Search

Predators not only have direct impact on biomass but also indirect, non-consumptive effects on the behavior their prey organisms. A characteristic response of zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems is predator avoidance by diel vertical migration (DVM), a behavior which is well studied on the population level. A wide range of behavioral diversity and plasticity has been observed both between- as well as within-species and, hence, investigating predator–prey interactions at the individual level seems therefore essential for a better understanding of zooplankton dynamics. Here we applied an underwater imaging instrument, the video plankton recorder (VPR), which allows the non-invasive investigation of individual, diel adaptive behavior of zooplankton in response to predators in the natural oceanic environment, providing a finely resolved and continuous documentation of the organisms’ vertical distribution. Combing observations of copepod individuals observed with the VPR and hydroacoustic estimates of predatory fish biomass, we here show (i) a small-scale DVM of ovigerous Pseudocalanus acuspes females in response to its main predators, (ii) in-situ observations of a direct short-term reaction of the prey to the arrival of the predator and (iii) in-situ evidence of pronounced individual variation in this adaptive behavior with potentially strong effects on individual performance and ecosystem functioning.

The best practices and recommendations for plankton imaging data management enable users to report a detailed taxonomic characterisation of plankton observations as well as quantitative information that is useful for ecological studies. This format allows biodiversity data portals to extend their scope beyond species occurrence data. Furthermore, proposing the use of more Darwin Core fields in this format, users now have the possibility to publish manually validated datasets, but also datasets produced by fully automated plankton identification workflows. The proposed data and file formats are simple and both human- and machine-readable to automatise workflows. This format will allow data generators to submit enriched plankton imaging datasets to the international biodiversity data portals, (Eur)OBIS and EMODnet Biology. We encourage plankton imaging data generators to implement these workflows into their pipelines, to share their data with the international data portals easily, enriching these databases with this valuable data. European Union; JERICO-S3 project, WP6- D6.4, funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 871153. Published Also published as JERICO Deliverable JERICO-S3 D6.4-WP6 -Best practices & recommendations for plankton imaging data management, JERICO-S3-WP6-D6.4-07.04.2022-V1.0 Refereed Current 14.a Phytoplankton biomass and diversity Zooplankton biomass and diversity Pilot or Demonstrated Novel (no adoption outside originators) Species distributions Species abundances Species morphology Taxonomic/phylogenetic diversity Community abundance Plankton In-situ plankton imaging instruments Benchtop plankton imaging instruments Reports with methodological relevance

International audience; The development of a new generation of biological sensors has drastically changed the studies of marine plankton from lab bench work to in vivo and real-time observations. Target organisms, from bacteria to plankton, can now be optically characterized and/or photographed and archived. Consequently, scientists are facing the difficult challenge to handle a large amount of data which need to be processed rapidly and harmonised before being stored in databases to be accessible to scientific/environmental management communities. In the Joint European Research Infrastructure for Coastal Observatories (JERICO-RI), we intend to integrate the monitoring of physical, biogeochemical and biological variables to better understand coastal ecosystems. Focusing primarily on plankton communities measured at high spatial and temporal resolution, we aim to provide a framework for the data flow following the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse (FAIR). To achieve this, we need to draw up best practices in data management to be followed by users and experts operating the sensors such as standardised protocol, minimal technical metadata elements for effective re-use, identify and extend appropriate vocabularies, identify tools for data integration and platforms for trust-worthy long-term archival, standardised data formats to be ingested by European data infrastructures. In this presentation, we will present some of our achievements regarding in vivo flow cytometry, imagery analysis, and multispectral fluorimetry.

Optical particle measurements are emerging as an important technique for understanding the ocean carbon cycle, including contributions to estimates of their downward flux, which sequesters carbon dioxide (CO2) in the deep sea. Optical instruments can be used from ships or installed on autonomous platforms, delivering much greater spatial and temporal coverage of particles in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean than traditional techniques, such as sediment traps. Technologies to image particles have advanced greatly over the last two decades, but the quantitative translation of these immense datasets into biogeochemical properties remains a challenge. In particular, advances are needed to enable the optimal translation of imaged objects into carbon content and sinking velocities. In addition, different devices often measure different optical properties, leading to difficulties in comparing results. Here we provide a practical overview of the challenges and potential of using these instruments, as a step toward improvement and expansion of their applications.

ESKP-Themenspezial: Biodiversität, Am Anfang der Nahrungskette im Meer steht das Plankton. Plankton zeichnet sich durch eine ausgesprochen breite Artenvielfalt aus. Mittels neuer Unterwasser-Plankton-Observatorien soll die Vielfalt des Planktons besser erfasst werden. So können auch die Veränderungen der Biodiversität im Plankton erkannt werden, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Klimawandel auftreten.

International audience; Plankton plays a key role in the biological pump and has a big impact on marine living resources. However, plankton is difficult to observe in a consistent manner across its extended size range and by the multiple observers that uses protocols that are not inter calibrated. Imaging sensors have the potential to provide key ``ecosystem essential ocean variables'' eEOVs (plankton biodiversity, morphological traits) that complement other sensors such as optical ones. Lab and in-situ imaging sensors have been deployed the 10 last years to provide insights into local dynamics in the frame of time series programs (from daily to decadal scales) and during oceanographic surveys across ocean basins. Combining observations from the different programmes has sometimes allowed to detect concomitant changes in different areas or provide a better spatial distribution of plankton communities. For example, such efforts were supported by the European FP7 JERICO, H2020 JERICO-NEXT, BRIDGES, EURO-BASIN programs. Most of the observation efforts were performed independently and hundreds of millions of images have been collected (and billions to come as sensors are getting more available). All those sparsely distributed images are usually not available for the users because of limited development in software solutions for identification, archiving and distribution, which are in a current improving process. Several attempts for developing web based services for image recognition, distribution and archiving have been performed (ecotaxa.obs-vlfr.fr) but only a fraction of the existing and future data can be treated by them. Based on the past ten years of effort, we will present a synthesis of successful developments in using imaging systems to provide information on plankton community at local, regional and ultimately global scales. These examples will show how relevant they are for ecosystem monitoring (e.g. detection of ecosystem changes and regime-shifts) and services (e.g. aquaculture, fisheries, biological carbon pump). We will then build on these examples to discuss future developments with the aim of, better observing, harmonizing practices and developing state of the art marine data and information management in order to increase the connection with the relevant stakeholders and community of users among researchers, conservation managers and private companies.

The coastal area is the most productive and dynamic environment of the world ocean with significant resources and services for mankind. JERICO-NEXT emphasizes thatthe complexity of the coastal ocean cannot be well understood if interconnection between physics, biogeochemistry and biology is not guaranteed. Such an integration requires new technological developments allowing continuous monitoring of a larger set of parameters. The objective of JERICO-NEXT consists in strengthening and enlarging a solid and transparent European network in providing operational services for the timely, continuous and sustainable delivery of high quality environmental data and information products related to marine environment in European coastal seas.The best practice of technologies, methodologies and procedures is a vital step in ensuring efficiency and optimal returns from any kind of distributed, heterogeneous, multifaceted, coastal observing infrastructure operating on a transnational level like the JERICO network. The JERICO network is always striving to increase its suite of sensors to anticipate likely future demands. As part of this effort, it is now implementing a variety of sensors for a number of bio-geochemical measurements. While Task 2.4 of JERICO-NEXT dealt with the harmonization of these sensors and their underlying technologies,this report provides information on Best Practice in the utilization of sensors used for measuring nutrients (lead: CEFAS), biology-related optical properties (lead: SYKE), variables of the marine carbonate system (lead: NIVA),and for coastal profiling (lead: CNR). This deliverable will also inform on the outcome and results of the workshopsthat weredealing with its topic during the project. Published Contributors: Naomi Greenwood , Chris Read, Agathe Laes-Huon, Anne Daniel, Karel Bakker, Daniel Blandfort , Martina Gehrung , Pasi Ylöstalo , Lumi Haraguchi , Jani Ruohola , Bengt Karlson , Felipe Artigas , Fabrice Lizon , Melilotus Thyssen , Guillaume Wacquet , Manolis Ntoumas , Veronique Créach , Pierre Jaccard , Laurent Delauney , Jukka Seppälä , Andrew L. King, Kai Sørensen, Sabine Marty , Anna Wranne Willstrand , Lauri Laakso , Carolina Cantoni , Wilhelm Petersen, Yoana Voynova, Klas Ove Möller , Michela Martinelli , Refereed Current 14.A Nutrients Inorganic carbon Best Practice Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc)

Optische Technologien und Verfahren sind sowohl in der limnischen als auch marinen Forschung Deutschlands über alle Bereiche und Skalen etabliert und entwickeln sich rasant weiter. Die Arbeitsgruppe „Aquatische Optische Technologien“ (AOT) will Forschern und Anwendern eine Plattform bieten, die Wissenstransfer fördert, der nationalen Entwicklergemeinschaft ein synergistisches Umfeld eröffnet und die internationale Sichtbarkeit der deutschen Aktivitäten in diesem Forschungsfeld erhöht.Diese Zusammenfassung dokumentiert erstmalig die AOT-Verfahren und -Technologien, die von nationalen Forschungsinstitutionen eingesetzt werden. Wir erwarten, dass die Dokumentation einen Trend in Richtung institutsübergreifender Harmonisierung initiiert. Dies wird die Etablierung offener Standards, eine Verbesserung im Zugang zu Dokumentationen und gegenseitige technischer Hilfestellung bei (System-) Integrationen ermöglichen. Effizienz und Leistungsfähigkeit der AOT-Entwicklung und Anwendung auf nationaler Ebene werden von diesen Bestrebungen profitieren.Weitere Arbeitsgruppen und Entwickler werden ausdrücklich ermutigt, Kontakt aufzunehmen, um in einer späteren Auflage berücksichtigt zu werden. published

Cruise Report RV ALKOR Cruise 453 29.03.2015 – 10.04.2015 BONUS-­‐INSPIRE

Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte No 97 2015 - Marine Science Reports No 97 2015, Optic technologies and methods/procedures are established across all areas and scales in limnic and marine research in Germany and develop further continuously. The working group “Aquatic Optic Technologies” (AOT) constitutes a common platform for knowledge transfer among scientists and users, provides a synergistic environment for the national developer community and will enhance the international visibility of the German activities in this field. This document summarizes the AOT-procedures and -techniques applied by national research institutions. We expect to initiate a trend towards harmonization across institutes. This will facilitate the establishment of open standards, provide better access to documentation, and render technical assistance for systems integration. The document consists of the parts: Platforms and carrier systems outlines the main application areas and the used technologies. Focus parameters specifies the parameters measured by means of optical methods/techniques and indicates to which extent these parameters have a socio-political dimension. Methods presents the individual optical sensors and their underlying physical methods. Similarities denominates the common space of AOT-techniques and applications. National developments lists projects and developer groups in Germany designing optical high-technologies for limnic and marine scientific purposes., Optische Technologien und Verfahren sind sowohl in der limnischen als auch marinen Forschung Deutschlands über alle Bereiche und Skalen etabliert und entwickeln sich rasant weiter. Die Arbeitsgruppe „Aquatische Optische Technologien“ (AOT) will Forschern und Anwendern eine Plattform bieten, die Wissenstransfer fördert, der nationalen Entwicklergemeinschaft ein synergistisches Umfeld eröffnet und die internationale Sichtbarkeit der deutschen Aktivitäten in diesem Forschungsfeld erhöht. Diese Zusammenfassung dokumentiert erstmalig die AOT-Verfahren und -Technologien, die von nationalen Forschungsinstitutionen eingesetzt werden. Wir erwarten, dass die Dokumentation einen Trend in Richtung institutsübergreifender Harmonisierung initiiert. Dies wird die Etablierung offener Standards, eine Verbesserung im Zugang zu Dokumentationen und gegenseitige technischer Hilfestellung bei (System-) Integrationen ermöglichen. Effizienz und Leistungsfähigkeit der AOT-Entwicklung und Anwendung auf nationaler Ebene werden von diesen Bestrebungen profitieren. Weitere Arbeitsgruppen und Entwickler werden ausdrücklich ermutigt, Kontakt aufzunehmen, um in einer späteren Auflage berücksichtigt zu werden. Das Dokument gliedert sich in mehrere Teile: Plattformen und Trägersysteme zeigt, wie optische Sensoren häufig eingesetzt werden, aus welchen Medien heraus und mit welcher Hintergrund-Technologie. Fokusparameter beschreibt die Größen, die mit Hilfe optischer Verfahren gemessen werden und zeigt, inwiefern diese Größen eine gesellschaftspolitische Dimension besitzen. Methoden stellt die einzelnen optischen Sensoren und die zu Grunde liegenden physikalischen Verfahren vor. Gemeinsamkeiten beschreibt die nationale Schnittmenge an AOT-Themen, -Verfahren und – Anwendungen. Nationale Entwicklungen listet eine Vielzahl von Projekten und Entwicklergruppen auf, die optische Hoch-Technologie für den limnischen und marinen Einsatz entwickeln. Aufgrund dieser Gliederung lassen sich im Text inhaltliche Wiederholungen nicht vermeiden, da z.B. bei der Darstellung der Parameter die verwendeten Methoden und deren Einsatz auf Geräteträgern angesprochen werden. Bei einer Aufzählung von Untersuchungsmethoden gilt dies entsprechend umgekehrt. Wir haben aus Gründen der Lesbarkeit und Eigenständigkeit der einzelnen Abschnitte diese Wiederholungen bewusst in Kauf genommen und ggf. Querverweise eingefügt.

The present deliverable gathers and reports on the outcomes of the four parts of the first JERICO-NEXT workshop on sensors for nutrients, biology-related optical properties, variables of the marine carbonate system, and for coastal profiling. It provides descriptions of such systems and the way they are run, and critically assesses their current level of development from the specific perspective of the operations carried out routinely by the JERICO observing network, and by extension, in the general European context. Published Refereed Current