Search

Introduction Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), also called hysteria or conversion disorder, have represented a challenge over the centuries in terms of comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for symptoms which mimic neurological diseases without organic damage. Charcot considered hysteria primarily a hereditary disorder, but also considered that environmental factors including physical and emotional stress served as provoking factors. The prevailing etiologic theories of FND are psychosocial and still strongly dominated by the Freudian concept of conversion – a psychologic symptom is converted into a somatic symptom as a way of dealing with the distress of the symptom. However, physiologic studies with fMRI are necessary to understand the neurological mechanisms involved in FND symptoms. Convergent neuroimaging findings have implicated abnormal limbic-motor interactions in response to emotional stimuli in FND patients, demonstrated a possible role of the limbic system (LS) in FND neurophysiology. Objectives Understand the role of LS in the neurophysiologic mechanisms involve in FND. Methods Systematic review of the literature published in PubMed, using the terms “Functional Neurological Disorders”, “Limbic System”, “Emotions”. Results Physiologic studies of functional weakness and sensory loss reveal normal functioning of primary motor and sensory cortex, but abnormalities of premotor cortex and association cortices. This suggests a top-down influence creating the dysfunction during the action control. Indeed, fMRI studies with FND motor patients show a hypoactivation of cortical and subcortical motor pathways, and a hyperactivity in limbic areas related with an abnormal limbic regulation with increased amygdala activity. In fact, studies have found a dysfunction in the medial prefrontal areas in FDN patients suggesting that they might have an abnormal affective representation (AR) of self-relevant information encoded in this region, which can later induce specific behavioral patterns of thought interaction with sensorimotor circuits. The abnormal AR could be influence by a dysfunction in LS regulation. Indeed, emotions are one of the major factors influencing movement choice. Moreover, limbic structures, such as the amygdala, can be influenced by genetic factors and/or early life stress. Thus, abnormal functioning of LS could lead to functional disorders by deranged top-down control. Conclusions In conclusion, FND patients may have an abnormal AR and/or emotion regulation mechanisms possibly due to prior experience or partly genetically determined which interact with lower-order functions leading to the production of the functional symptoms, where LS have an important role. However, much further empiric research is needed to better understand this fascinating and debilitating condition, as well as to derive new perspectives for more efficient therapeutic interventions in these patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

This article presents a reflection on the past and current history, uses, and significance of the Luiz Rau creek to the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul. Its waters have always been important to the region, quenching the thirst of the local population and their livestock and providing venues for shared social interactions, but also as a destination for municipal industrial and household waste, which has polluted the waters of the creek. Our primary objective is to present and discuss these aspects with the purpose of elucidating the historical importance of this watercourse to the city of Novo Hamburgo. Toward that end, we conducted an exploratory survey to obtain the necessary inputs for such a discussion. We also employed texts from the now-defunct Jornal 5 de Abril and from Jornal NH, the highest-circulating newspaper in the region, to illustrate some situations experienced by the community. We found that municipal waste continues to be dumped into the creek, which has made it rather unloved by the local residents, but it remains firmly present in their daily lives.

This article presents a reflection on the past and current history, uses, and significance of the Luiz Rau creek to the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul. Its waters have always been important to the region, quenching the thirst of the local population and their livestock and providing venues for shared social interactions, but also as a destination for municipal industrial and household waste, which has polluted the waters of the creek. Our primary objective is to present and discuss these aspects with the purpose of elucidating the historical importance of this watercourse to the city of Novo Hamburgo. Toward that end, we conducted an exploratory survey to obtain the necessary inputs for such a discussion. We also employed texts from the now-defunct Jornal 5 de Abril and from Jornal NH, the highest-circulating newspaper in the region, to illustrate some situations experienced by the community. We found that municipal waste continues to be dumped into the creek, which has made it rather unloved by the local residents, but it remains firmly present in their daily lives.