at 80% based on soil stripping, the size of landslides and the depth of the receding roots. The model used appears to be applicable to other similar regions in the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article souligne le rôle Jean-Baptiste Beurard dans l’histoire de la paléoichtyologie. Ancien chanoine de la cathédrale de Toul, il trouva après les affres des débuts de la Révolution un emploi d’agent du gouvernement attaché à l’administration des mines entre 1794 et 1815. Chargé de la surveillance des mines de mercure dans les nouveaux départements annexés par la France sur la rive gauche du Rhin, il redécouvrit en juillet 1799 le fameux gisement d’« ichtyolites » (poissons fossiles) imprégnés de cinabre de Münsterappel daté du Permien inférieur. Il envoya plusieurs spécimens dans des collections institutionnelles parisiennes. Des représentants de l’espèce Paramblypterus duvernoy (Agassiz, 1833) (Actinopterygii, Amblypteridae), probablement envoyés par Beurard avant 1809 d’après le témoignage de Barthélémy Faujas de Saint-Fond, ont été identifiés dans les collections du Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Un autre spécimen ayant appartenu de manière incontestable à Beurard est conservé dans les collections Géosciences de Sorbonne Université et revêt un intérêt historique tout particulier. Beurard possédait également dans sa collection deux échantillons de poissons fossiles du Cénomanien de Haqel dans l’actuel Liban, qu’il avait reçu de son neveu Claude Charles Harmand (1784–1847), officier de marine, en 1817. À partir d’eux, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville décrivit deux espèces qu’il nomma Clupea beurardi Blainville, 1818a et Clupea brevissima Blainville, 1818a. La première n’est plus considérée comme valide et la seconde est aujourd’hui assignée au genre Armigatus Grande, 1982 (Actinopterygii, Clupeomorpha) dont elle est l’espèce type. Un de ces spécimens est conservé au Natural History Museum, Londres, et provient de la collection de William Willoughby Cole (1807–1886), comte d’Enniskillen, qui avait acquis une partie de la collection Beurard. Étiqueté par erreur Clupea beurardi par Beurard, cet échantillon porte en réalité les quatre syntypes d’Armigatus brevissimus. Un lectotype est désigné ici pour fixer le statut de cette espèce, certainement la plus abondante et la plus iconique du gisement de Haqel.