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This multiple methods study examined the impact of brief, intentional instruction in the areas of mindfulness and social and emotional learning (SEL) on teacher self-efficacy, teacher mindfulness, and the use of mindfulness practices. The SEL content and strategies were taught to pre-service educators during their student teaching seminars. Teacher efficacy includes the beliefs that a teacher holds about their ability to lead learning and includes beliefs about classroom management, instructional practices, and student engagement. Social and emotional learning, as defined by The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), includes five components: self-awareness, self-management, other awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. These components encompass skills essential to effective teaching. Mindfulness has been defined as present moment awareness without judgment and is linked to well-being. We hypothesized that teacher efficacy and mindfulness would be improved significantly from pre- to post-intervention. Eighteen of 35 potential participants completed quantitative measures of efficacy (Teacher Self Efficacy Scale) and mindfulness (Teacher Mindfulness Scale). Thirty-four participants completed qualitative session reflections. Seven participants completed journal responses. Increases in mindfulness and teacher efficacy were found; however, within the quantitative measures, only increases in teacher efficacy were significant. Within the qualitative findings from the Self-Assessing Social and Emotional Instruction and Competencies scale, self-awareness was identified as participants' greatest strength while self-management of emotions was identified as their greatest opportunity for improvement. In addition, most participants noted current or future plans to use mindfulness or SEL strategies. Findings are consistent with previous work indicating that short-term training in mindfulness and SEL should be included in educator preparation programs as a mechanism to support teacher wellbeing and potentially reduce teacher burnout.

ABSTRACTCaffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords “caffeine” and “exercise” yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine’s effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5–2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon “crash?” To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.

Based on review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the contents and physiological effects of coffee related to physical and cognitive performance conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: (1) Coffee is a complex matrix of hundreds of compounds. These are consumed with broad variability based upon serving size, bean type (e.g. common Arabica vs. Robusta), and brew method (water temperature, roasting method, grind size, time, and equipment). (2) Coffee’s constituents, including but not limited to caffeine, have neuromuscular, antioxidant, endocrine, cognitive, and metabolic (e.g. glucose disposal and vasodilation) effects that impact exercise performance and recovery. (3) Coffee’s physiologic effects are influenced by dose, timing, habituation to a small degree (to coffee or caffeine), nutrigenetics, and potentially by gut microbiota differences, sex, and training status. (4) Coffee and/or its components improve performance across a temporal range of activities from reaction time, through brief power exercises, and into the aerobic time frame in most but not all studies. These broad and varied effects have been demonstrated in men (mostly) and in women, with effects that can differ from caffeine ingestion, per se. More research is needed. (5) Optimal dosing and timing are approximately two to four cups (approximately 473–946 ml or 16–32 oz.) of typical hot-brewed or reconstituted instant coffee (depending on individual sensitivity and body size), providing a caffeine equivalent of 3–6 mg/kg (among other components such as chlorogenic acids at approximately 100–400 mg per cup) 60 min prior to exercise. (6) Coffee has a history of controversy regarding side effects but is generally considered safe and beneficial for healthy, exercising individuals in the dose range above. (7) Coffee can serve as a vehicle for other dietary supplements, and it can interact with nutrients in other foods. (8) A dearth of literature exists examining coffee-specific ergogenic and recovery effects, as well as variability in the operational definition of “coffee,” making conclusions more challenging than when examining caffeine in its many other forms of delivery (capsules, energy drinks, “pre-workout” powders, gum, etc.).

Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.

Contemporary theories suggest that, due to limited access and generalized distrust, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are relatively unlikely to report matters to police. Although existing studies reveal few ecological differences in crime reporting, findings may be limited to victim/offense subsets represented in aggregated victimization data. Using calls-for-service (CFS) data from a Pacific Northwest city, this study assesses the degree to which neighborhood block groups (N = 164) vary in incidents reported to police overall and subsequent to the elimination of a major nonemergency-reporting mechanism. Two hypotheses are assessed: First, CFS rates will vary inversely with neighborhood disadvantage, net of the effect of objective levels of crime and other control variables; second, CFS originating in affluent neighborhoods will exhibit greater year-to-year decreases relative to disadvantaged neighborhoods following reduction of local reporting services in 2004. Findings from spatial analyses indicate that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to rely on police for assistance as much as, if not more than, people elsewhere. (Contains 4 tables, 3 figures and 12 notes.)

This multiple methods study examined the impact of brief, intentional instruction in the areas of mindfulness and social and emotional learning (SEL) on teacher self-efficacy, teacher mindfulness, and the use of mindfulness practices. The SEL content and strategies were taught to pre-service educators during their student teaching seminars. Teacher efficacy includes the beliefs that a teacher holds about their ability to lead learning and includes beliefs about classroom management, instructional practices, and student engagement. Social and emotional learning, as defined by The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), includes five components: self-awareness, self-management, other awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. These components encompass skills essential to effective teaching. Mindfulness has been defined as present moment awareness without judgment and is linked to well-being. We hypothesized that teacher efficacy and mindfulness would be improved significantly from pre- to post-intervention. Eighteen of 35 potential participants completed quantitative measures of efficacy (Teacher Self Efficacy Scale) and mindfulness (Teacher Mindfulness Scale). Thirty-four participants completed qualitative session reflections. Seven participants completed journal responses. Increases in mindfulness and teacher efficacy were found; however, within the quantitative measures, only increases in teacher efficacy were significant. Within the qualitative findings from the Self-Assessing Social and Emotional Instruction and Competencies scale, self-awareness was identified as participants' greatest strength while self-management of emotions was identified as their greatest opportunity for improvement. In addition, most participants noted current or future plans to use mindfulness or SEL strategies. Findings are consistent with previous work indicating that short-term training in mindfulness and SEL should be included in educator preparation programs as a mechanism to support teacher wellbeing and potentially reduce teacher burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sport nutrition is a constantly evolving field with literally thousands of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training through nutrition. More specifically, this article discusses: 1.) how to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 2.) general nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 3.) our current understanding of the available science behind weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement supplements. Our hope is that ISSN members find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.

Prior research on the family has identified many variables significantly associated with criminal involvement, including such things as parental supervision and discipline and the quality of the parent-child relationship. However, little attention has been devoted to the possibility that the effects of these variables on crime depend on characteristics of the social context in which a family resides. Using data from a national sample of adolescents, the authors examined how the effects of key family variables depend on two indicators of a community's level of disadvantage: its objective level of community poverty (as indicated by U.S. census data) and its perceived inadequacy as a place to raise children (as rated by parents). The analysis suggests that community disadvantage significantly amplifies the effects on crime of problems in the family environment. The implications of this conclusion for criminological theory and future research on the causes of crime are addressed. Keywords: family; parenting; community disadvantage; crime; moderated effects

This article estimates the impact of unionism and quasi-fixed, non-wage labor costs on average monthly employment, layoff rates, and weekly hours in manufacturing since 1929. Effects in expansion, contraction, and long-run average phases of the business cycle are compared. Greater unionization raises layoffs only in upturn stages, creates downward rigidity in the workweek, and makes labor input less responsive to changes in output. Higher quasi-fixed employment costs lengthen weekly hours and unintentionally depress employment and raise layoff rates. Both heighten the sensitivity of labor input to seasonal variation. Findings suggest policies that would stimulate employment and curb layoffs. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), This article estimates the impact of unionism and quasi-fixed, nonwage labor costs on average monthly employment, layoff rates, and weekly hours in manufacturing since 1929. Effects in expansion, contraction, and [...]

Abstract Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.

Abstract Resistance trainers continue to receive mixed messages about the safety of purposely seeking ample dietary protein in their quest for stimulating protein synthesis, improving performance, or maintaining health. Despite protein's lay popularity and the routinely high intakes exhibited by strength athletes, liberal and purposeful protein consumption is often maligned by "experts". University textbooks, instructors, and various forms of literature from personal training groups and athletic organizations continue to use dissuasive language surrounding dietary protein. Due to the widely known health benefits of dietary protein and a growing body of evidence on its safety profile, this is unfortunate. In response, researchers have critiqued unfounded educational messages. As a recent summarizing example, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Position Stand: Protein and Exercise reviewed general literature on renal and bone health. The concluding remark that "Concerns that protein intake within this range [1.4 – 2.0 g/kg body weight per day] is unhealthy are unfounded in healthy, exercising individuals." was based largely upon data from non-athletes due to "a lack of scientific evidence". Future studies were deemed necessary. This assessment is not unique in the scientific literature. Investigators continue to cite controversy, debate, and the lack of direct evidence that allows it. This review discusses the few existing safety studies done specific to athletes and calls for protein research specific to resistance trainers. Population-specific, long term data will be necessary for effective education in dietetics textbooks and from sports governing bodies.

Objective: The study examines the associations between two distinct forms of workplace flexibility—flexible schedules and working at home—and workers' well‐being, with special attention to the distinct reasons for working at home and gender differences. Background: Workplace flexibility can be a key resource to manage work and family responsibilities. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the types of flexibility that provide either a benefit or disadvantage for workers. In particular, insufficient attention has been paid to different reasons employees have for working at home and their implications. Method: Using the General Social Survey, we created a pooled sample across the four waves of data (2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014, N = 6,945). Workers' well‐being was measured with job satisfaction, job stress, daily fatigue, and work‐to‐family conflict. Multivariate regression analysis and several sensitivity tests were conducted. Results: The study found benefits of flexible schedules for work‐related well‐being. Working at home as part of one's job had some benefits, but working at home to catch up on work had consistent disadvantages for worker well‐being. Moreover, the ability to adjust start and end times of work and working at home to catch up on work were associated with elevated work‐to‐family conflict, particularly for female workers. Conclusion: The findings suggest the potential advantages and unintended consequences of different flexibility arrangements for workers, and these implications may differ by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with Colorado and Washington State in 2012, longstanding bans on the sale, possession, and use of marijuana for recreational purposes have been overturned in nine states and the nation's capital. Consistent with the logic of routine activity theory and broken windows theory, critics of legalized marijuana argue that dispensaries are magnets for crime, attracting criminal offenders to the area with large sums of cash and valuable goods. The current study addresses this possibility by examining the effects of both medical and recreational marijuana dispensaries on yearly crime rates in N = 3981 neighborhood grid cells in Denver, Colorado, 2012–2015. Estimates from Bayesian spatiotemporal Poisson regression models indicate that, except for murder and auto theft, both types of dispensaries are associated with statistically significant increases in rates of neighborhood crime and disorder. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]