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Sphene based glass-ceramics (CaTiSiO5), an excellent candidate for a host lattice of ceramic materials and for nuclear waste immobilization, has been prepared from a powder mixture of CaCO3, TiO2 and SiO2 using vibro-milling for homogenization. Starting powders were melted at 1400°C for 2 h, cooled to room temperature, grounded again, then crystallized by thermal treatment yielding a sphene glass-ceramic. The evolution of the phase composition during thermal treatment was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), FT-IR, Raman and thermal analyses (TG-DTA). Pure synthetic single phase sphene was formed at 800°C for 4 h, even it is very hard to obtain monophase powder at such low temperature. Powder morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 45012]

Processing and characterization of polymer nanocomposites based on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with embedded core-shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD's) were presented in this work. The aim is to preserve the optical activity of QD's in nanocomposite processing with improved mechanical properties. The modification of QD's CdSe/ZnS-PMMA interface was achieved with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS). Nanocomposites were processed by solution casting. The samples of pure PMMA, and composites with unmodified and silane modified QD's CdSe/ZnS were processed. FTIR analysis revealed modification of QD's with silane and characteristic bonding with PMMA matrix. Raman spectrum confirms a presence of alloyed layer at the core-shell interface. Time-resolved laser induced fluorescence measurements confirmed slight blue shift in QD's CdSe/ZnS-PMMA composite without interface modification, while there was a slight red shift with modified particles. Oxidation effects in quantum dots were removed with the use of PMMA as a host, and the core remained active, which was confirmed with FTIR analysis and time-resolved laser induced fluorescence measurements.

In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization of YVO 4 and Eu 3+ -doped YVO 4 nanopowders. Two methods of preparation were used—solution combustion synthesis (SCS) and classical ceramic method (CCM)—and compared. Morphology and structure of all samples were characterized with atomic-force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Raman spectroscopy was used to discuss the isotope-like effect. It is confirmed that doping with Eu ions results in a change of Raman spectra of doped samples—new modes arise, and intensity of existing ones change. Influence of different preparation methods on isotope-like effect is presented with detailed calculations of shifted modes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is a cathode material for the rechargeable-lithium batteries. In this paper is presented a novel method of fabrication carbon-coated LiFePO4 in a pilot reactor built according to the principles of the thermo-acoustic burner of Helmholtz-type. Crystalline powder with a high percentage of LiFePO4 was synthesized by incomplete combustion, i.e. in the reductive atmosphere, and calcined at 700°C for 6 h. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the production of the high-quality lithium-ion cathode material by the incomplete combustion. The synthesis of LiFePO4 is completed during calcination and an ordered structure is attained. Fast synthesis in the reactor (less than 2 s) is achieved due to the reduction in the size of reactant's particles and a huge number of collisions owing to their strong turbulent flow associated with explosive combustion. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 45003]

Nanocomposite material containing NiO nanoparticles decorated on WO3 nanowires could be used for monitoring levels of H2S gas. The effectiveness of this material is mostly determined by NiO properties. The performed study presents the first stage in the preparation of modified NiO/WO3 nanocomposite material. In this article, NiO nanoparticles are prepared by a simple, low-cost method.The behavior of nano-sized NiO particles is probed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hysteretic measurement.

Mesoporous TiO2 films with spherical architectures and promising performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared. The morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the spheres disclosed the elongated shape of sub-20 nm primary particles, while BET analysis revealed their high surface area of 135m2/g. Anatase presence was observed in the films based on X-ray diffractometry, selected-area electron diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Increased light scattering of the spheres in visible region was observed by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Photovoltaic performance of the operating N719-sensitized cells was tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current density-voltage (J-V) curves under simulated AM1.5 spectrum. The 0.25 cm2 cells exhibited photo-to-electric power efficiency of 4.9%, which is among noteworthy values for DSSCs with similar photoanodic structures.

The analysis of the vibrational properties of mechanochemically synthesized stannite Cu2FeSnS4 nanocrystals has been performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy are techniques used to characterize the crystal structure and compositional purity of stannite Cu2FeSnS4 nanoparticles. The detailed analysis of the experimental spectra has allowed us to determine the frequency and symmetry assignment of the main and weaker peaks. The milling time influence on synthesis stannite Cu2FeSnS4 from elemental precursors Cu, Fe, Sn and S is observed. Among the peaks that are characteristic for the stannite Cu2FeSnS4, we registered the modes of binary phases of FeS and SnS. The total disappearance of the binary phases of FeS and SnS is observed when the milling time is longer than 90 min.

The Raman spectra of Eu3+ doped Gd2Zr2O7 nanopowders were measured. We registered three phonons at 177 cm−1, 268 cm−1, and 592 cm−1, as well as their overtones at 354 cm−1, 445 cm−1, 708 cm−1, 1062 cm−1, 1184 cm−1, ∼1530 cm−1, and ∼1720 cm−1. The phonon at 592 cm−1 is known to be characteristic for Gd2Zr2O7 fluorite-type structure; however, the other two have not been registered so far. We found that the position of the newly detected phonons agrees well with the observed electron-phonon interaction. On the other hand, the registered multiphonon processes were a consequence of miniaturization that further induced changes in electronic structure of Eu3+ doped Gd2Zr2O7 nanopowders.

Thin films of CuSe2 nanoparticles embedded in selenium matrix were prepared by vacuum evaporation method on a glass substrate at room temperature. The optical properties of the films were investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy (T=20-300K) and UV-VIS spectroscopy (T = 300K). Surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The band gap for direct transition in CuSe2 was found to be in the range of 2.72-2.75 eV and that for indirect transition is in the range of 1.71-1.75 eV determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy. On the other hand, selenium exhibits direct band gap in the range of 2.33-2.36 eV. All estimated band gaps slightly decrease with the increase of the film thickness. Photoluminescence spectra of the thin films clearly show emission bands at about 1.63 and 2.32 eV at room temperature, with no shift observed with decreasing temperature. A model was proposed for explaining such anomaly.

In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization of the YVO4:Eu3+ nanopowder. The material was prepared using simple solution combustion synthesis. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman and photoluminescence (PL) techniques were used to confirm and characterize the prepared material. The time resolved analysis of emission spectra was achieved by using the streak camera system. Beside luminescence lifetime of slow decayed transitions we also measured their rise time and lifetime of fast decayed transitions. We also determitied the excitation spectra of this nano material. Results of our analysis prove that YVO4:Eu3(+) nanopowder is appropriate material for various optoelectronic devices. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) cryogels were synthesized by sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde and freeze-drying was carried out with t-butanol. Carbon cryogel (CC) was obtained by pyrolyzing RF cryogels in an inert atmosphere to 950 °C. Nitrogen doped CCs (CCN) were synthesized by introducing melamine into RF precursor mixture solution to obtain nitrogen concentration 2, 6 and 10 wt.%. Material was characterized by elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption– desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR Spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate capacitive and electrocatalytic properties. Conductivity measurement was also performed. Elemental analysis results confirmed presence of nitrogen in CCN samples in the range from 0.45 to 1.15 wt.%. Raman spectroscopy of the samples showed increase of D and G peak integrated intensity ratio (ID/IG) with nitrogen doping suggesting that the structural disorder as well as edge plane density increase, but according to similar ID/IG values for CCN samples, their share is not directly related to the amount of incorporated N. Characterization by nitrogen adsorption showed that overall specific surface and maximum mesopores are achieved in CCN sample with medium nitrogen concentration. Results of cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrated maximum capacitance for CCN sample with smallest N wt.% indicating that narrow pore size distribution and high specific surface area are dominant factors to achieve good capacitive behavior. The relatively low doping level of nitrogen reached in CCN samples may be the reason for the incomplete reduction of oxygen to hydroxide and furthermore it turned out that presence of N in the structure of CC had a negligible effect on the otherwise relatively high conductivity of CC. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

The polymer nanocomposite ZnS/Poly (methylmethacrylate) was prepared by the solution casting method and its structural and optical properties were investigated using XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM , and Raman spectroscopy . The basic material, ZnS , has the cubic structure and its crystallite size was estimated to be 2.3 nm, which implies that a strong confinement regime is in effect. Analysis of Raman spectra was performed using the fitting procedure based on effective medium theory. As a result, the surface optical phonon (SOP) mode was detected. It was found that the shape and position of the SOP mode depend on the type of the composite.

Copper selenide thin films of three different thicknesses have been prepared by vacuum evaporation method on a glass substrate at room temperature. The optical properties of the films were investigated by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Surface morphology was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Copper selenide exhibits both direct and indirect transitions. The band gap for direct transition is found to be ~2.7 eV and that for indirect transition it is ~1.70 eV. Photoluminescence spectra of copper selenide thin films have also been analyzed, which show emission peaks at 530, 550, and 760 nm. The latter corresponds to indirect transition in investigated material. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III45003]

Indium selenide belongs to layered III–VI semiconductors with highly anisotropic optical and electronic properties. Energy gap of 1.32 eV makes this material very attractive for solar energy conversion. We investigated the influence of 1% 3-d transition metals M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, used as dopants, on energy levels of InSe:M in the range 1.4–6.5 eV and especially in the range of energy gap

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) is one of the widely used cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. LFP batteries are widely used for electric vehicles and backup power due to their important advantages such as low cost, lifetime, efficiency, and reliability. There are still several technical challenges that need to be addressed: the increase of energy density or further reduction of their final cost. This paper concerned with the characterization of carbon coated LiFePO4 nanopowder cathode materials produced under different conditions by pulse combustion for providing energy to the reactor for the synthesis. The reactor was built according to the principles of the thermoacoustic burner on the basis of the Helmholtz resonator. The investigated nanopowders are synthesized by complete and incomplete combustion and calcined at 700 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Observed low-temperature magnetic phase transitions definitively identified the crystal phases. The morphology of samples was controlled by scanning electron microscopy. The aim of this work is to show that it is possible to achieve a desired crystal phase by pulse combustion in a relatively cheap and fast way. The extremely rapid synthesis of almost pure phase material is possible due to the reduction in size of interacting particles and to an enormous number of collisions between them as a result of strong turbulent flow associated with explosive combustion.Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) is one of the widely used cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. LFP batteries are widely used for electric vehicles and backup power due to their important advantages such as low cost, lifetime, efficiency, and reliability. There are still several technical challenges that need to be addressed: the increase of energy density or further reduction of their final cost. This paper concerned with the characterization of carbon coated LiFePO4 nanopowder cathode materials produced under different conditions by pulse combustion for providing energy to the reactor for the synthesis. The reactor was built according to the principles of the thermoacoustic burner on the basis of the Helmholtz resonator. The investigated nanopowders are synthesized by complete and incomplete combustion and calcined at 700 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Observed low-temperature magn...

In this paper we present photoluminescence measurements of CdSe nanoparticles embedded in transparent glass. Sample is prepared using an original technique, which combines both heat treatment and ultraviolet laser irradiation. Photoluminescence spectra displayed one main emission band at 2.14 eV. We identify this bands energy as basic interband transition in CdSe nanoparticle. We calculated energy of basic (1sh–1se) transition in spherical CdSe quantum dot (QD), within infinite potential barrier, in effective-mass approximation. On the basis of this model, average radius of synthesized CdSe QDs is about 3 nm, which is in consistence with AFM measurements and UV–VIS absorption measurements.

It must be noted that the main objective of this study was to obtain single crystals of calcium fluoride - CaF2, and after that the crystals were characterized with various spectroscopic methods. The crystals were grown using the Bridgman technique. By optimizing growth conditions, oriented CaF2 crystals up to 20 mm in diameter were grown. Number of dislocations in CaF2 crystals was 5×104 - 2×105 per cm2. Selected CaF2 single crystal is cut into several tiles with the diamond saw. The plates were polished, first with the silicon carbide, then the paraffin oil, and finally with a diamond paste. The obtained crystal wаs studied by Raman and infrared -IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). One Raman and two IR optical modes predicted by group theory are observed. A low photoluminescence testifies that the concentration of oxygen defects within the host CaF2 is small. All performed investigations show that the obtained CaF2 single crystal has good optical quality, which was the goal of this work. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 45003 i br. TR34011]

Dysprosium (Dy3+ ions) doped YAG nanopowders were prepared by the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method and undoped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) single crystal was grown by the Czochralski technique. The structure of the prepared materials has been confirmed and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. PL spectra were acquired using Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) excitation tuned at 350 nm. Several emission bands in Dy3+ emission spectrum were observed in the blue (470-500 nm), yellow (560-600 nm), red (660-685 nm) and infra-red (750-780 nm) regions, corresponding to F-4(9/2)-H-6(15/2), F-4(9/2)-H-6(13/2), F-4(9/2)-H-6(11/2), F-4(9/2)-(H-6(9/2) + H-6(11/2)) transitions in the 4f levels of Dy3+ ions, respectively. By using the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram of emission spectra it has been shown that this material can be used as a source of a white light. The result of lifetime analysis of the F-4(9/2) level in dysprosium ion has been reported, as well. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The interest in thorough description of Zn 1– x Mn x GeAs 2 arises from its suitability for application in the field of non-linear optics. The room temperature far-infrared reflectivity spectra of single crystals Zn 1– x Mn x GeAs 2 , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.078, were measured in the spectral range from 80 cm −1 to 500 cm −1 . The spectra were analyzed by fitting procedure using a dielectric function which includes interaction between a plasmon and two different phonons. The detected phonons are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The MnAs cluster phonons are detected, as well.

Properties of CdS thin films were investigated applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. CdS thin films were prepared by using thermal evaporation technique under base pressure 2 x 10-5 torr. The quality of these films was investigated by AFM spectroscopy. We apply Raman scattering to investigate optical properties of CdS thin films, and reveal existence of surface optical phonon (SOP) mode at 297 cm-1. Effective permittivity of mixture were modeled by Maxwell - Garnet approximation. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 45003]

The far-infrared reflectivity spectra of CdTe 0.97 Se 0.03 and CdTe 0.97 Se 0.03 (In) single crystals were measured at different temperatures. The analysis of the far-infrared spectra was carried out by a fitting procedure based on the dielectric function which includes spatial distribution of free carriers as well as their influence on the plasmon–phonon interaction. We found that the long wavelength optical phonon modes of CdTe 1 − x Se x mixed crystals exhibit a two-mode behavior. The local In mode at about 160 cm −1 is observed. In both sample, a surface layer with a low concentration of free carriers (depleted region) are formed.

Our work deals with the problem of producing a complex metal-ceramic composite using the processes of internal oxidation (IO) and severe plastic deformation. For this purpose, Cu-Al alloy with 0.4wt.% of Al was used. IO of sample serves in the first step of the processing as a means for attaining a fine dispersion of nanosized oxide particles in the metal matrix. Production technology continues with repeated application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) of the resulting metalmatrix composite to produce the bulk nanoscaled structural material. SPD was carried out with equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), which allowed that the material could be subjected to an intense plastic strain through simple shear. Microstructural characteristics of one phase and multiphase material was studied on internally oxidized Cu with 0.4wt.% of Al sample composed of one phase copper-aluminum solid solution in the core and fine dispersed oxide particles in the same matrix in the mantle region. In this manner AFM, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used. Local structures in plastically deformed samples reflect presence of Cu, CuO, Cu2O, Cu4O3 or Al2O3 structural characteristics, depending on type of sample. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III45003]

The properties of 3 monolayers (ml) CdTe self-assembled quantum dot (SAQD) sample are investigated by means of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL spectrum is characterized by two main emission peaks, both connected with the existence of QDs. One presents direct deexcitation to ground state and the other one is optical phonon ( ω = 204.2 cm −1 ) assisted deexcitation. One-phonon Raman spectra at room temperature show surface-optical phonon at 201 cm −1 . At temperatures below 200 K, multiphonon processes are registered. Multiphonon maximum depends on the temperature, and laser energy.

The properties of CdS thin films were investigated by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman and far-infrared spectroscopy. CdS thin films were prepared by using the thermal evaporation technique under base pressure 2 × 10 −5 torr. The quality of these films was investigated by AFM spectroscopy. We applied Raman scattering and far-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the optical properties of CdS thin films, and reveal the existence of Surface Optical Phonon (SOP) mode at 297 cm −1 . Effective permittivity of mixture was modeled by Maxwell–Garnet approximation. In the analysis of the far-infrared reflection spectra, a numerical model for calculating the reflectivity coefficient for a system which includes films and substrate was applied.

In this work we select most probable reactions of alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+) with dimethoxyethane (DXE) molecule. Appropriate gas phase enthalpies of formation for the products were used to calculate scattering cross section as a function of kinetic energy with Denpoh-Nanbu theory. Calculated cross sections were compared with existing experimental results obtained by guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. Three body association reaction of ions with DXE for three different pressures is studied and compared to experimental results. Calculated cross sections can be used to obtain transport parameters for Na+ in DXE gas.

This paper describes the structural and optical properties of Cu-Se-CuSe2 thin films. The surface morphology of thin films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Formation of thin films is concluded to proceed unevenly, in the form of islands which later grew into agglomerates. The structural characterization of Cu-Se-CuSe2 thin film was investigated using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The presence of two-phase system is observed. One is the solid solution of Cu in Se and the other is low-pressure modification of CuSe2. The Raman spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify the individual phases present in the films. Red shift and asymmetry of Raman mode characteristic for CuSe2 enable us to estimate nanocrystal dimension. In the analysis of the far-infrared reflection spectra, numerical model for calculating the reflectivity coefficient of layered system, which includes film with nanocrystallite inclusions (modeled by Maxwell–Garnet approximation) and substrate, has been applied. UV–VIS spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy are employed to estimate direct and indirect band gap of CuSe2.

The nanodimensional Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrites were prepared from mixture of NiO/ZnO/α-Fe2O3 and Ni(OH)2/Zn(OH)2/Fe(OH)3 powders by (soft) mechanochemical synthesis after 5 and 10 h of milling time. The XRD of the sample obtained after 10 h milling time shows single phase cubic spinel structure. TEM analysis revealed that all samples are composed of more or less agglomerated nanosize particles. The average size of nano crystallites is ~20 nm. The degree of the cation inversion of NZF is estimated for spinel fraction in all samples by Rietveld analysis. In the Raman spectra are observed all of first-order active modes. In the spectra of the single phase “hydroxide” samples it is visible that the energy position and intensity of modes is dependent on the composition and cation distribution. It was shown that the modes in Raman spectra of nickel-zinc ferrite that originate from vibrating of different cations could be clearly distinguished. From the ratio of intensities of the A 1g-type Raman modes, it is possible to estimate the inversion of cations. The Mossbauer spectra were fitted by several subspectra and according to known subspectral areas of both iron sites the degree of inversion was calculated, also. The cation inversion is λ = 0.36(3) for ferrite sample obtained from the mixture of appropriate hydroxide for 10 h milling.

Yttrium orthoferrite (YFeO3) powder was prepared by a mechanochemical synthesis from a mixture of Y2O3 and α-Fe2O3 powders in a planetary ball mill for 2.5 h. The obtained YFeO3 powder sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The average crystallite size calculated by the Scherrer equation was 12 nm. The Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature confirms the superparamagnetic character of YFeO3 orthoferrite sample. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 45003, Grant no. III 45015, Grant no. III 45018]

This paper describes the structural and optical properties of Cu-Se thin films. The surface morphology of thin films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Formation of Cu-Se thin films is concluded to proceed unevenly, in the form of islands which later grew into agglomerates. The structural characterization of Cu-Se thin film was investigated using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The presence of two-phase system is observed. One is the solid solution of Cu in Se and the other is low-pressure modification of CuSe2. The Raman spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify the individual phases present in the Cu-Se films. Red shift and asymmetry of Raman mode characteristic for CuSe2 enable us to estimate nanocrystal dimension. In the analysis of the far infrared reflection spectra, numerical model for calculating the reflectivity coefficient of layered system, which includes film with nanocrystalite inclusions (modeled by Maxwell -Garnett approximation) and substrate, has been applied. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The far-infrared reflectivity spectra of CdTe0.97Se0.03 and CdTe0.97Se0.03(In) single crystals were measured at different temperatures. The analysis of the far-infrared spectra was carried out by a fitting procedure based on the dielectric function which includes spacious distribution of free carrier as well as their influence on the plasmon–phonon interaction. We found that the long wavelength optical phonon modes of CdTe1-xSex mixed crystals exhibit a two-mode behavior. The local In mode at about 160 cm−1 is observed. In both samples, a surface layer with a low concentration of free carriers is formed.

In this paper, we used Raman spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry to investigate optical properties of plastically deformed copper. Chemically pure copper prepared in a sample of square cross section (10 × 10 mm2) and about 50 mm long was extremely plastically deformed with the repeated application of Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Information about microstructure with ultrafine grains is obtained by atomic force microscopy. The structure of the sample surface—the copper oxide and surface roughness over-layer—was registered by spectroscopic ellipsometry. By Raman spectroscopy, two types of lines are registered: narrow, with the width ∼7 cm−1; and wide, ∼40 cm−1, which implies that nano-sized crystal structures related to three-dimensional amorphous boundary spaces exist in the specimen.

In this paper, we used the Czochralski method to obtain good-quality yttrium aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12)—YAG and yttrium aluminium garnet doped with neodymium—Nd:YAG crystals. The investigations were based on the growth mechanisms and the shape of the liquid/solid interface on the crystal properties and incorporation of Nd3+ ions. The obtained single YAG and Nd:YAG crystals were studied by use of Raman and IR spectroscopy. There are strong metal oxygen vibrations in region 650–800 cm−1 which are characteristics of Al–O bond: peaks at 784/854, 719/763 and 691/707 cm−1 correspond to asymmetric stretching vibrations in tetrahedral arrangement. Peaks at 566/582, 510/547 and 477/505 cm−1 are asymmetric stretching vibrations, and 453/483 cm−1 is symmetric vibration of Al–O bond in octahedral arrangement of garnet structure. Lower energy peaks correspond to translation and liberation of cations in different coordinations—tetrahedral, octahedral and dodecahedral in the case of the lowest modes.

In this paper, a theoretical study of 1, 2-dimethoxy ethane (DXE) and $\text{K}^+/\text{Li}^+$ binary mixture in low-temperature plasmas is reported. The most probable reactions of alkali metal ions K + and Li + with dimethoxy ethane molecule and its fragment ions are selected in order to obtain appropriate gas phase enthalpies of formation for the products. The scattering cross-sections set as a function of kinetic energy and transport parameters as a function of E / N ( E is the electric field, N the gas density) were obtained by using the Monte Carlo technique.

Bi12GeO20 single crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique. The critical diameter and the critical rate of rotation were calculated. Suitable polishing and etching solutions were determined. As a result of our experiments, the pale yellow and black single crystals were produced. The structure of the Bi12GeO20 has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy. The atomic ratio Bi/Ge was determined for the both crystals. The refractive indexes of both Bi12GeO20 crystals were determined by the spectroscopic ellipsometry method. Important properties of Bi12GeO20 for sensing applications, optical activity, Faraday rotation and absorption were measured and magneto optical quality was calculated and compared. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The properties of Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were investigated by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) and far–infrared spectroscopy. CdS thin films were prepared using thermal evaporation technique under a base pressure of 2 × 10−5 torr. The quality of these films was investigated by AFM spectroscopy. We apply far–infrared spectroscopy to investigate the optical properties of CdS thin films, and reveal the existence of a surface optical phonon (SOP) mode at 297 cm−1. For the first time, the dielectric function of CdS thin film is modeled as a mixture of homogenous spherical inclusions in air by the Maxwell–Garnet formula. In the analysis of the far–infrared reflection spectra, a numerical model for calculating the reflectivity coefficient for a system which includes films and substrates has been applied.

In this paper, we used the Czochralski method to obtain good quality yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) and yttrium aluminium garnet doped with neodymium (Nd: YAG) crystals. The investigations were based on the growth mechanisms and the shape of the liquid/solid interface crystallization front on the crystal properties and incorporation of Nd3+ ions. The obtained single YAG and Nd: YAG crystals were studied by use of x-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy. There are strong metal oxygen vibrations in the region of 650-800 cm(-1) which are characteristics of Al-O bond: peaks at 784/854, 719/763 and 691/707 cm(-1) correspond to asymmetric stretching vibrations in tetrahedral arrangement. Peaks at 566/582, 510/547 and 477/505 cm(-1) are asymmetric stretching vibrations and 453/483 cm(-1) is the symmetric vibration of the Al-O bond in octahedral arrangements of the garnet structure. Lower energy peaks correspond to translation and vibration of cations in different coordinations-tetrahedral, octahedral and dodecahedral in the case of the lowest modes.