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Negative Motivation and Its Influencing Factors of Chinese Learners of Foreigners. Negative motivation research for the Chinese learners has been a hot topic and developed rapidly in China and abroad in recent years. This paper will take the Chinese learners of foreigners as the research object, explore the negative motivation of Chinese learners in different cultural backgrounds and its influencing factors, and make a comparative analysis. The negative motivation will have a considerable impact on the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. The research results will not only enrich the relevant teaching theories, but also make teachers more targeted to carry out corresponding teaching methodology or intervention measures in the process of application. It will also test the effectiveness of improving cross-cultural adaptation of foreign students, thereby broadening the field of negative motivation research. The main benefit of this study will be the student by showing them where the learning Chinese barriers are and the solutions proposed to improve the teaching quality. REZUMAT. Motivaţia negativă şi influenţa sa asupra străinilor care învaţă limba chineză. Studiul motivaţiei negative a celor care învaţă limba chineză a constituit în ultimii ani un subiect de interes atât în China cât şi în afara ei. Acest articol are ca obiect de studiu profesorii de limbă chineză pentru străini, propunându-şi să exploreze motivaţia negativă a studenţilor din diferite medii culturale şi factorii care o influenţează. Studiul motivaţiei negative va avea astfel un impact considerabil asupra predării limbii chineze ca limbă străină. Rezultatele cercetării nu doar că vor îmbogăţi teoriile de predare, dar îi vor face pe profesori mai atenţi la desfăşurarea unor activităţi sau măsuri didactice în timpul predării. Acestea vor testa capacitatea de a îmbunătăţi adaptarea inter-culturală a studenţilor străini, lărgind astfel aria de cercetare a motivaţiei negative. Principalii beneficiari ai acestui studiu vor fi studenţii, care îşi vor putea da seama unde se află barierele în învăţare şi care sunt soluţiile propuse pentru a îmbunătăţi calitatea predării, ducând astfel la rezultate mai bune în învăţarea limbii. Cuvinte cheie: profesori de limbă chineză pentru străini, motivaţie negativă, factori care influenţează, strategii

Sexual dimorphism occurs regarding carbon and nitrogen metabolic processes in response to nitrogen supply. Differences in fixation and remobilization of carbon and allocation and assimilation of nitrogen between sexes may differ under severe defoliation. The dioecious species Populus cathayana was studied after two defoliation treatments with two N levels. Males had a higher capacity of carbon fixation because of higher gas exchange and fluorescence traits of leaves after severe long-term defoliation under deficient N. Males had higher leaf abscisic acid, stomatal conductance and leaf sucrose phosphate synthase activity increasing transport of sucrose to sinks. Males had a higher carbon sink than females, because under N-deficient conditions, males accumulated >131.10% and 90.65% root starch than males in the control, whereas females accumulated >40.55% and 52.81%, respectively, than females in the control group. Males allocated less non-protein N (NNon-p) to leaves, having higher nitrogen use efficiency (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency), higher glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and higher leaf GDH expression, even after long-term severe defoliation under deficient N. Females had higher leaf jasmonic acid concentration and NNon-p. The present study suggested that females allocated more carbon and nitrogen to defense chemicals than males after long-term severe defoliation under deficient N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural straw is abundant worldwide, but efficient production of lactic acid from straw is still challenging. In this paper, Trichoderma viride R16 was cultivated using corncob as the substrate in a fed‐batch process, after which the enzymes from T. viride R16 broth were analyzed through protein mass spectrometry and used for lactic acid production. Dioxygenase activity was found in the T. viride R16 enzymes, and 0.2 g/L phenolics (vanillin, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, syringaldehyde) was degraded during enzyme production. Lactic acid production and yield from NH3‐H2O2 pretreated and washed corncob were increased by more than 24% and total phenolics was significantly lower using T. viride R16 enzymes compared with commercial enzymes in batch and fed‐batch fermentation. These characteristics of T. viride R16 support industrial applications with efficient in situ detoxification of phenolic inhibitors without adding an extra step during lactic acid production from pretreated agricultural straw using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]