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Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a widely cultivated Indonesian fishery commodity. The increasing demand for carp can be used as an opportunity to increase the production and income of farmers and fulfill the target of increasing the nutrition of the residents. The heat shock method is one method that is often used because the process is simpler than the others. Polyploidy analysis was carried out by counting the number of nucleoli in fish resulting from polyploidization. The results of the ploidization analysis of carp in this study showed that there were variations in the number (frequency) of nucleoli per cell in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid fish. The body size of tetraploid fish is larger than that of triploid fish. But triploid fish have a larger body size than diploid fish. Tetraploid goldfish have a larger size and nucleus and cell contents when compared to triploids, even more so with diploids. The more the number of cells causes the volume of cells in the body to increase, so that the body size or growth of the tetraploid carp is higher. The growth of organisms is also a process of multiplying the number of cells and increasing the volume of cells.

Sepsis dapat diperberat oleh peningkatan kuman yang multiresisten terhadap bermacam antibiotik, sehingga sangat diperlukan kombinasi antibiotik dalam penatalaksanaan sepsis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan tingkat keganasan bakteri berdasarkan lama waktu kematian pada tikus model sepsis yang diinfeksi Escherichia coli ESBL dan Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase. Tikus yang telah diadaptasikan diinjeksi pada bagian peritoniumnya dengan perlakuan kontrol normal, diinjeksi E. coli ESBL, dan diinjeksi K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Tikus yang telah diinfeksi diamati selama 24 jam untuk diamati lama waktu kematiannya. Hasilnya adalah tikus kelompok kontrol dan tikus kelompok infeksi E.coli ESBL semuanya dapat bertahan hidup dalam kurun waktu hingga 24 jam, sedangkan kelompok tikus dengan infeksi K. pneumoniae carbapenemase hanya satu yang mampu bertahan hidup lebih dari 24 jam. Selain endotoksik dan gen ESBL yang dimiliki E.coli ESBL dan K. pneumoniae carbapenemase, peran lain yang berdampak pada kematian hewan coba adalah ketidakstabilan kardiovaskuler dan syok septik yang menyebabkan kematian pada infeksi bakteri. Tingkat kejadian mortalitas pada hewan coba tidak hanya bergantung pada jumlah endotoksin dan adanya gen ESBL pada bakteri, tetapi juga bergantung pada kemampuan tubuh masing-masing hewan coba dalam merespon infeksi oleh bakteri Gram negatif. Sepsis can be exacerbated by an increase in multi-resistant bacteria to various antibiotics, so a combination of antibiotics is needed in the management of sepsis. This study was conducted to compare the level of bacterial malignancy based on the length of time of death in sepsis model rats infected with Escherichia coli ESBL and Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase. The adapted mice were injected into their peritoneum with normal control treatment, injected with E. coli ESBL, and injected with K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Infected mice were observed for 24 hours to observe the length of time of death. The result was that the control group mice and the ESBL E. coli infection group all survived for up to 24 hours, while only one group of mice with K. pneumoniae carbapenemase infection survived more than 24 hours. In addition to the endotoxicity and ESBL genes possessed by E. coli ESBL and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase, other roles that have an impact on the mortality of experimental animals are cardiovascular instability and septic shock that cause death in bacterial infections. The incidence of mortality in experimental animals does not only depend on the amount of endotoxin and the presence of the ESBL gene in bacteria, but also depends on the body's ability of each experimental animal to respond to infection by Gram-negative bacteria.

Background Public interest in use of traditional medicines in Indonesia is high. Community in Pulungdowo is one of them. Use of traditional medicines can support the QoL community for their safety and benefits. Measurement of QoL was carried out using Short Form (SF-36). Purpose was to determine relationship between perception of the use of traditional medicine and QoL of the community in Pulungdowo. Methods used descriptive analytic method with quantitative approach using purposive sampling method. Retrieval of research data used questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents in Pulungdowo. Result perception of the use of traditional medicine obtained a total score of 29; mean = 25.65 and SD = 4.89. On QoL of community showed results of average value of each sub-variable QoL that is more than 50. Analysis test of relationship between perception of the use of traditional medicines with QoL, results obtained with a sig 0,000. Conclusion respondents perceptions on the use of traditional medicines was good which meant that respondents could receive and process information well about the use of traditional medicines. In addition, QoL of community after using traditional medicines was also said to be good. Results of the analysis of relationship between perception of the use of traditional medicine and QoL of Pulungdowo showed that there was a relationship between perception of the use of traditional medicine and QoL community. It is needed to improve health promotion programs such as counselling about introduction of traditional medicine types regarding to large number of people only know herbal medicines.

Penyakit infeksi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang serius, khususnya di negara berkembang. Adanya resistensi antimikroba menyebabkan bahaya penyakit infeksi semakin parah, sehingga menjadi perhatian terbesar bagi kesehatan manusia. World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan bahwa pada tahun 2050, septikemia yang disebabkan oleh bakteri resisten antimikroba dapat mengakibatkan 10 juta kematian selama satu tahun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan isolasi senyawa triterpenoid yang terkandung dalam tanaman waru jawa (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) serta melakukan identifikasi terhadap senyawa triterpenoid, dan melakukan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri Escherichia coli. Isolasi triterpenoid dari tanaman waru jawa diawali dengan maserasi menggunakan n-heksana, identifikasi triterpenoid, dan melakukan pengujian untuk aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan maserasi 3,2 kg serbuk kering kulit batang waru jawa menghasilkan ekstrak kental n-heksana sebesar 13,06 g. Hasil uji fitokimia menggunakan pereaksi Liebermann-Burchard menunjukkan ekstrak kental n-heksana positif mengandung triterpenoid. Pemisahan ekstrak kental n-heksana dengan kromatografi kolom menghasilkan isolat positif mengandung triterpenoid sebanyak 6 fraksi. Hasil identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya serapan maksimum untuk fraksi 1, 2, dan 3 pada panjang gelombang 216,50 nm, 217 nm, dan 228,50 nm. Berdasarkan spektrogram FT-IR menunjukkan adanya gugus C-C, C=O,-C-H, -CH3, -CH2, dan C-O. Hasil aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode disc diffusion dan pengenceran dalam tabung menunjukkan bahwa fraksi 1, 3, 5, dan crude n-heksana mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Eschericia coli. MIC terhadap E. coli fraksi 1 sebesar 0,2 mg/mL.

Staphylococcus aureus adalah patogen nosokomial Gram-positif yang sering dijumpai yang dikaitkan dengan beragam penyakit, mulai dari infeksi kulit yang sederhana hingga infeksi yang lebih serius dan berpotensi mengancam kehidupan seperti endocardit infektif dan sindrom syok toksik. Triterpenoid yang terkandung dalam kulit batang waru jawa merupakan salah satu senyawa kimia yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibiotik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi triterpenoid dari kulit batang waru jawa diawali dengan maserasi menggunakan n-heksana, identifikasi triterpenoid, dan melakukan pengujian untuk aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan maserasi 3,2 kg serbuk kering kulit batang waru jawa menghasilkan ekstrak kental n-heksana sebesar 13,06 g. Hasil uji fitokimia menggunakan pereaksi Liebermann-Burchard menunjukkan ekstrak kental n-heksana positif mengandung triterpenoid. Pemisahan ekstrak kental n-heksana dengan kromatografi kolom menghasilkan isolat positif mengandung triterpenoid sebanyak 6 fraksi. Hasil identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya serapan maksimum untuk fraksi 1, 2, dan 3 pada panjang gelombang 216,50 nm, 217 nm, dan 228,50 nm. Berdasarkan spektrogram FT-IR menunjukkan adanya gugus C-C, C=O,-C-H, -CH3, –CH2, dan C-O. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode disc diffusion dan pengenceran dalam tabung menunjukkan bahwa fraksi 2, 3, 5, 6, dan crude n-heksana mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dengan daya hambat sedang. MIC terhadap S. aureus fraksi 1, 3, dan 6 berturut-turut adalah 0,2; 0,8 ; dan 0,4 mg/mL.

Waru jawa (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is a plant that functions as an anti-inflammatory. Compounds from the waru jawa plant, especially the bark can be grouped into alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The content of triterpenoids from the waru jawa stem bark was tested for their biochemical activity, so that it is expected that the bark of Javanese waru stems can be used optimally. This study aims to determine the potential of triterpenoids from waru jawa stem bark as anti-inflammatory candidates in mice (Mus musculus) rheumatoid arthritis model in silico-based. Potential analysis of triterpenoids in mice was carried out using the STITCH, which is a database of known and predicted interactions between chemicals and proteins found in living things. Interactions in question are physical and functional associations, the data contained in STITCH comes from computational predictions, transfer of knowledge between organisms, and from interactions collected from other databases. Analysis of the triterpenoid mechanism of waru jawa stem bark against rheumatoid arthritis model mice in silico-based using the bioinformatics application Kegg. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that triterpenoids derived from waru jawa stem bark sources play an important role in reducing inflammation. The triterpenoids target NF-κB, leading to its downregulation. Triterpenoids have been found to have many functions, although their effective concentrations for various cellular effects may vary widely. Depending upon the dose administered, triterpenoids can induce anti-inflammatory, proliferation-arresting, apoptotic effects, cytoprotective, and tumor-differentiating.

Common cold or salesmas is an upper respiratory tranct infection caused by a virus. Therapy of the common cold can be done through self-medication. Self-medication is a form of community effort to maintain and increase health level. Self-medication requires good knowledge to result good behavior. This study aims to determine the corelation between knowledge on the behavior of self-medication of common cold in apotek x Nganjuk regency. This research is a descriptive observational study with a cross sectional research design with data collection through knowledge and behavior questionnaires. From the research results obtained 104 research respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained are high level of knowledge (59.6%), moderate (38.5%), low (1.9%), for the level of good behavior (73.1%), moderate (24.0%), less (2.9%). The significance value obtained is 0.000 and and the value of the correlation coefficient with a strong positive correlation direction of 0.513 which means that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge on the behavior of self-medication of common cold in apotek x in Nganjuk regency.

Red betel leaf contains numerous phytochemical compounds that can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent of rheumatoid arthritis. This research was conducted to determine the effect of red betel leaf extract on IL-1β and mole feet oedema thickness of the RA model. Mice were modeled for RA by intraperitoneally administered with 0.01 ml CFA and IFA on the near left foot area with approximately 0.03 ml volume. The treatment was carried out for three weeks. Measurement of feet oedema thickness was done before and after treatment by using sliding, then the data were analyzed by using ANAKOVA. At the end of the treatment, the mice are empowered and dissected. Blood collected from the heart. IL-1β levels were measured using indirect ELISA technique, and data were analyzed using single ANAVA. The results showed that red betel leaf extract of 200 mg/mL tended to decrease IL-1β level in RA mice, whereas the thickness of oedema in mice of RA could be lowered by red leaf extract of 400 mg/mL. These results suggested that a decrease in IL-1β levels is also accompanied by a decrease in oedema thickness due to an improved mechanism of the mice pane in RA mice.

Penyakit disentri amoeba disebabkan oleh parasit yang berkembang di dalam saluran pencernaan manusia, pada masyarakat awam biasanya dikenal dengan diare. Berdasarkan profil kesehatan Kabupaten Malang tahun 2014, penderita disentri dari usia balita sejumlah 18.837 jiwa, sedangkan untuk usia anak dan dewasa penderita diare akut mencapai 55.467 jiwa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui insidensi penyakit disentri amoeba berdasarkan indeks kepadatan lalat pengunjung rumah makan di daerah sekitar Universitas Negeri Malang. Metode Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menghitung indeks kepadatan lalat pengunjung rumah makan di sekitar Universitas Negeri Malang. Peneliti mengambil 4 sampel rumah makan di sekitar Universitas Negeri Malang yang sering dikunjungi oleh mahasiswa dan masyarakat di sekitar daerah tersebut. Hasil analisis indeks kepadatan lalat pada masing-masing rumah makan memiliki indeks yang berbeda-beda, nilai indeks kepadatan lalat ditentukan dari hasil rerata 5 titik tertinggi yang telah diperoleh dari hasil penelitian. Korelasi indeks kepadatan lalat dan penyakit disentri amoeba menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang rendah. Faktor sanitasi lingkungan rumah makan tergolong sebagai rumah makan dengan tingkat mutu C dengan skor yang berbeda tiap rumah makan dan tidak ada perbedaan antara keempat lokasi rumah makan berkategori C, dan hasil pengamatan mikroskopis Entamoeba histolytica yang diambil dari kaki lalat ditemukan kista infektif dengan 4 inti matang dan kista belum matang terbawa oleh kaki lalat dan dalam pengamatan tidak ditemukan fase trofozoit. Perlu dilakukan pengecekan jenis Amoeba lain pada kaki lalat Musca domestica yang mengunjungi rumah makan, sehingga tidak hanya mengetahui Entamoeba histolytica saja.

Tanaman sirih merah ( Piper c rocatum ) dikenal sejak dulu sebagai tanaman pengobatan tradisional secara alami yang secara empiris digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai jenis penyakit salah satunya dapat digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit asam urat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui uji aktivitas ekstrak etanolik daun sirih merah ( Piper crocatum ) terhadap penurunan kadar asam urat darah mencit jantan putih. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan yaitu melalui metode maserasi. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 5 ekor mencit, kemudian diberikan perlakuan masing-masing kelompok, setelah 1 jam diambil darah mencit melalui proses pembedahan kemudian kadar diukur melalui reaksi enzimatik menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis 1601 dengan panjang gelombang 546 nm. Ekstrak etanolik daun sirih merah dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat darah dan perbandingan pemberian allupurinol dan pemberian ekstrak etanolik daun sirih merah yaitu pemberian allupurinol dosis 10 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat 85,18% lebih besar dibandingkan pemberian ekstrak etanolik daun sirih merah dengan dosis 0,0041 gram dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat 60,15%. Ekstrak etanolik daun sirih merah ( Piper crocatum ) dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat darah pada mencit putih jantan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut senyawa aktif utama pada daun sirih merah ( Piper crocatum ) yang mampu menurunkan kadar asam urat darah

Hyperuricemia condition occurs due to the excessive synthesis of kidney failure to eliminate uric acid. Hyperuricemia if allowed to continue will lead to chronic disorders such as kidney, cardiovascular, and gout disorders. One of the traditional alternative medicine efforts is through herbal plants. Tempuyung leaves are thought to have the potential to reduce uric acid levels. This study aims to determine whether tempuyung leaves have the potential to reduce uric acid levels. The design of the research method was the pre-post test design with the control group using 30 test animals of male Balb/c mice. Before the mice were given the treatment of the test solution, the hyperuricemia condition was made by administering the potassium oxsonate test solution. The results showed that 70% ethanol extract solution had the potential to reduce uric acid levels at a dose of 12.8 mg / 20 BW which could provide a decrease of 64.267%. The active compounds that are thought to have activity in reducing uric acid levels are flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) which work as inhibitors of the xanthine oxidase enzyme so that the formation of uric acid can be inhibited.

Drug forecasting is done by all health facilities including government’s health facilities. It aims to consider the type of medication, the amount needed to realize a good drug management system. However, a of methods requires large selection using evaluation multiple measures of error in drug forecasting. The study aims to find out the method with the size of the least forecasting error between Single Moving Average and Single Exponential Smoothing. The data used is the annual primary data of the period 2017-2019. Samples amounted to 35 Public health centers. Forecasting calculation has been done using Single Moving Averages and Single Exponential Smoothing methods and testing errors using Mean Absolute Deviation and Mean Square Error methods. The study used 5 major medications with the most forecasting for 3 years. The drug with the most consecutive planning period 2017-2019 is paracetamol tablets 500 mg of 694,911 tablets, 126,713,379 tablets and 11,705,308 tablets. The conclusion of results showed a Single Moving Averages = 12,681 milions tablet with MAD = 0,594 milions and MSE = 666,841 millions. While, Single Exponential Smoothing = 7,949 milions with MAD = 4,557 milions and MSE = 372,884 millions. So, both of methos have small error measurement.

Yellow ripe banana skin is rich in flavonoid compounds, and contains other phenolic compounds. The presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in banana peels needs to be identified and tested for their activities, so as to increase the utilization of banana waste more optimally. Besides bananas also contain high epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG is well known for its wide spectrum of biological activity as an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of EGCG of plantain (Musa paradisiaca var. Raja) peel against caspase 3 through granzyme B pathway in mice (Mus musculus) sepsis model based on silico. Analysis of the potential of EGCG on mice was carried out using the application http://stitch.embl.de/. STITCH is a database of known and predicted interactions between chemicals and proteins. Interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations, STITCH data derived from computational predictions, from the transfer of knowledge between organisms, and from interactions collected from other (primary) databases. Analysis of the mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate of plantain peel against capase 3 in sepsis mice using bioinformatics application https://www.kegg.jp/. Based on the results of the analysis it can be seen that EGCG can be used as a promising target agent candidate for plasma membrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptors. In addition, action mechanisms have been demonstrated that rely on inhibition of ERK1 / 2, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and vascular endothelial growth factors. Furthermore, EGCG and its derivatives are used in proteasome inhibition and they are involved in epigenetic mechanisms.