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Muara Tiga yaitu salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Pidie, Aceh, Indonesia. Lazimnya disebut Muara Tiga Laweung. Pusat pemerintahan daerah ini di wilayah Sigli, adalah kabupaten degan kapasitas penduduk terbesar kedua di Provinsi Aceh setelah Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Luas Kabupaten Pidie mencapai 3.184,45 km2 dengan jumlah 23 kecamatan dan 731 desa. Tanah yang terdapat pada Desa Pawod Kecamatan Muara Tiga Kabupaten Pidie adalah Kambisol (Inceptisol). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan karakteristik sifat fisika Inceptisol dengan sifat vertik di desa Pawod Laweung Pidie. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ialah survei deskriptif kuantitatif yang berdasarkan pengamatan ciri-ciri tanah pada lapangan dan analisis tanah di laboratorium. Parameter karakteristik fisika yang dianalisis di laboratorium yaitu: kadar air kering oven, kapasitas lapang, bobot isi, permeabilitas, porositas, serta nilai COLE dan nilai LE di musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Karakteristik fisika tanah yaitu: (a) kadar air kering oven dan kadar air kapasitas lapang di musim kemarau dan penghujan berkisar dari 1,44 - 1,65% dan 29,12 - 32,23%; (b) nilai COLE di musim kemarau dan penghujan adalah 27,58 - 30,73 tergolong sangat tinggi; dan (c) nilai LE adalah 448,05 - 1966,72%. Perpanjangan linear dari musim kemarau ke musim penghujan terjadi kenaikan sebesar 1,05 kali, hal ini mencirikan tanah tersebut merupakan tanah yang memiliki sifat vertik.Physical Properties Characterization Of Inceptisols With Vertic Properties In Pawod Laweung Village, Pidie Regency)Abstract. Muara Tiga is one of the sub-districts in Pidie Regency, Aceh, Indonesia. Usually called Muara Tiga Laweung. The center of this regional government in the Sigli area, is the district with the second largest population capacity in Aceh Province after North Aceh District. The area of Pidie Regency is 3,184.45 km2 with 23 sub-districts and 731 villages. The soil found in Pawod Village, Muara Tiga District, Pidie Regency is Kambisol (Inceptisol). This study aims to determine the differences in the physical characteristics of Inceptisols with vertic properties in Pawod Laweung Pidie village. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive survey based on observations of soil characteristics in the field and soil analysis in the laboratory. Parameters of physical characteristics analyzed in the laboratory were: oven-dry moisture content, field capacity, bulk density, permeability, porosity, and COLE and LE values in the dry and rainy seasons. The physical characteristics of the soil are: (a) oven dry moisture content and field capacity moisture content in the dry and rainy seasons ranging from 1.44 - 1.65% and 29.12 - 32.23%; (b) the COLE value in the dry and rainy seasons was 27.58 - 30.73 which was classified as very high, and (c) LE was 448.05 - 1966.72%. The linear extension from the dry season to the rainy season has an increase of 1.05 times, this indicates that the soil is a vertic soil.

Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus, with the highest case fatality of any conventional infectious disease. More than 17 different lyssaviruses have been described, but rabies virus is the most widely distributed and important member of the genus. Globally, tens of thousands of human fatalities still occur each year. Although all mammals are susceptible, most human fatalities are caused by the bites of rabid dogs, within lesser developed countries. A global plan envisions the elimination of human rabies cases caused via dogs by the year 2030. The combination of prophylaxis of exposed humans and mass vaccination of dogs is an essential strategy for such success. Regionally, the Americas are well on the way to meet this goal. As one example of achievement, Costa Rica, a small country within Central America, reported the last autochthonous case of human rabies transmitted by a dog at the end of the 1970s. Today, rabies virus transmitted by the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, as well as other wildlife, remains a major concern for humans, livestock, and other animals throughout the region. This review summarizes the historical occurrence of dog rabies and its elimination in Costa Rica, describes the current occurrence of the disease with a particular focus upon affected livestock, discusses the ecology of the vampire bat as the primary reservoir relevant to management, details the clinical characteristics of recent human rabies cases, and provides suggestions for resolution of global challenges posed by this zoonosis within a One Health context.

El sarcoma de células claras renal es el segundo tumor renal maligno más frecuente en la edad pediátrica, después del tumor de Wilms. Es una neoplasia de difícil diagnóstico, con presentación clínica inespecífica como masa abdominal palpable, dolor abdominal e hipertensión y hematuria. Las características de imagen de esta lesión son inespecíficas, por lo que su diagnóstico se realiza mediante el estudio anatomopatológico del tumor. Su importancia gira en torno a la dificultad diagnóstica, ya que este tumor presenta gran variabilidad histológica y pocos marcadores inmunohistoquímicos adecuados. El tratamiento incluye quimioterapia neoadyuvante y post quirúrgica, con un pronóstico que mejora si el diagnóstico de la enfermedad es temprano.

espanolLa enfermedad de Hirschsprung es un trastorno congenito, caracterizado por la ausencia de celulas del sistema nervioso enterico en la parte mas distal del intestino, cuya manifestacion clinica mas frecuente es el retraso de la salida del meconio. Hay varias formas de presentacion de la enfermedad, siendo la mas frecuente la rectosigmoidea. La historia clinica, el examen fisico, el enema de contraste y la radiografia de abdomen son utiles para orientar la sospecha diagnostica, pero el diagnostico definitivo se realiza mediante la toma adecuada de biopsias. El tratamiento de la enfermedad sin asociacion de complicaciones es principalmente quirurgico y la tecnica de eleccion dependera de la forma de la enfermedad. EnglishHirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder, characterized by the absence of cells of the enteric nervous system in the most distal part of the intestine, the most frequent clinical manifestation of which is the delay in the exit of meconium. There are several forms of presentation of the disease, the most frequent being the rectosigmoid variant. The clinical history, physical examination, contrast enema, and abdominal radiography are useful to guide the diagnostic suspicion, but the definitive diagnosis is made by taking adequate biopsies. The treatment of the disease without association of complications is mainly surgical and the technique of choice will depend on the form of the disease.

Accessibility to immunohistochemistry (IHC) is invaluable to proper diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with malignant neoplasms. Whereas IHC is widely available in anatomic pathology laboratories in high-income countries, access to it in anatomic pathology laboratories of low- and middle-income countries remains a struggle, with many limitations. To advance the quality of the pathology service offered to children with cancer in areas with limited resources, a 5-day pathology training workshop was offered to pathologists and histotechnologists from various countries of the Central American and Caribbean region. An initial assessment of the workshop participants’ current laboratory capacities was performed, and a regional training center was selected. Didactic and hands-on activities were offered, and review and evaluation of the IHC slides produced during the training course were compared with original slides from the participants’ sites. This model of intensive 5-day training appears to be effective and can potentially be used in other budget-constrained regions. Moreover, it can serve as a continuing education activity for pathologists and histotechnologists, and as part of validations and quality improvement projects to build capacity and develop IHC assay proficiency in low- and middle-income countries.

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. This thesis analyses the case of Levy v Von Moltke (South Africa, 1934) in which Reverend Abraham Levy (my great-grandfather) sued three leaders of a fascist organisation (Greyshirts) for defamation after they published a document based on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (a notorious antisemitic propaganda tool) and implied that it was authored by him. The libel action, which Reverend Levy won, was the first time in a court of law that the Protocols was proved to be a fabrication. A central question is why, despite this case and other exposés of the Protocols as a fabrication, it continues to have widespread currency and appeal. The thesis interrogates whether the form of the narrative influences perception, and concludes that the courtroom was an effective forum for identifying and disproving the falsehoods disseminated by the Greyshirts that were gaining traction at a popular level. While the initial impact of the case was considerable, with time the effect has diminished. The creative component of this project seeks to ‘unshackle’ the Greyshirt case from the constraints of time, place and form, and re-frame it as a documentary stage play. In addition to critically analysing the case and assessing its contribution in academic terms, this project seeks to create a vehicle by which a public conversation could possibly begin and the contemporary reverberations could be considered. These themes have pertinence to contemporary ideologically-driven hate, propaganda and violence, and the continuing difficulty of separating truth from falsehood in public discourse.

Objectives We conducted a prospective randomized trial to compare the clinical impact of conventional risk factor modification to that associated with the addition of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning. Background Although CAC scanning predicts cardiac events, its impact on subsequent medical management and coronary artery disease risk is not known. Methods We assigned 2,137 volunteers to groups that either did undergo CAC scanning or did not undergo CAC scanning before risk factor counseling. The primary end point was 4-year change in coronary artery disease risk factors and Framingham Risk Score. We also compared the groups for differences in downstream medical resource utilization. Results Compared with the no-scan group, the scan group showed a net favorable change in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.04), and waist circumference for those with increased abdominal girth (p = 0.01), and tendency to weight loss among overweight subjects (p = 0.07). While there was a mean rise in Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in the no-scan group, FRS remained static in the scan group (0.7 ± 5.1 vs. 0.002 ± 4.9, p = 0.003). Within the scan group, increasing baseline CAC score was associated with a dose-response improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p Conclusions Compared with no scanning, randomization to CAC scanning was associated with superior coronary artery disease risk factor control without increasing downstream medical testing. Further study of CAC scanning, including pre-specified treatment recommendations, to assess its impact of cardiovascular outcomes is warranted. (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Using Non-Invasive Imaging Research [EISNER]; NCT00927693)

Budidaya jamur kuping (Black jeli/Auricularia auricular Judae) menghadapi hambatan karena terbatasnya pemunculan dan komposisi media dalam budidaya jellymushroom hitam yang baik dan memenuhi persyaratan yang berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan tingkat pertumbuhan miselia dan hasil dari kaldu kacang hijau dan teknik inokulasi jamur jelly hijau. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Jalan Pulo Rungkom, Kecamatan Dewantara, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, dari bulan Februari sampai Mei 2018. Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dari 2 faktor dengan 3 ulangan digunakan. Faktor pertama adalah penggunaan kaldu kacang hijau (K) yang terdiri dari K0 (tanpa kaldu kacang hijau) K1 (25 ml kaldu kacang hijau) K2 (50 ml kaldu kacang hijau) K3 (75 ml kacang hijau kaldu). Faktor kedua adalah teknik inokulasi (I) yang terdiri dari I1 (tanpa meninju) I2 (meninju). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kaldu kacang hijau dan teknik inokulasi memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap kecepatan pertumbuhan miselia tetapi tidak secara signifikan mempengaruhi waktu ketika pin kepala muncul, bobot segar dari tubuh buah dari panen 1 dan 2, diameter tubuh buah dari panen pertama dan kedua. Ada interaksi antara perlakuan kaldu kacang hijau dan teknik inokulasi pada kecepatan tumbuh miselium memenuhi baglog.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether the mechanism of increased Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) (NKCC1) cotransporter activity by osmotic shrinkage involved AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. AMPK was found to phosphorylate a recombinant GST-dogfish (1-260) NKCC1 fragment at Ser38 and Ser214, corresponding to Ser77 and Ser242 in human NKCC1, respectively. Incubation of human erythrocytes with 20 microM A769662 AMPK activator increased Ser242 NKCC1 phosphorylation but did not stimulate (86)Rb(+) uptake. Under hypertonic conditions in human red blood cells (RBCs) incubated with 0.3 M sucrose, NKCC1 activity increased as measured by bumetanide-sensitive (86)Rb(+) uptake and AMPK was activated. However, there was no effect of AMPKalpha1 deletion in mouse RBCs on the increased rate of (86)Rb(+) uptake induced by hyperosmolarity. AMPK activation by osmotic shrinkage of mouse RBCs was abrogated by 10 microM STO-609 CaMKKbeta inhibitor, but incubation with STO-609 did not affect the increase in (86)Rb(+) uptake induced by hyperosmolarity. Osmotic shrinkage of human and mouse RBCs led to activation loop phosphorylation of the STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) at Thr233, which was accompanied by phosphorylation of NKCC1 at Thr203/207/212, one of which (Thr207) is responsible for cotransporter activation. Therefore, phosphorylation-induced activation of NKCC1 by osmotic shrinkage does not involve AMPK and is likely to be due to SPAK activation.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known regulator of cellular and systemic energy balance, is now recognized to control cell division, cell polarity and cell migration, all of which depend on the actin cytoskeleton. Here we report the effects of A769662, a pharmacological activator of AMPK, on cytoskeletal organization and signalling in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We show that AMPK activation induced shortening or radiation of stress fibers, uncoupling from paxillin and predominance of cortical F-actin. In parallel, Rho-kinase downstream targets, namely myosin regulatory light chain and cofilin, were phosphorylated. These effects resembled the morphological changes in MDCK cells exposed to hyperosmotic shock, which led to Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK activation via calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta(CaMKKbeta), a known upstream kinase of AMPK. Indeed, hypertonicity-induced AMPK activation was markedly reduced by the STO-609 CaMKKbeta inhibitor, as was the increase in MLC and cofilin phosphorylation. We suggest that AMPK links osmotic stress to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.

ObjectivesWe compared the prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium (CAC) among persons with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, and neither condition.BackgroundThe prevalence and extent of CAC has not been compared among those with MetS, diabetes, or neither condition.MethodsOf 1,823 persons (36% female) age 20 to 79 years who had screening for CAC by computed tomography, 279 had MetS, 150 had diabetes, and the remainder (n = 1,394) had neither condition. Metabolic syndrome was defined with ≥3 of the following: body mass index ≥30 kg/m2; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 20% 10-year risk of CHD or CAC ≥75th percentile for age and gender. Risk factor-adjusted odds for the presence of CAC were 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05 to 1.87) among those with MetS and 1.67 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.50) among those with diabetes, versus those with neither condition.ConclusionsThose with MetS or diabetes have an increased likelihood of CAC compared with those having neither condition.

Review article Martins, P., Marques, M., Coito, L., Pombeiro, A.J.L., Baptista, P.V., Fernandes, A.R. 2014. Organometallic Compounds in Cancer Therapy: Past Lessons and Future Directions. Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 14. PMID: 25173559

Beyond providing energy through its high starch content, the potato tuber can make a significant contribution to the dietary intake of certain minerals including potassium, phosphorous, magnesium and iron, as well as of vitamin C, dietary fibres and phenolic compounds. While some animal and human studies have shown beneficial associations between the consumption of potato, or some of its components, and health, some other studies could not confirm these positive effects. Numerous factors may indeed influence (i) the composition of the potato tuber itself, i.e. genotype, environmental conditions during growth, post-harvest storage conditions, cooking and processing, and (ii) the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of its components, affecting the final bioactivity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of potato composition variability followed by an analysis of potential health-promoting effects and bioavailability of specific components including iron and phenolic compounds. It appeared that the various components of the potato matrix might interact with each other at the intestinal level, leading to favourable or detrimental effects on their bioavailability. The consumption of a potato cultivar with a high level of phenolic compounds may improve the health status of an individual regarding its risk of developing chronic diseases on the one hand, but may reduce iron absorption on the other hand, putting an individual at risk of micronutrient deficiency. Tailoring potato varieties or products to match the population nutritional needs appears therefore of major importance. © 2015 European Association for Potato Research

The composition of potatoes as determined by chemical extraction has been described extensively. It is thus quite well known that, among other compounds, potato is rich in polyphenols, vitamins and in some minerals. This paper underlines the important role of simulated gastro-intestinal in vitro digestion in the bioaccessibility of polyphenols (chlorogenic acid and derivatives, and rutin) from potatoes and sweet potatoes and their impact on iron uptake. Concentrations of polyphenols in the flesh of two potato cultivars (Nicola, white potato, and Vitelotte, purple potato) and sweet potato were measured by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography after boiling and after in vitro digestion. Chemical extraction underestimates polyphenol amounts that can be released during digestion and that are actually bioaccessible. Iron uptake, as evaluated by a ferritin assay, by intestinal human cells was decreased after incubation with the intestinal phase of in vitro digestion, presumably due to the presence of polyphenols.

Pentacyclic triterpenes are naturally found in a great variety of fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants and are therefore part of the human diet. The beneficial health effects of edible and medicinal plants have partly been associated with their triterpene content, but the in vivo efficacy in humans depends on many factors, including absorption and metabolism. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies that were carried out to determine the bioavailability of pentacyclic triterpenes and highlights the efforts that have been performed to improve the dissolution properties and absorption of these compounds. As plant matrices play a critical role in triterpene bioaccessibility, this review covers literature data on the bioavailability of pentacyclic triterpenes ingested either from foods and medicinal plants or in their free form.

We conducted a prospective randomized trial to compare the clinical impact of conventional risk factor modification to that associated with the addition of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning.Although CAC scanning predicts cardiac events, its impact on subsequent medical management and coronary artery disease risk is not known.We assigned 2,137 volunteers to groups that either did undergo CAC scanning or did not undergo CAC scanning before risk factor counseling. The primary end point was 4-year change in coronary artery disease risk factors and Framingham Risk Score. We also compared the groups for differences in downstream medical resource utilization.Compared with the no-scan group, the scan group showed a net favorable change in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.04), and waist circumference for those with increased abdominal girth (p = 0.01), and tendency to weight loss among overweight subjects (p = 0.07). While there was a mean rise in Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in the no-scan group, FRS remained static in the scan group (0.7 ± 5.1 vs. 0.002 ± 4.9, p = 0.003). Within the scan group, increasing baseline CAC score was associated with a dose-response improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p0.001), total cholesterol (p0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p0.001), triglycerides (p0.001), weight (p0.001), and Framingham Risk Score (p = 0.003). Downstream medical testing and costs in the scan group were comparable to those of the no-scan group, balanced by lower and higher resource utilization for subjects with normal CAC scans and CAC scores ≥400, respectively.Compared with no scanning, randomization to CAC scanning was associated with superior coronary artery disease risk factor control without increasing downstream medical testing. Further study of CAC scanning, including pre-specified treatment recommendations, to assess its impact of cardiovascular outcomes is warranted.

In rat epitrochlearis skeletal muscle, contraction inhibited the basal and insulin-stimulated rates of protein synthesis by 75 and 70%, respectively, while increasing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Insulin, on the other hand, stimulated protein synthesis (by 30%) and increased p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) Thr389, 40S ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) Ser235/236, rpS6 Ser240/244 and eukaryotic initiation factor-4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) Thr37/46 phosphorylation over basal values. Electrical stimulation had no effect on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling, as reflected by the lack of reduction in basal levels of p70S6K, rpS6 Ser235/236, rpS6 Ser240/244 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, but did antagonize mTORC1 signalling after stimulation of the pathway by insulin. Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2) Thr56 phosphorylation increased rapidly on electrical stimulation reaching a maximum at 1 min, whereas AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation slowly increased to reach threefold after 30 min. Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) was not activated after 30 min of contraction when AMPK was activated. This could not be explained by the expression of a tissue-specific isoform of eEF2K in skeletal muscle lacking the Ser398 AMPK phosphorylation site. Therefore, in this skeletal muscle system, the contraction-induced inhibition of protein synthesis could not be attributed to a reduction in mTORC1 signalling but could be due to an increase in eEF2 phosphorylation independent of AMPK activation.