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Object location in indoor environments is challenging when there is no physical contact, a field of view, reflective materials, and an excess of obstacles. Several works propose using Radio Frequency Identification technology (RFID) and machine learning methods to develop location systems in those situations. However, using an object as a target class slows learning and prediction in large-scale environments. To circumvent such problems, we proposed a location system that uses hierarchical classification. We divided the environment into regions to reduce the classifier’s training and the number of predicted classes. To define the regions, we used clustering techniques, indicating which clustering technique achieves the best performance in the proposed scenario. The main contribution of this work is a high-precision location system for large-scale environments. The results showed the proposed system’s implantation in a real environment with 400 target objects with 5 cm of location precision. The accuracy for region detection is 99.36%, while for identifying the object is 99.94%. Additionally, with the proposed hierarchical approach, we showed a reduction of 38.16% and 58.39% in processing time and classifier model size.

Most scientific contributions addressing cyber-security issues in water distribution networks present proposals of detection systems and very few propose location systems. A novel methodology for detection and location of cyber-attacks in water distribution networks (WDNs) is proposed in this paper. Structural analysis and autoencoder neural networks are effectively combined with a the control chart Adaptive Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (AEWMA). In the training phase, the proposed detection and location framework only requires data from normal operating conditions and knowledge about the behavioral model of the system which represents an advantage over previous works that demand for additional data of cyber-attacks. Among other advantages of the proposed methodology are the high performance in the effective, robust and early detection and the effectiveness of the location strategy. The proposal was evaluated with the known case study BATADAL.

In this article, we analyzed the difference in the estimated currents from the Foshan Total Lightning Location System (FTLLS) under two triggered lightning situations, i.e., triggered lightning to ground and triggered lightning to the distribution line. FTLLS underestimated the peak currents of triggered lightning to the distribution line, which is reflected in the peak far electric field. The peak far electric field of triggered lightning to the distribution line is about 12% lower than that of triggered lightning to ground. However, this difference in estimated current is not reflected in the far electric field waveform parameters, at least for the three field parameters: zero to peak risetime, 10%–90% risetime, and half-peak width time. The presence of distribution line will increase the risetime of the lightning return stroke current, the arithmetic mean of the current risetime of triggered lightning to distribution line is 0.46 μs, and that of triggered lightning to ground is 0.27 μs. Clarification of this underestimation phenomenon is beneficial for the application of the lightning location system in power systems.

Para fazer face às exigências crescentes não só dos mercados e mas também dos consumidores, as empresas sentiram a necessidade de possuir mecanismos que as ajudem a dar resposta a essas exigências, e fundamentalmente, a sobreviver e prosperar. O Controlo de Gestão e os seus instrumentos têm vindo a desenvolver-se ao longo dos anos com o intuito de assistir os gestores e as empresas neste processo, auxiliando e orientando as suas ações. No entanto, nem todas as empresas têm possibilidade de desenvolver este tipo de ferramentas, nomeadamente empresas de menor dimensão que possuem menos recursos quer financeiros quer não financeiros. O trabalho desenvolvido visa a conceção de uma ferramenta de Controlo de Gestão, o Balanced Scorecard, para uma microentidade que está a passar por um processo de reestruturação e que ambiciona, sobretudo, a melhoria do seu desempenho. Para isto, e de modo a reunir toda a informação pertinente e necessária à concretização do trabalho, foi efetuada uma revisão de literatura sobre os principais temas que o abrangem e foi ainda, de igual forma, recolhida informação relativa às envolventes externa e internas da empresa. O trabalho foi desenvolvido tendo por base uma metodologia qualitativa de caráter intervencionista dado que passa pelo estudo de um contexto organizacional específico de uma empresa - produzindo resultados que apenas se aplicam a esta e que não são passíveis de serem generalizados. Com este projeto conclui-se que o Balanced Scorecard é adaptável e aplicável a empresas de pequena dimensão. A sua concretização permitiu desenvolver um instrumento de gestão capaz de ajudar a gestão estratégica e a melhoria da performance da GeoLoc. Os contributos práticos esperados para a empresa após a realização deste projeto assentam: na melhoria da comunicação e da transmissão de feedback entre todos os intervenientes, na estimulação e motivação dos colaboradores a atingirem os objetivos propostos e na melhoria da gestão de tempos através do planeamento das atividades. Todos estes contributos irão originar um maior alinhamento entre a estratégia e objetivos da empresa e entre todos os colaboradores, bem como uma melhoria contínua tanto da qualidade e desempenho dos produtos e serviços oferecidos, levando, consequentemente, a uma melhoria dos resultados da empresa. In order to face the growing demands not only of the markets but also of the consumers all over the world, companies are also growing the need to possess mechanisms that help them answer these demands, and ultimately, that help them survive and prosper. Management Control and its tools have been developing over the years with the aim of assisting managers and companies in the management process, helping and guiding their actions. However, not all companies are able to develop this type of tools, in particular, smaller companies that possess less resources. The purpose of this project is to design a Management Control tool, the Balanced Scorecard, for a micro-entity that is undergoing a restructuring process that aims, above all, to improve its performance. Therefore, and in order to gather all the relevant and necessary information to fulfill the project, a literature review was carried out and, in the same way, it was collected information regarding the company’s external and internal environment. The project was developed following a qualitative methodology once it involves the study of the specific context of a company – producing organizational results that cannot be generalized. With this project it was possible to conclude that the Balanced Scorecard can also be adapted and applied to smaller companies. Its implementation allowed the development of a management tool capable of helping the strategic management and improvement of GeoLoc’s performance. The practical contributions expected for the company after the completion of this project are: improving the communication and feedback given between all the collaborators, motivating employees to achieve the proposed objectives and improving time management through the planning of the activities throughout the year. All these will lead to a greater alignment between the company’s strategy and objectives and among all employees, as well as a continuous improvement in both the quality and performance of the products and services offered, leading, consequently, to an improvement in the company’s results.

A satellite remote imaging data is used to describe the actual ground surface around east of Shandong, based on Barrick’s formulations and Wait’s formulations, and considering the time errors due to elongation of the propagation path caused by mountains, this paper comprehensively analyzes the lightning vertical electric field over the actual ground surface. Furthermore, its effects on time-of-arrival (ToA)-based lighting location systems (LLS) are discussed in details and results show that wave-shape and time-delay of the electromagnetic fields can be significantly affected when they propagate over actual ground surface. The time-delay of the field waveform becomes longer with the increasing roughness, but subtle effect on field peak. After analyzing the actual ground surface around district of Qingdao, this paper reveals the relation between azimuth, observation distance and time-delay. The location error caused by actual ground surface is about several kilometers around the district of Qingdao, and the revised stroke points which are evaluated by the improved actual ground surface propagation model are closer to the actual lightning strike points.

The article talks about our design of ultrasound-based localization system. The designed system is primarily intended for mobile robotics. The second part of this article is focused on the initial verification of the basic characteristics and accuracy of the position measurement. This location system is currently still in the process of improving the functions required for usage in mobile robotics. We are currently working on removing some types of interferences.

The municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important part of building the smart city. Waste transfer station is an important link between the upper and the lower in the MSW management. Politic, environment and economy are all need to be considered in the waste transfer station location problem. Based on that, By establishing an optimized MSW transfer station location system based on internet of things, the locations of MSW transfer station is studied. Firstly, the Ward’s clustering approach is used to obtain the waste transfer station number in the city. And then a multi-objective model is established and NSGA-II is used to solve the model to obtain the Pareto frontier solution set of waste transfer station location coordinates. According the Google map, the optimal location coordinates of waste transfer station are obtained. Finally, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the proposed model and solution algorithm.

Impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) networks are gaining wide acceptance in short-to-medium range wireless sensing and positioning applications that require high accuracy. It is achieved generally via signal message exchange between ultra-wideband (UWB) transceiver nodes, where the signal propagating through their analog circuitry suffers transmitting and receiving antenna delays. Such delays, unless measured and properly corrected for, may induce an error in range estimation between UWB nodes and eventually affect the accuracy of real-time location systems (RTLSs) based on the IR-UWB. This paper presents a system to measure the antenna delays of UWB nodes. It provides comprehensive mathematical modeling, design, and implementation of the proposed antenna delay measurement system. Experimental evaluation in a line-of-sight (LOS) environment shows its effectiveness for maintaining the accuracy of the range measurement between UWB nodes by taking into consideration the antenna delays measured by the proposed system.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective indexes of damage to a building, with the aim of reducing the possible events caused by the earthquake and presenting a model based on spatial information systems. So, after collecting the data and information required by field method and statistical blocks, a spatial database was obtained. Then, the effectiveness of each of the criteria was based on the creation of a binary comparison matrix and questioning experts from the subject The study was obtained. In the end, in order to establish a link between the influential factors and the estimation of the final vulnerability of each building, a formula was presented in which all the effective factors were involved with the emphasis on the level of effectiveness of each building. Using expert selection software, the indexes were evaluated in terms of weight and value. Finally, the geospatial information system of GIS evaluated the magnitude and severity of the earthquake in different ranges and its consequences in terms of the indices studied for the buildings in the study area.

In this paper, we present current pulses from upward lightning, which have been measured since 2011 at the new top structure of the Peissenberg Tower, Germany. The study comprises 38 negative and two positive flashes, which contained 199 current pulses. About 49 of them were return stroke current pulses, 133 of them were current pulses, which superimposed the initial continuous current (ICC-pulses), and 17 of them were M-component current pulses, which superimposed the continuing current of a preceding return stroke. The current pulses are used to evaluate the performance of the European lightning location system EUCLID. Fifty one (25.6%) out of the 199 current pulses were detected by EUCLID, 40 (81.6%) return stroke current pulses, and 11 (8.5%) ICC-pulses or M-component current pulses. The peak currents ranged from 0.1 to 40.8 kA. Two groups of current pulses could be identified. The first group is related to branches of nearby downward lightning which got in contact with the tower. Therefore, EUCLID reported much higher peak currents (more than 100%) compared to the peak currents measured at the Peissenberg Tower. The first group comprises the total of nine current pulses (six ICC-pulses, three return stroke current pulses). The second group of current pulses is related to upward lightning initiated from the top of the tower. The peak current inferred from EUCLID deviates much less from peak current measured at the Peissenberg Tower. The peak current was overestimated by about 20% by EUCLID. The second group comprises the total of 42 current pulses (4 ICC-pulses, 1 M-component current pulses, and 37 return stroke current pulses). The peak currents ranged from 3.1 to 40.8 kA, the geometric mean (GM) was 9.4 kA. About 30% of these events were misclassified as intra-cloud pulses by EUCLID. The GM of the location error was 161 m for all events, and 132 m considering only the return stroke current pulses.

In this paper, a quasi-spherical PVDF airborne ultrasonic transducer for three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonic location systems is designed and fabricated using two strips of cylindrical PVDF film. The 3D solid model of the transducer was created and the acoustic directivity pattern of the transducer was simulated using the finite-element method and the COMSOL Multiphysics™ software. Measurements of the frequency response, pulse response and beam directivity performance are presented. The measurement and simulation results show that the proposed transducer has a spherical beam pattern, and its resonant frequency is consistent with that of the cylindrical PVDF transducers. Because of its spherical beam pattern, it is very suitable for 3D ultrasonic location systems as a transducer to achieve wide coverage.

At the excavation of Olbia in 2010—2018 a new site, called the “Orient”, by the name of the nearest benchmark, was explored by wide areas method. During works, it was established that this territory has some specific features: firstly, only objects associated with sepulchral actions are found here, no traces of any other household activity were found. Secondly, this territory was used for burials throughout almost the entire existence of ancient Olbia — from the middle of VI c. BC to the beginning of III c. AD. Thirdly, there are all types of funeral structures known at Olbian necropolis, with the exception of large stone crypts under high barrows. In connection with this, the generalization of the results obtained has become relevant. Total investigated area is 925 sq. m. The average depth was 1.0—1.1 m from the modern day surface. The stratigraphy of the excavation site is simple: a layer of turf and humus up to 0.2 m thick lies on top, a layer of light (dark yellow) sandy loam with various impurities lies below, and a layer of pre-continental loam of red color with separate mass inclusions of lime lies below. On this square, 67 different-time burials of various types were found, as well as 50 other objects associated with the sepulchral tradition. At the excavation site, four large chronological periods can be distinguished, which generally correspond to the historical periodization of Olbia: Late Archaic — Early Classical, Classical, Late Classical – Hellenistic and Roman. It was found that this territory was really used exclusively for performing funeral and memorial activities throughout almost the entire history of ancient Olbia. For each period there wasn’t any location system for burials. The typological diversity of funerary structures increases during time from period to period. The quantitative ratio of objects to the length of time varies, but the peak of using this territory for burials and related rites falls on the Roman period, i. e., at a time when it was as far from the residential area of Olbia as possible. In a comparative analysis, it is possible to distinguish individual elements of funeral rites, which are preserved throughout the entire existence of the necropolis. For example, the use of “ancient” things as part of funerary inventory.

Location systems and their daily use in industry and individual users have become an inseparable part of our everyday functioning. However, often they are used in the so-called intelligent buildings. Unfortunately, just like location methods operating outside buildings are precise enough to determine our location (e.g. GPS systems for drivers), the situation of locating people inside the building is different, especially when such people cannot be equipped with additional devices (e.g. a transmitter signal). Nevertheless, it is essential in communication routes, large clusters of people, such as airports, railway stations or office spaces. At the same time, determine the number of people in space and the development of services that do not require direct contact (automatic patient/client registration) in times of a possible pandemic.

In recent years, a large number of radio base stations and antenna towers have been built in Shenzhen. The height of antenna tower is usually tens of meters, which may increase the probability of lightning strike. The lightning environment of radio base stations has been analyzed by the data accumulated by the lightning location system of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao. The results show that the lightning occurrence probability in the surrounding domain cannot be increased by signal tower. The lightning parameter is basically the same in inner domain (177 m radius) and outer domain (177–250 m radius). The lightning parameter in the domain around radio base stations which were analyzed is also basically the same as those in Shenzhen.

Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) are devices capable of performing basic working movements without the operator being in their immediate working environment. Their capabilities include but are not limited to the perception of the environment with the use of sensors, determining the platform’s position, and planning and executing its movement. Ultra Wideband (UWB) is one of the wireless communication technologies which is increasingly used in location systems. This article presents the use of UWB technology in developing a guide localization system for a UGV (one of the stages of implementing a follow-me system). The article describes tests carried out on the developed testbed. Their aim was to determine the hardware configuration of the anchor arrangement characterized by the minimum number of lost data packets during operation. In order to determine the influence of the analysed variables on the output values, the method of global sensitivity analysis for neural networks was used.

The accuracy of the Bluetooth position, which has a high position speed, is not good. Visual information positioning takes more time, but its positioning accuracy is better. Since single positioning means cannot meet the needs of indoor positioning, we designed an indoor Location system based on fusion of Bluetooth signal and visual information in combination with their characteristics: According to the result of the rough positioning of the Bluetooth signal and the range of the Bluetooth positioning error, we can narrow the scope of the image database and use the visual information to locate the position with a high speed.; Then, according to the posterior probability distribution of the two kinds of positioning, we will integrate the two positioning results into the final positioning results. The simulation results show that the positioning performance of the system is better than that of pure Bluetooth positioning and visual information positioning.

Due to the large number of elderly people with physical and cognitive issues, there is a strong need to provide indoor location systems that help caregivers monitor as many people as possible and with the best quality possible. In this paper, a fuzzy indoor location methodology is proposed in a smart environment based on mobile devices and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons where a set of Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) is received by mobile devices worn by the inhabitants. The use of fuzzy logic and a fuzzy linguistic approach is proposed to deal with the imprecise nature of the RSSI values, which are influenced by external factors such as radio waves, causing significant fluctuations. A case study carried out at the Smart Lab of the University of Jaén (UJAmI Smart Lab) is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, where our proposal is compared with a non-fuzzy logic approach, obtaining an accuracy of 91.63%, approximately 10 points higher than the methodology without using fuzzy logic. Finally, our theoretical proposal is accompanied by a description of the UJAmI Location system, which applies the theory to the functionality of locating elderly people in indoor environments.

In this work we performed a comparison between two different approaches to track a person in indoor environments using a locating system based on BLE technology with a smartphone and a smartwatch as monitoring devices. To do so, we provide the system architecture we designed and describe how the different elements of the proposed system interact with each other. Moreover, we have evaluated the system’s performance by computing the mean percentage error in the detection of the indoor position. Finally, we present a novel location prediction system based on neural embeddings, and a soft-attention mechanism, which is able to predict user’s next location with 67% accuracy.

The aim of this study was to model and evaluate the Specific Energy Absorption Rate (SAR) values in humans in proximity to fixed multi-antenna I-RFID readers of passive tags under various scenarios mimicking exposure when they are incorporated in Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS), or used to monitor Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The sources of the electromagnetic field (EMF) in the modelled readers were rectangular microstrip antennas at a resonance frequency in free space of 866 MHz from the ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID frequency range of 865-868 MHz. The obtained results of numerical modelling showed that the SAR values in the body 5 cm away from the UHF RFID readers need consideration with respect to exposure limits set by international guidelines to prevent adverse thermal effects of exposure to EMF: when the effective radiated power exceeds 5.5 W with respect to the general public/unrestricted environments exposure limits, and with respect to occupational/restricted environments exposure limits, when the effective radiated power exceeds 27.5 W. Results of a research tasks (II.PB.15, II.N.19) carried out within the National Programme “Improvement of safety and working conditions” partly supported in Poland in 2017–2019 and 2020–2022—within the scope of research and development—by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education/National Centre for Research and Development (Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute was the Programme’s main co-ordinator); grant ‘Architecture for Scalable, Self-human-centric, Intelligent, Secure, and Tactile next generation IoT’ (957258–ASSIST-IoT) funding from the European’s Union Horizon 2020 research innovation programme and the project ‘Electromagnetic Characterisation in Smart Environments of Healthcare and their involvement in Personnel. Occupational and Environmental Health’ (PI14CIII/00056) funding from Sub-Directorate-General for Research Assessment and Promotion in Spain (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). Sí

The need for real-time and high-precision localization in indoor or outdoor areas has increased considerably recently. Real-time location systems offer solutions for this need with different technologies. One of the solutions is to determine the location using the time difference of arrival of the signal between anchor and tag. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed for indoor localization of wearable smart devices. The algorithm, which is based on the time difference of arrival of the signal from the tag to the anchor, allows the localization with submeter accuracy. Thus, it will be possible to track the location of patients, personnel or objects in military, health and commercial areas using real-time, accurate and precise location information via wearable smart devices.

The advent of IoT has enabled the design of connected and integrated smart health monitoring systems. These smart health monitoring systems could be realized in a smart home context to render long-term care to the elderly population. In this paper, we present the design of a wearable health monitoring system suitable for older adults in a smart home context. The proposed system offers solutions to monitor the stress, blood pressure, and location of an individual within a smart home environment. The stress detection model proposed in this work uses Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Photoplethysmogram (PPG), and Skin Temperature (ST) sensors embedded in a smart wristband for detecting physiological stress. The stress detection model is trained and tested using stress labels obtained from salivary cortisol which is a clinically established biomarker for physiological stress. A voice-based prototype is also implemented and the feasibility of the proposed system for integration in a smart home environment is analyzed by simulating a data acquisition and streaming scenario. We have also proposed a blood pressure estimation model using PPG signal and advanced regression techniques for integration with the stress detection model in the wearable health monitoring system. Finally, the design of a voice-assisted indoor location system is proposed for integration with the proposed system within a smart home environment. The proposed wearable health monitoring system is an important direction to realize a smart home environment with extensive diagnostic capabilities so that such a system could be useful for rendering long-term and personalized care to the aging population in the comfort of their home., 6 Pages, 2021 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI

This letter proposes a method to apply the random forest (RF) algorithm for exploiting the multipath information and enhance the time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization systems performance. This new approach aims to enhance the performance of a location system in outdoor scenarios, where there are technical restrictions to deploy them in line-of-sight condition. A site-specific fingerprint is extracted with ray-tracing simulations to produce a multipath dataset. The signals are processed with a multidimensional cross-correlation function, called volume cross-correlation (VCC) function, to extract the multipath features from the TDOAs measurements. The machine learning framework searches the points in the scenario, trying to find the most likely to be the emitter position using the processed features and the radio map.

The 16th Century saying ultra aequinoxialem non peccari – there is no sin below the equator – shows more than a difference between a South, the place of vice, and a virtuous North. It expresses a spatial location system that, using the Tropic of Cancer, delimits two worlds: one on the North, ruled by the European Law of Nations that orders the use of violence and regulates the relations between territorial States; the other one on the South, where these rules do not apply, and where violence could be used by European States as they stormed the New World. Later on, such domination process would be justified by the theorists of social contract using a different cleavage: non-contractual societies inhabiting the South of the Tropic of Cancer; contractual societies living on its North. This produced an understanding that Southern people lived in an anarchical situation, corresponding to their state of nature, which authorized colonizers to enforce a new social order by violent means. Taking this process into account, this essay aims to analyze the extend of both anarchy and state of nature ideas to international relations, and by these means to understand the consequences of South-North relations on defining the idea of international .

With the development of urbanization, the building structures are more and more complex, and various moving objects, such as human beings, robots and unmanned aerial vehicles, often travel through indoor and outdoor 3D space, which puts forward higher requirements for the accurate search and location in indoor and outdoor space. At present, most of the spatial location methods for indoor entities are carried out through 2D maps. However, the indoor environment is a complex 3D space, which increases the difficulty of the search process. In addition, 2D map cannot accurately display the 3D spatial position of the entity. Therefore, it is difficult for 2D maps to search and locate in complex environment. Therefore, how to quickly and effectively carry out spatial location query in complex indoor environment has become an urgent problem to be solved. Taking the library of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture as an example, this paper obtains the indoor 3D information of the library based on SLAM, processes and publishes the acquired 3D information on IndoorViewer, and uses its API in the book retrieval system. Finally, a book retrieval and location system based on real-scene 3D is finished.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave of enemy radar propagated by troposcatter can be utilized for beyond line-of-sight (b-LoS) location. To provide theoretical basis for passive troposcatter location system, channel characteristics including propagation loss, refraction effect and multipath fading are analyzed. Ray tracing method improved by tropospheric model is employed to describe the refraction effect. Correlation coefficient on the basis of transfer function is deduced to evaluate multipath fading. According to troposcatter characteristics, maximum operating range is estimated, cooperative energy detection is introduced to copy with the received signal without priori knowledge. The principle and accuracy of location algorithm based on azimuth is researched. Spatial smoothing is introduced under the situation that uncorrelated and coherent signals coexist. Through analyzing consequences, future directions for developing are suggested.

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications have emerged as one of the most promising options to vastly increase wireless data rates due to the high bandwidth they offer. Given the high path loss at mmWave frequencies, such systems require directional antennas to achieve a good communication range. Thus, the communicating devices need to align the beam directions of their mmWave antennas. Due to the high penetration loss, the paths between the antennas also need to be free of blocking obstacles. This makes an efficient and reliable operation of mmWave networks in dynamic environments very challenging. At the same time, the directionality reduces interference and allows to scale these networks to much higher access point and device densities. In this paper, we discuss the above-mentioned challenges and present techniques that allow mmWave networks to scale to high-density deployments, to adapt to dynamic and mobile environments, and to consistently achieve high data rates. This includes learning the environment to find different propagation paths, reacting timely to channel impairments such as blockage, and integrating mmWave networks with networks operating at a lower frequency for robustness. A key ingredient to enable these forms of adaptivity is the use of location information. Such mechanisms then turn a collection of very-high-speed but brittle mmWave links into an efficient, low-latency, and reliable network.

Rainfall-triggered landslides are one of the most deadly natural hazards in many regions. Seismic recordings have been used to examine source mechanisms and to develop monitoring systems of landslides. We present a semiautomatic algorithm for detecting and locating landslide events using both broadband and short-period recordings and have successfully applied our system to landslides in Taiwan. Compared to local earthquake recordings, the recordings of landslides usually show longer durations and lack distinctivePandSwave arrivals; therefore, the back projection method is adopted for the landslide detection and location. To identify the potential landslide events, the seismic recordings are band-passed from 1 to 3 Hz and the spectrum pattern in the time-frequency domain is used to distinguish landslides from other types of seismic sources based upon carefully selected empirical criteria. Satellite images before and after the detected and located landslide events are used for final confirmation. Our landslide detection and spatial-temporal location system could potentially benefit the establishment of rainfall-triggered landslide forecast models and provide more reliable constraints for physics-based landslide modeling. The accumulating seismic recordings of landslide events could be used as a training dataset for machine learning techniques, which will allow us to fully automate our system in the near future.

The statistics of lightning activity parameters is the basis to guide the lightning protection design, transformation and study of lightning characteristics of transmission lines. The lightning activity parameters are closely related to the land type. Based on the ground lightning data of lightning location system in Hainan Island, combined with the land type data from resource and environmental science and data center, this paper uses ArcGIS geographic software to supplement the land type data of ground flash point, and studies the law of lightning activity parameters and land types, such as mean value of lightning current amplitude, ground lightning density, cumulative probability distribution of lightning current amplitude, positive lightning ratio and so on. The study shows that the average amplitude of total lightning current in paddy field is the largest; due to the heat island effect, the total land flash density, negative ground flash density and positive ground flash density of urban land are much higher than those of other land types, and more attention should be paid to the transformation of forest land lightning protection measures; the median current of cultivated land is the largest, and the probability of larger amplitude lightning current is the largest. The proportion of positive flashover in lakes is the largest, so the influence of positive lightning on lightning shielding of transmission lines should be properly considered.

In view of the lack of accurate lightning trip out rate calculation method for overhead lines with ungrounded neutral points, this paper comprehensively considers the lightning protection configuration of transmission lines and the actual lightning activity parameters in the line corridor to carry out theoretical analysis, simulation calculation and scheme research. Firstly, based on the line account information and lightning location system monitoring data, based on the electrical geometry model to determine the impact of lightning on the line, an accurate calculation method of lightning trip out rate is proposed, and the method is used to calculate and verify the lightning trip out rate of a neutral point ungrounded line in a certain area. The results show that the lightning trip out rate calculation method can accurately calculate the lightning trip out rate of the line and the line corridor after considering the lightning characteristics of the line and the line corridor.

The number of older people is increasing in many countries. By 2030, it is estimated that 15% of the overall population will be comprised of people aged 65 and above. Hence, the monitoring and tracking of elder activities to ensure they live an active life has become a major research topic in recent years. In this work, an elderly sub-activity tracking system is developed to detect the sub-activity of the elderly based on their physical activities and indoor location. The physical activities tracking system and indoor location system is combined in this project to enhance the context of the elderly activities (i.e. sub-activities as defined in this project). An indoor location system is developed by using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacon and BLE scanners to measure the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) signal to detect the location of the elderly. The activity tracking is carried out via a waist wearable device worn by the elderly. Random forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are used as machine learning classifiers to predict the activity and indoor location with an accuracy of 95.03% and 86.58%, respectively. The data from activity tracking and indoor location sub-systems will then be combined to derive the sub-activity and push to an online Internet of Things (IoT) platform for remote monitoring and notification.

We have been developing a bus location system using LoRa for the community buses in Nonoichi city, Japan. The conventional system has covered only one route and have had reliability problems that communication is done incorrectly in rare cases, sometimes the bus position display is incorrect. Therefore, we decided to cover the entire city of Nonoichi with LoRa network and support all routes running in the city. We also considered adopting multi-channel communication and multiple gateways to improve the reliability of the system. In this article, we describe a multi-channel and multiple gateways scheme to improve reliability.

Compared to negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, positive CG are less frequent but can produce strokes with higher peak currents making them to be potentially more dangerous. This paper presents an investigation on positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity in Shah Alam, Malaysia recorded by SAFIR 3000 lightning location system (LLS). For this study, a total of 572,282 LLS data from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed. We found that only 1.6% of the total CG flashes were contributed by positive CG while the remaining 98.4% were dominated by negative CG. We also observed that the occurrence of positive CG follows the weather pattern of Malaysia, with a strong connection between positive CG and rain events. Most positive CG occurred in November, while the least occurred in February. Our results showed that the highest peak current for positive CG was 86.7 kA with average geometric mean and median values of 14.2 kA and 12.8 kA, respectively. The negative CG recorded a higher peak current of 139.6 kA with average geometric mean and median values of 13.6 kA. Previous studies conducted on positive CG in Malaysia may be an overestimate if weak positive flashes were included in the analyses. Due to a limited number of existing studies on positive CG conducted in Malaysia, more researches should be conducted.

The objective of this study was to describe the kinematic patterns and impacts in male and female skiers in the super-giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom disciplines of an international alpine skiing competition using a portable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology device. Fifteen skiers (males, n = 9, females, n = 6) volunteered to participate in this study. Data acquisition was carried out using a wireless inertial measurement device (WIMUTM PRO: hybrid location system GNSS at 18 Hz with a precision locator UltraWideband UWD (&lt, 10 cm) and 3D accelerometers 1000 Hz) where distances covered in different speed and acceleration thresholds and impacts above 5g were recorded in each of the disciplines. Male and female alpine skiers showed different physical parameters and impacts even though they competed in the same courses in the disciplines of slalom, giant slalom and super-giant slalom (total impacts: p &lt, 0.001, impacts &gt, 7 g: p = 0.013, impacts 6.1–7 g: p = 0.002, impacts 5.1–6 g: p = 0.006). In male skiers, the distances traveled at different speed thresholds have a direct relation to the ranking of skiers, but this ideal threshold decreased as the technicality of the discipline increased. In the case of female skiers, although no relation was seen with the speed thresholds, greater distances covered at medium accelerations improved skiing performance. The external load in alpine skiing varied based on sex and discipline. This information could be essential to develop sex-specific and discipline-specific training programs in alpine skiing.

With the growth of the power grid, the distribution network, which is the end of the power grid, faces problems such as difficult fault location and labor shortages. This paper proposes a fault location algorithm based on the existing distribution network automation information system. The data for the fault location algorithm come from the equipment ledger, telemetry signals, fault location information system, and lightning location information system. Fault location algorithms include multi-interval optimal fault location algorithms and a combination of deep optimal search and breadth optimal search. A set of fault location systems is designed, and historical fault data are imported for experimental verification. The results show that the fault location system based on this algorithm has accurate system positioning and a fast response, which greatly reduces the time for fault finding.

At present the lightning flash density is a key input parameter for assessing the risk of occurrence of a lightning strike in a particular region of interest. Since it is known that flashes tend to have more than one ground termination point on average, the use of ground strike point densities as opposed to flash densities is more appropriate. Lightning location systems (LLSs) do not directly provide ground strike point densities. However, ingesting their observations into an algorithm that groups strokes into respective ground strike points results in the sought-after density value. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of three distinct ground strike point algorithms to correctly determine the observed ground-truth strike points. The output of the algorithms is tested against a large set of ground-truth observations taken from different regions around the world, including Austria, Brazil, France, Spain, South Africa and the United States of America. These observations are linked to the observations made by a local LLS in order to retrieve the necessary parameters of each lightning discharge, which serve as input for the algorithms. Median values of the separation distance between the first stroke in the flash and subsequent ground strike points are found to vary between 1.3 and 2.75 km. It follows that all three of the algorithms perform well, with success rates of up to about 90 % to retrieve the correct type of the strokes in the flash, i.e., whether the stroke creates a new termination point or follows a pre-existing channel. The most important factor that influences the algorithms' performance is the accuracy by which the strokes are located by the LLS. Additionally, it is shown that the strokes' peak current plays an important role, whereby strokes with a larger absolute peak current have a higher probability of being correctly classified compared to the weaker strokes.

This paper proposes the ability to estimate the origin-destination (OD) of bus passengers with IoT bus location system. This system detects the bus stops where passengers board and deboard the bus based on their feature amounts obtained by intelligently analyzing the video taken inside the bus, and estimates congestion level of bus and OD data. Moreover, we implemented and verified the mechanism for providing these estimated information to Synerex that is proposed as a mechanism for exchanging information about user demand and service provider supply.