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The Mozambique Channel region in East Africa has diverse marine ecosystems and serves as a migratory corridor for economically important species. Local and foreign industrial fisheries operate in the Mozambique Channel, but regional small-scale fisheries are the crucially important fisheries that provide food security, livelihoods, and economic opportunities for rural coastal communities. This study reconstructed and investigated trends in the fishing effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of small-scale marine fisheries in four Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) that constitute the Mozambique Channel, i.e., Union of Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte, and Mozambique, from 1950 to 2016. Effective fishing effort for small-scale fisheries in the form of fishing capacity in kWdays (i.e., kilowatt days) was derived using the number, length, motorization (engine power) by fishing vessels, as well as an approximate human-powered equivalent for shore-based fishers without vessels, as well as days of fishing per year. Effective small-scale fishing effort in the Mozambique Channel increased by nearly 60 times from just over 386,000 kWdays in 1950 to over 23 million kWdays in 2016. Correspondingly, the overall small-scale CPUE, based on previously and independently reconstructed catch data declined by 91% in the region as a whole, from just under 175 kg⋅kWday–1 in the early 1950s to just over 15 kg⋅kWday–1 in recent years. All four EEZs showed the strongest declines in the small-scale CPUE in the earlier decades, driven by motorization and growth in vessel numbers impacting effective fishing effort. Increased motorization combined with a substantial growth in overall vessel numbers were the drivers of the increasing fishing effort and decreasing CPUE, and clearly suggest that continuing to increase the fishing capacity of small-scale fisheries in the absence of effective and restrictive management actions may exacerbate overexploitation risk.

Highlights: • 1st global long-term fishery biomass trends evaluation of 1300 exploited marine populations. • Decline in average fishery biomass observed across oceans and climate zones. • Systemic wide-spread overfishing of the world's coastal and continental shelf water. Abstract: This contribution presents time series of the ‘fishery biomass’ of fish populations, defined as the weight (whole-body, wet weight) of the in-water part of a fishable population, i.e., that part of a population (also called ‘stock’) that is exposed to a certain fishing gear. Detailed data of this type are only available for a limited number of species that are targets of the fisheries in the waters of economically developed regions, such as Europe, the USA, Canada or Australia. However, similar fishery biomass assessments are generally lacking for developing countries, even for many of their most heavily fished species. Here, an estimation of the long-term fishery biomass trends of 1320 fish and invertebrate populations for 483 species exploited by fisheries in the 232 coastal Marine Ecoregions (MEs) around the world was undertaken. Fishery biomass trends were derived using the Bayesian CMSY stock assessment method applied to the global fisheries catch database for 1950–2014 as reconstructed by the Sea Around Us for every maritime fishing country in the world. Overall, the results suggest a consistent decline in the fishery biomass of exploited populations, in virtually all climatic zones and ocean basins in the world. The only zone with currently higher fishery biomass than in 1950 is the northern Pacific polar-boreal zone, likely due to environmental changes that occurred in the region positively affecting fish populations, combined with prudent management of the fisheries. For populations in MEs that are known to have highly questionable catch statistics, the results suggested smaller declines in fishery biomass than likely occurred in reality, implying that these results do not exaggerate declining trends in fishery biomass. This study used informative Bayesian priors to improve the trend analyses in areas where systematic stock assessments were conducted. The use of these independent assessments reduced the uncertainty associated with the findings of this study.

The interaction between fishing gears and the marine environment define ‘fisheries,’ and the effect of gears on marine ecosystems and fish stocks has been the source of much debate. Here, we present the first summary of globally reconstructed fisheries catches by major gear categories for 1950–2014. We used the Sea Around Us reconstructed global catch database that accounts for reported and unreported fisheries catches, and associated all catches to a fishing gear category. We assigned all industrial (i.e., large-scale) fisheries catches to industrial gear categories by fishing country, taxon, year and the area of fishing. Additionally, we derived catches by individual small-scale gear types for the most-important small-scale fishing countries in each of nine regions around the world, and applied their gear use to similar countries in each of the regions, to serve as a preliminary small-scale catch-by-gear assignment that can be improved upon over time. The combination of these account for gear use for all marine fisheries globally. We found that two industrial gear types, bottom trawling and purse seining, jointly account for over 53% of all catches, while bottom trawling alone dominated discarded catches. In the small-scale sector, over 60% of catches were caught by gillnets, various line gear, and encircling nets. Small-scale fisheries contributed most to the value of landed catches, while industrial bottom trawlers were responsible for discarding large amounts of potentially valuable catches. Catches by purse seines fluctuated over time, mainly due to variability of the underlying species, e.g., anchovies and sardines. The distribution and scale of use of different fishing gears, combined with knowledge of their divergent environmental impacts should allow a new wave of research into the global impacts of fisheries.

L’approche diagnostique d’une maladie cognitive organique s’inscrit dans une demarche qui ne peut etre reduite a l’identification des symptomes. Dans cette perspective, ouverte a la singularite du malade qui consulte et a son entourage, l’equipe de la consultation memoire de l’hopital Ste Perine a voulu approfondir la question particulierement delicate de l’annonce du diagnostic. S’il s’agit de chercher a dire la verite au malade, il faut aussi reconnaitre les difficultes rencontrees, de part et d’autre, dans l’annonce d’un diagnostic si sombre. Il s’agit, tout a la fois, de ne pas oublier les potentialites de degagement d’une annonce bien temperee. Des propositions concretes ont ete formulees, visant a: (1) renforcer l’implication de toute l’equipe autour de l’annonce, discutee en reunion de synthese pour chaque dossier; (2) respecter la temporalite psychique du malade et de sa famille, ainsi qu’assurer un espace de parole; (3) introduire un outil pluridisciplinaire visant a rassembler les informations relatives a la preparation de l’annonce, au temps de l’annonce, au suivi ulterieur; (4) envisager une formation des medecins, basee sur la reflexion elaboree au sein de l’equipe; (5) a terme, disposer d’une meilleure connaissance des repercussions de l’annonce du diagnostic, dans un dispositif venant signifier et garantir une place pour cette approche, au sein de la consultation.

In order to evaluate the PAH toxicity potential of our Soderberg cell emissions, a first PAH HPLC/F1 method was developed in the early 1990′s. A quality control of PAH measurements, based on the B[a]P Eq. Index of homogeneous, stable reference materials, was implemented to follow the pitches used in the fabrication of anode pastes. This technique employed megabore columns (4.6-mm o.d.) with twin fluorescence detectors. In the mid-1990′s, this method was upgraded to minibore columns in order to increase the accuracy. Data for the same pitches was accumulated over a three-year period. This communication compares the results from the two HPLC/F1 approaches including the extraction procedures, the stability of the PAH extracts, the stability of the equipment, the temporal resolution, the wavelengths used, etc., which can affect the apparent PAH values. This new method has also been compared with the results from other laboratories using different protocols and techniques including the presence of ins...

The critical pathway of deceased donation provides a systematic approach to the organ donation process, considering both donation after cardiac death than donation after brain death. The pathway provides a tool for assessing the potential of deceased donation and for the prospective identification and referral of possible deceased donors.

La recherche du consentement du patient, meme dement, doit repondre aux memes exigences que pour tout autre malade. Des recommandations de « bonnes pratiques » existent, de meme la loi, nous oblige a delivrer une « information loyale, claire et appropriee sur son etat de sante », et recueillir un « consentement libre et eclaire ». Les maladies cognitives generent des troubles du jugement et de la comprehension, qui alterent les capacites de decision de nos patients. Ces alterations sont d’installation lente et progressive, elles suivent l’evolution de la maladie. La litterature concernant l’exercice du libre choix du patient dement est riche, tant dans le domaine scientifique, que dans celui de la reflexion ethique et philosophique. Les enjeux ethiques generes par le contexte particulier de la demence s’articulent souvent autour de la question du consentement libre et eclaire a toute decision. Nous sommes donc confrontes en tant que professionnels, a une obligation legale, et ethique, d’une part de bien connaitre nos patients et d’autre part leur pathologie, afin de leur permettre au mieux de poursuivre l’exercice de leur libre choix. Pour aborder cette problematique, il semble interessant d’eclairer cette reflexion de notre quotidien de soins aupres de patients institutionnalises, pour des troubles cognitifs severes, accompagnes de symptomes psychocomportementaux.

Alain Baulon et Jean-Luc Noel analysent les decisions difficiles qu’ils doivent prendre concernant les patients atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer, tant en consultation quand ceux-ci vivent encore au domicile, qu’en institution lorsqu’une hospitalisation devient necessaire.

Des soignants d’un hopital prenant en charge exclusivement des patients dements reflechissent sur leur pratique. Dans un contexte conjoncturel difficile, ils tentent de maintenir le patient au cœur de leur action.

We have developed a new IR-ATR spectroscopic technique for the identification and quantification of fibers collected on PVC filters. This nondestructive method has a detection limit of about 10 μg, involves no sample preparation, and is relatively insensitive to nonserpentine dusts normally associated with the asbestos mining and milling industries.An analysis of the ATR phenomena for a fiber matt indicates that the logarithmic ratio of the reflectivity varies with the surface concentration C as:[Formula: see text]where Cs is the concentration for a monolayer of fiber, r the mean fiber diameter. Thus, the absorption should reach a plateau when a sufficient thickness is obtained, and this nonlinear region should be attained at lower wavelength, and at lower concentrations for long fibers having a high aspect ratio. We further predict that the relative absorption A(λ1)/A(λ2) where λ1 2, should decrease with fiber dimension.The ATR signal at 303 cm−1, corresponding to a lattice vibration, varies linearly with fiber concentration up to 100 μg/cm2, whereas the intensity of this band relative to the OH stretching band at 3690 cm−1 is a monotonic function, representing the fiber morphology. Dust levels and fiber morphology established from the IR-ATR spectroscopy are consistent with measurements by light and electron microscopy.