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An unresolved question in visionary leadership research is, why must visions be high in imagery to cause affective reactions and be motivationally effective? Research in motivation psychology has shown that pictorial cues arouse implicit motives. Thus, pictorial cues from vision-induced imagery should arouse a follower’s implicit motives just like a real image. Hence, our fundamental proposition is that follower implicit motives and follower approach motivation serially mediate the relationship between leader vision and followers’ vision pursuit. We also examine the case of negative leader visions, with the central propositions that a negative leader vision arouses a follower’s implicit fear motives and that the follower’s implicit fear motives and follower avoidance motivation serially mediate the relationship between negative leader vision and the follower’s fear-related behaviors. Lastly, we assert that multiple implicit follower motives aroused by a multithematic leader vision exert additive as well as interaction effects on the follower’s vision pursuit. Plain Language Summary An unresolved question in leader vision research concerns why visions need to be high in imagery in order to elicit affective reactions in followers and be motivationally effective? Research in motivation psychology has shown that pictorial cues can arouse a person's implicit motives. It would thus be reasonable to expect that pictorial cues from leader vision-induced imagery arouse a follower's implicit motives just like a real image. Based on this reasoning, our key proposition is that follower implicit motives and follower approach motivation serially mediate the relationship between leader vision and followers' vision pursuit. We also integrate the special case of negative leader visions into our theorizing, with the central propositions that a negative leader vision arouses a follower's implicit fear motives, and that the follower's implicit fear motives and follower avoidance motivation serially mediate the relationship between negative leader vision and the follower's fear-related behaviors. Lastly, based on the distinction between mono- and multithematic visions, the latter of which with the potential to arouse more than one implicit motive simultaneously, we assert that multiple implicit follower motives aroused by a multithematic leader vision exert additive as well as interaction effects on the follower's vision pursuit.

Job burnout is a profound concern in modern society producing enormous financial and emotional costs for companies, health insurances, and the individual employee. In this study, we aimed at contributing to the literature on determinants of job burnout by investigating the indirect effects of implicit and explicit motive discrepancies (IED) through intrinsic motivation, with the aim of replicating previous findings from the literature. In addition, we extended this research by adding job satisfaction as an outcome variable in the mediation model, as well as volition as a moderator in these relationships. We preregistered our study and collected data from 136 participants (82 females; Mage = 29.33 years, SDage = 6.30) using indirect measures (for implicit motives) and self-report measures (for explicit motives, job burnout, job satisfaction and volition). IED was shown to have an indirect effect on both job burnout and job satisfaction through intrinsic motivation. Additionally, these indirect effects were mitigated by high levels volition. We discuss implications of our findings for research and practice.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.1980758.

The present paper reports three studies that were based on the general proposition that the effectiveness of transformational leadership (TL) depends on whether the displayed TL behaviors match the followers’ motives. Specifically, inspirational motivation should be effective with followers high on the power motive, intellectual stimulation should be effective with followers high on the achievement motive, and individual consideration should be effective with followers high on the affiliation motive. In study 1, in order to confirm the hypothesized conceptual relationships between TL and motives, we systematically analyzed the TL literature (N = 139 papers) for motive content and found, as predicted, that descriptions of inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration were associated with power, achievement, and affiliation motive content, respectively. Study 2, a vignette study, confirmed that participants’ (N = 113) motives determined their preferences for the respective TL behaviors. In study 3 (N = 116), we manipulated TL behaviors with video clips and confirmed the predictions that followers’ affiliation [power] motive moderated the effects of individual consideration [inspirational motivation] on leaders’ influence and followers’ task performance. Mixed results were obtained regarding the expected moderating function of followers’ achievement motive on the effects of intellectual stimulation. Findings are discussed with respect to their importance in establishing TL as a motivation theory.

One of the prominent questions in flow research is the investigation of conditions that need to be met so that people will get involved in an activity for the sheer sake of doing it. The present study examined the relationship between distal (i.e., implicit motives) and proximal (i.e., affective preferences, cognitive preferences, perceived abilities) motivational processes and flow experience based on assumptions of the compensatory model of motivation and volition. In order to arouse the implicit agentic motive, 63 participants worked on an online platform in an open innovation environment. Results showed that affective preferences mediated the effect of the implicit agentic motive on flow experience. Moreover, a hierarchical regression analysis with simple slope tests yielded that, at the proximal level, the congruence of affective preferences, cognitive preferences, and perceived abilities was associated with flow experience. The present research adds some new and essential ingredients to Csikszentmihalyis’ traditional conception of flow.

Objective Visionary images are identity-relevant, picture-like mental representations of a desirable and attainable future appearing regularly in a person's stream of thought. Prior research indicates that both mental and real images provide access to implicit motives. We therefore proposed that visionary images motivate people by arousing their implicit motives and tested this hypothesis in two experimental studies. Method We used guided visualizations to administer motive-domain-specific visionary images (Study 1: achievement and neutral, Mage = 24.4, 51 participants, 34 women; Study 2: affiliation and power, Mage = 24.01, 51 participants, 28 women) to arouse the respective implicit motive. Motivation was measured via residual changes in affective (i.e., changes in affective arousal), behavioral (i.e., performance on a concentration task, behavioral choices in a prisoner's dilemma), and mental (i.e., motive imagery in the Picture Story Exercise) indicators of motivation. Results The results largely confirmed our hypothesis. Visionary images increased motivation in the targeted domain. Some effects were moderated by participants' implicit motives. Conclusions The findings underscore the role of implicit motives in understanding the motivational effectiveness of visionary images.

We examined the impact of the implicit power motive on negotiation performance. Further, we examined the long-held notion that an aroused implicit motive's influence can be neutralized by a conflicting explicit motive. In two experiments with student samples, participants engaged in simulated salary negotiations against a fictitious opponent. Negotiation performance was assessed with participants' salary requests. As predicted, results indicated a positive impact of the implicit power motive on negotiation performance, regardless of whether the implicit power motive was measured (Experiment 1, N = 65) or manipulated (Experiment 2, N = 96). In addition, Experiment 2 confirmed that the effects of the aroused implicit power motive were neutralized when the explicit affiliation motive had been activated prior to negotiation.

Objectives The aim of this study was to test whether achievement motive, autonomous forms of exercise motivation (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation), and controlled forms of exercise motivation (introjected regulation, external regulation) would predict gym attendance over 30 consecutive weeks in a sample of new gym members. Design A longitudinal prospective study with four distinct measurement occasions was employed. Psychological variables and gym attendance were assessed in the first, fourth, 15th, and 30th week after starting the membership. Method Participants were 229 new gym members. The implicit achievement motive was measured using the Picture Story Exercise. The explicit achievement motive and exercise motivations were measured with questionnaires. Gym attendance was obtained via self-reports and also recorded electronically. Multilevel growth modeling was used as the main analysis method. Results Participants overestimated their self-reported gym attendance; the overall gap between self-reported and actual attendance was 39%. The achievement motive did not predict participants’ gym attendance over the 30-week period, neither for self-reported nor for actual. The effect of autonomous motivation was mixed. Intrinsic motivation predicted self-reported, but not actual, gym attendance over the 30-week period, whereas the evolution of intrinsic motivation was unrelated to gym attendance. Identified regulation was unrelated to gym attendance, but the increase in identified motivation over time positively predicted both self-reported and actual gym attendance. Controlled motivation was unrelated to gym attendance. Conclusions Continuous and regular participation in an exercise program is more likely when individuals enjoy the program and consider it personally important.

Transformational leadership (TL) theory is, in essence, a theory of follower motivation. The present paper reports three studies that were based on the proposition that TL behaviors arouse follower...

Flow ist ein Zustand der Selbstvergessenheit und des völligen Aufgehens in einer Tätigkeit, welcher oft mit erhöhter Leistung und einem erhöhten Genuss des Tätigkeitsvollzugs einhergeht. Die Passung von Anforderungen und Fähigkeiten scheint eine wichtige, aber nicht ausreichende Vorbedingung des Flow-Erlebens zu sein. Diese Studie geht daher der Frage nach, inwieweit die Kongruenz des impliziten und expliziten Leistungsmotivs mit wahrgenommenen Leistungsanreizen des Kletterns das Flow-Erleben erklären kann. Wir haben das Flow-Erleben von Hallenkletternden während und direkt nach dem Klettern einer intra-individuell einfachen und einer intra-individuell herausfordernden Route untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Kletternde mehr Flow auf der herausfordernden als auf der einfachen Route erleben und dass dieser Zuwachs bei leistungsmotiv-kongruenten Kletternden größer war, wenn sie das Klettern als stark leistungsthematisch ansahen. Daher erscheint es wünschenswert, Sportlerinnen und Sportler motivational kompetenter zu machen, damit sie ihre impliziten und expliziten Motive mit den eigenen Tätigkeiten in Einklang bringen können.

Arbeitsmotivation ist entscheidend fur den Erfolg von Individuen, Teams und Organisationen. Entsprechend gros ist das Interesse von Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern an dieser Schlusselvariable, die Leistung, Commitment und Arbeitszufriedenheit zu erklaren vermag. Das vorliegende Kapitel gibt eine Einfuhrung in die klassischen Theorien der Mitarbeitermotivation und in die gegenwartige anwendungsbezogene Forschung zum Thema. Den Abschluss bildet das 3 K-Modell der Motivation, ein Rahmenmodell, das eine umfassende Systematik der Bestimmungsgrosen der Mitarbeitermotivation liefert.

The design and construction of CARMENES has been presented at previous SPIE conferences. It is a next-generation radial-velocity instrument at the 3.5m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory, which was built by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions. CARMENES consists of two separate échelle spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.52 to 1.71¿m at a spec-tral resolution of R < 80,000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. CARMENES saw ¿First Light¿ on Nov 9, 2015. During the commissioning and initial operation phases, we established basic performance data such as throughput and spectral resolution. We found that our hollow-cathode lamps are suitable for precise wavelength calibration, but their spectra contain a number of lines of neon or argon that are so bright that the lamps cannot be used in simultaneous exposures with stars. We have therefore adopted a calibration procedure that uses simultaneous star / Fabry Pérot etalon exposures in combination with a cross-calibration between the etalons and hollow-cathode lamps during daytime. With this strategy it has been possible to achieve 1-2 m/s precision in the visible and 5-10 m/s precision in the near-IR; further improvements are expected from ongoing work on temperature control, calibration procedures and data reduction. Comparing the RV precision achieved in different wavelength bands, we find a ¿sweet spot¿ between 0.7 and 0.8¿m, where deep TiO bands provide rich RV information in mid-M dwarfs. This is in contrast to our pre-survey models, which predicted comparatively better performance in the near-IR around 1¿m, and explains in part why our near-IR RVs do not reach the same precision level as those taken with the visible spectrograph. We are now conducting a large survey of 340 nearby M dwarfs (with an average distance of only 12pc), with the goal of finding terrestrial planets in their habitable zones. We have detected the signatures of several previously known or suspected planets and also discovered several new planets. We find that the radial velocity periodograms of many M dwarfs show several significant peaks. The development of robust methods to distinguish planet signatures from activity-induced radial velocity jitter is therefore among our priorities. Due to its large wavelength coverage, the CARMENES survey is generating a unique data set for studies of M star atmospheres, rotation, and activity. The spectra cover important diagnostic lines for activity (H alpha, Na I D1 and D2, and the Ca II infrared triplet), as well as FeH lines, from which the magnetic field can be inferred. Correlating the time series of these features with each other, and with wavelength-dependent radial velocities, provides excellent handles for the discrimination between planetary companions and stellar radial velocity jitter. These data are also generating new insight into the physical properties of M dwarf atmospheres, and the impact of activity and flares on the habitability of M star planets. © 2018 SPIE., CARMENES is an instrument for the Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman de Calar Alto (CAHA, Almeria, Spain). CARMENES is funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman), with additional contributions by the Spanish Ministry of Science, the German Science Foundation through the Major Research Instrumentation Program and DFG Research Unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars", the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucia.

Work motivation is an important determinant of the success of individuals, teams, and organizations. Researchers and professionals are therefore interested in motivation as a key variable that can explain performance, commitment, and work satisfaction. This chapter provides an introduction to classic theories of employee motivation and current applied research. Finally, the chapter will introduce the 3C-model of motivation as a framework for the comprehensive classification of the determinants of employee motivation.

Using a dual-task paradigm, two experiments tested whether aroused implicit motives would moderate the exertion of self-control in motive-related tasks. In Study 1, 67 participants first watched a power dialogue and were then asked to either enact the dialogue or simply reproduce it by writing it down. In Study 2, 74 participants performed either the frustrating or the simple version of an achievement-related sensorimotor task. Participants who were high (compared to low) on the implicit power motive and had exerted power over another person subsequently showed more success at controlling their emotional responses (Study 1). Participants who were high (compared to low) on the implicit achievement motive and who had mastered a frustrating sensorimotor task scored better on a subsequent Stroop task (Study 2). Participants in the control conditions did not differ in self-control performance regardless of their level of implicit motives. These studies provide evidence that aroused implicit motives regulate how much self-control is exerted when performing motive-related tasks that require self-control.

Questions Are seed release and hydrochory of riparian plants coupled with seasonal flood pulses for a river with bimodal flows? What phenological hydrochore guilds are present? How representative of riparian vegetation are hydrochores? What is the role of hydrochory in riparian plant community composition in arid land streams? Location Verde River, central Arizona, USA. Methods We recorded phenology of flowering and primary seed dispersal monthly for >100 riparian plant species, seined hydrochores 12 times during the growing season, sampled the extant plant community, and collected soil seed bank samples. Emergence of seedlings from hydrochore and soil samples was monitored for 1 yr in a greenhouse. Plant species were classified as to wetland indicator status and assessed for traits including life span, growth form and seed mass. Results Flowering and primary seed dispersal at the community level was bimodal for dryland species but more constant through time for wetland species. Numbers and richness of wetland hydrochores were high during the three floods that occurred in the atypical study year, while dryland species pulsed during a single flood. Three of 56 hydrochore taxa were vernal flood specialists, characterized by a spring hydrochore pulse during their period of seed release, and one was associated with summer floods. Another six were phenological generalists, with hydrochores constant or semi-constant through time (including before and after primary dispersal) and persistent soil seed banks. Hydrochorous species spanned a wide range of traits, but overall had smaller seeds and higher wetland affinity than extant riparian vegetation. Conclusions As with other regions, hydrochory in dryland rivers is governed by the individual and combined influences of extrinsic factors, such as seasonal flow patterns and hydraulics, and intrinsic factors, such as timing of seed release and seed traits. Floods at different times during the season disperse distinct guilds, emphasizing the importance of flow variability for structuring riparian plant communities. Identifying temporal flood specialists and flood generalists is important, both for informing environmental flow regimes and for understanding patterns of plant distribution. The phenological dispersal plasticity of the generalist hydrochore species allows for adaptability to varying flow conditions and likely contributes to their broad geographic distributions.

The CARMENES instrument is a pair of high-resolution (R greater than or similar to 80, 000) spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.52 to 1.71 mu m, optimized for precise radial velocity measurements. It was installed and commissioned at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto observatory in Southern Spain in 2015. The first large science program of CARMENES is a survey of similar to 300 M dwarfs, which started on Jan 1, 2016. We present an overview of all subsystems of CARMENES (front end, fiber system, visible-light spectrograph, near-infrared spectrograph, calibration units, etalons, facility control, interlock system, instrument control system, data reduction pipeline, data flow, and archive), and give an overview of the assembly, integration, verification, and commissioning phases of the project. We show initial results and discuss further plans for the scientific use of CARMENES.

Many companies are using open innovation projects to create new and innovative ideas. Individuals who engage in open innovation usually participate voluntarily and without monetary rewards. What motivates these individuals and how can their motivation be increased? In two studies, the authors identify activity-related incentives as crucial. The authors find that achievement-related incentives and, with some limitations, power-related incentives positively correlate with optimal motivation, flow experience, and self-reported behaviour, when voluntarily working with an open innovation software platform. The authors conclude that open innovation projects should focus on activity-related incentives to enhance participants’ motivation for open innovation and their flow experience.

The present study used archival longitudinal data from 5 years old children and their mothers to explore mother and child characteristics associated with motive incongruence 26 years later. Motive incongruence was assessed in terms of discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of the need for achievement, power and affiliation. Previous research has suggested that trait self-determination, which involves self-awareness and perceived volition in one’s actions, moderates the level of implicit/explicit motive incongruence. We hypothesized that early childhood experiences that interfere with the development of self-determination would be associated with later motive incongruence. Our results showed that childhood factors that reflected mother–child difficulties in the areas of autonomy and relatedness were significantly related to adult levels of motive incongruence. Specifically, adult motive incongruence was significantly associated with strong maternal inhibition of the child’s dependent and sexual impulses, maternal separation during the child’s second year, and mother reports of feeling dominated by the child. Limitations of the data are discussed.

The liquid–liquid interfacial tension in the ternary monotectic alloys Al34.5-x Bi65.5Cu x and (Al0.345Bi0.655)100-x Si x (mass%) has been determined as a function of its Cu (Si) content by a tensiometric technique. It is established that the interfacial tension gradually increases when either Cu or Si is added to Al–Bi alloys. The increase of $$\sigma_{\alpha \beta}$$ can be related to the increase of the miscibility gap (both width and height) when Cu (Si) is added to the Al–Bi binary. The temperature dependences of the interfacial tension in binary Al34.5Bi65.5 and ternary Al23.25Bi65.5Cu11.25 and (Al0.345Bi0.655)95Si5 monotectic alloys are well described by the power function $$\sigma_{\alpha \beta}=\sigma_{0}\cdot(1-T/T_{\rm C})^{\mu}$$ with the critical-point exponent $$\mu=1.3$$ .

PurposeThis research seeks to explore the factors predicting customer loyalty in retail banking. Loyalty was measured in terms of a customer's willingness to recommend a bank and their intention to remain with their main bank short‐term (in the next six months) and long‐term (from six months to five years).Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on a mail survey of 1,951 individuals. Potential predictors were drawn from the literature and included in three separate regression models to model different types of loyalty.FindingsThe results indicate that willingness to recommend is best predicted by affective attitude, overall satisfaction and empathy. Short‐term behavioural intentions, however, were best predicted by overall satisfaction and responsiveness, while long‐term intentions were predicted by overall satisfaction, affective attitude and empathy. The three models explained a substantial amount of the variation in the dependent variables: 71 per cent for willingness to recommend, 43 per cent for short‐term intentions and 46 per cent for long‐term intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study adds to the discussion of the relationship between perceived satisfaction, service quality and a customer's intentions to recommend a bank and/or remain a customer. The results also contribute to the development of more parsimonious models, suggesting that affective attitude, overall satisfaction, empathy and responsiveness together explain a large percentage of the variation in customers' intentions.Practical implicationsBased on this study's findings, banks can profile customers with potential for defection based on only four variables.Originality/valueThe results demonstrate the importance of satisfaction measures and some SERVQUAL dimensions in predicting loyalty in retail banking. It also found evidence that not all five SERVQUAL measures are needed to profile customers and predict loyalty.

The sol–gel process of tetraethoxysilane involving the simultaneously occurring cationic polymerization of furfuryl alcohol has been used to fabricate large amounts of monolithic silica having hierarchical bimodal pore size distribution with regular arrayed mesopores. In the key step of the sol–gel polymerization a phase separation on micrometer scale takes place and two different poly(furfuryl alcohol)/silica composite material portions are formed. Each phase consists of a poly(furfuryl alcohol)/silica composite of different quantitative elemental compositions as determined by electron probe microanalysis. The final step involves the thermal decomposition of the poly(furfuryl alcohol)/silica composite material at 900 °C. The discovery of the phase separation among the sol–gel process demonstrates that morphological control can be achieved without additional templates, but under limited molar ratio of tetraethoxysilane/furfuryl alcohol used. The specific advantage of this synthesis is that large amounts in the 100 g scale can be produced using this procedure.

The compensatory model of work motivation and volition synthesizes some previously unrelated lines of research. The structural components of the model are implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities; the functional processes are volitional regulation (compensating for inadequate motivation) and problem solving (compensating for inadequate perceived abilities). Propositions that integrate, challenge, and extend existing conceptions are derived. Moreover, the framework of the compensatory model suggests an agenda for future research.

The compensatory model of motivation and volition is based on the assumption that discrepancies between implicit and explicit motives lead to psychological conflict, and that resolution of this conflict requires volitional regulation and consumes volitional strength. This suggests that implicit/explicit motive discrepancies (IED) are responsible for decreases in volitional strength. A longitudinal field study with 82 managers was conducted to test this proposition. Results show that IED longitudinally predicted decreases in volitional strength. Furthermore, structural equation modeling revealed that volitional strength mediated the relation between IED and impaired subjective well-being. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed, particularly with respect to volitional depletion.

Researchers widely understand that conflicts among goals inhibit the attainment of these goals. However, this notion comes close to tautological reasoning. To avert this problem, this study examined whether preexisting goal conflict also inhibits success in newly set goals. Using the context of management training, in which managers collectively set new goals, the study variables were assessed at 3 testing periods covering 5 months. Results indicate that goal conflicts that persevere over time were associated with inhibited attainment of new goals but not with decreased subjective well-being (SWB). Goal attainment, however, was positively related to SWB. Interactions of residual changes in goal conflict and goal attainment were associated with positive affect.

Zusammenfassung: Es besteht Grund zu der Annahme, daß Führungskräfte mit hohem Machtmotiv durch MbO-Trainings stärker motiviert werden und deshalb mehr davon profitieren als solche mit niedrigem Machtmotiv. Dazu wurden Hypothesen formuliert, die einen differentiellen Einfluß des Machtmotivs auf die folgenden vier Trainingsauswirkungen betreffen: die Reaktionen der Teilnehmer auf das Seminar, die selbsteingeschätzten Lerneffekte, die intrinsische und extrinsische Motivation (Tätigkeitsanreize und Zielbindung) bei Realisierung des Gelernten und der Grad der Zielerreichung. Zur empirischen Prüfung wurde eine Längsschnittstudie mit Führungskräften (N = 53) in MbO-Trainings durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen weitgehend die vier Hypothesen. Allerdings zeigen Pfadanalysen, daß der Einfluß des Machtmotivs auf die Zielerreichung nicht direkt verläuft, sondern über die intrinsische Motivation, d. h. über die Tätigkeitsanreize, vermittelt wird. Dagegen hatten weder die Höhe des Anschlußmotivs noch die des Leistungsmotivs Einfluß auf die Trainingswirkungen.

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wird die Bedeutung motivationaler Faktoren für den Transfer von Führungstrainings untersucht. Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, daß Motivation sich als kritischer Faktor beim Trainingstransfer aus zwei Komponenten zusammensetzt: Zielbindung - als Korrelat extrinsischer Motivation - und Flußerleben - als Korrelat intrinsischer Motivation. Dabei besteht die Vermutung, daß Zielbindung und Flußerleben unabhängig voneinander den Transferprozeß beeinflussen. Folgende Hypothesen werden formuliert: (1a) Persönliches Wollen (Motivation) ist kritisch für den Transfer von Führungstrainings, (1b) Individuelles Können ist kritisch für den Transfer von Führungstrainings, (1c) Situative Faktoren sind kritisch für den Transfer von Führungstrainings, (1d) Soziale Faktoren sind kritisch für den Transfer von Führungstrainings, (2) Zielbindung und Flußerleben sind unabhängige Faktoren, (3a) Zielbindung fördert den Transfer von Führungstrainings und (3b) Flußerleben fördert den Transfer von Führungstrainings. Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen wurden 53 Führungskräfte im Rahmen einer Längsschnittuntersuchung im Feld befragt. Die Befunde stützen die Hypothesen 1a, 1b und 2, partiell auch die Hypothesen 3a und 3b. Das Ergebnis wird motivationspsychologisch interpretiert und es wird dahingehend argumentiert, daß motivationale Faktoren im Trainingskontext stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden sollten.

Kuhl (1996, Enzyklopadie der Psychologie, Serie Motivation und Emotion, Bd. 4, Motivation, Volition und Handlung (pp. 665–765). Gottingen: Hogrefe) differentiates between two modes of action control: self-regulation and self-control. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relevance of self-regulation and self-control in management training transfer. Three hypotheses were derived from Kuhl's theory. The first is that self-regulators remember intentions better than self-controllers. The second is that self-regulation is associated with positive emotions, whereas self-control is associated with negative emotions. The final hypothesis is that self-regulation increases the success of training transfer, whereas self-control impedes the success of training transfer. To test these hypotheses, a longitudinal field study was conducted with 82 managers participating in two 2-day training sessions. Self-regulation and self-control were measured at the outset of the training session using the Volitional Components Inventory (VCI) ( Kuhl & Fuhrmann, 1998, Lifespan perspectives an motivation and control (pp. 15–49). Hillsdale; NJ: Erlbaum). The dependent variables — intention memory, emotions, intention realization, and criteria fulfillment — were assessed three months after the course. The results corroborate Hypotheses 1 and 2; partial support was found for Hypothesis 3. Discussing these results, several suggestions for improving managers’ self-regulation are proposed.

This paper gives an overview of the CARMENES instrument and of the survey that will be carried out with it during the first years of operation. CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) is a next-generation radial-velocity instrument under construction for the 3.5m telescope at the Calar Alto Observatory by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions. The scientific goal of the project is conducting a 600-night exoplanet survey targeting ∽ 300 M dwarfs with the completed instrument. The CARMENES instrument consists of two separate echelle spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.55 to 1.7 μm at a spectral resolution of R = 82,000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. The spectrographs are housed in vacuum tanks providing the temperature-stabilized environments necessary to enable a 1 m/s radial velocity precision employing a simultaneous calibration with an emission-line lamp or with a Fabry-Perot etalon. For mid-M to late-M spectral types, the wavelength range around 1.0 μm (γ band) is the most important wavelength region for radial velocity work. Therefore, the efficiency of CARMENES has been optimized in this range. The CARMENES instrument consists of two spectrographs, one equipped with a 4k x 4k pixel CCD for the range 0.55 -1.05 μm, and one with two 2k x 2k pixel HgCdTe detectors for the range from 0.95 -1.7 μm. Each spectrograph will be coupled to the 3.5m telescope with two optical fibers, one for the target, and one for calibration light. The front end contains a dichroic beam splitter and an atmospheric dispersion corrector, to feed the light into the fibers leading to the spectrographs. Guiding is performed with a separate camera; on-axis as well as off-axis guiding modes are implemented. Fibers with octagonal cross-section are employed to ensure good stability of the output in the presence of residual guiding errors. The fibers are continually actuated to reduce modal noise. The spectrographs are mounted on benches inside vacuum tanks located in the coude laboratory of the 3.5m dome. Each vacuum tank is equipped with a temperature stabilization system capable of keeping the temperature constant to within ±0.01ºC over 24 hours. The visible-light spectrograph will be operated near room temperature, while the near-IR spectrograph will be cooled to ∽ 140 K. The CARMENES instrument passed its final design review in February 2013. The MAIV phase is currently ongoing. First tests at the telescope are scheduled for early 2015. Completion of the full instrument is planned for the fall of 2015. At least 600 useable nights have been allocated at the Calar Alto 3.5m Telescope for the CARMENES survey in the time frame until 2018. A data base of M stars (dubbed CARMENCITA) has been compiled from which the CARMENES sample can be selected. CARMENCITA contains information on all relevant properties of the potential targets. Dedicated imaging, photometric, and spectroscopic observations are underway to provide crucial data on these stars that are not available in the literature.

Using a dual-task paradigm, two experiments tested whether aroused implicit motives would moderate the exertion of self-control in motive-related tasks. In Study 1, 67 participants first watched a power dialogue and were then asked to either enact the dialogue or simply reproduce it by writing it down. In Study 2, 74 participants performed either the frustrating or the simple version of an achievement-related sensorimotor task. Participants who were high (compared to low) on the implicit power motive and had exerted power over another person subsequently showed more success at controlling their emotional responses (Study 1). Participants who were high (compared to low) on the implicit achievement motive and who had mastered a frustrating sensorimotor task scored better on a subsequent Stroop task (Study 2). Participants in the control conditions did not differ in self-control performance regardless of their level of implicit motives. These studies provide evidence that aroused implicit motives regulate how much self-control is exerted when performing motive-related tasks that require self-control.

CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) is a next-generation instrument for the 3.5m telescope at the Calar Alto Observatory, built by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions. The CARMENES instrument consists of two separate echelle spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.55 μm to 1.7 μm at a spectral resolution of R = 82, 000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. Both spectrographs are housed in temperature-stabilized vacuum tanks, to enable a long-term 1 m/s radial velocity precision employing a simultaneous calibration with Th-Ne and U-Ne emission line lamps. CARMENES has been optimized for a search for terrestrial planets in the habitable zones (HZs) of low-mass stars, which may well provide our first chance to study environments capable of supporting the development of life outside the Solar System. With its unique combination of optical and near-infrared ´echelle spectrographs, CARMENES will provide better sensitivity for the detection of low-mass planets than any comparable instrument, and a powerful tool for discriminating between genuine planet detections and false positives caused by stellar activity. The CARMENES survey will target 300 M dwarfs in the 2014 to 2018 time frame.

Als Ergebnis langjahriger Motivationsforschung ist an der University of California at Berkeley ein innovatives, praxistaugliches Motivationsmodell entwickelt worden: das 3-Komponenten-Modell der Motivation (kurz: 3K-Modell). Das 3K-Modell ist Dreh- und Angelpunkt der FdM-Trainingsreihe. FdM steht fur „Fuhrung durch Motivation“. Das vorliegende Kapitel beschreibt, wie die FdM-Trainingsreihe als masgeschneidertes Programm, das, auf 5 Trainingsstufen verteilt, insgesamt 14 Seminartage umfasst, flachendeckend in der Vertriebsorganisation eines deutschen Versicherungskonzerns eingefuhrt wurde. Die Autoren gehen dabei auch auf Schwierigkeiten und Ruckschlage ein und geben konkrete Hinweise fur die Praxis.

L10 ordered FePt films with (0 0 1) texture and out-of-plane magnetic easy axis were fabricated by rapid thermal annealing of chemically disordered FePt thin films grown on amorphous SiO2 substrates. While keeping the annealing temperature fixed at 800 °C, the influence of the annealing time was investigated in the regime between 5 and 300 s. The evolution of the a and c lattice parameters indicates that the in-plane strain is a key factor for the formation of the (0 0 1) texture. A large tetragonal distortion is found after an annealing time of 5 s whereas a relaxation of the lattice parameters towards bulk values is found for longer annealing times. The dependence of the magnetic properties on the annealing time will be discussed with respect to the observed variation of the structure and morphology of the annealed FePt films.

Implicit motives are at the heart of motivation psychology.They have roots in the earliest psychological theorizing(e.g., Freud 1966) and have attracted special attention sincethe late 1980s when scholars such as McClelland (1987)began systematically distinguishing implicit and explicit(or self-attributed) motivation processes. Theory hasadvanced and led to empirical analyses of mechanisms thatlink implicit motives with affective, autonomic and corticalresponses as well as with self-regulation and volitionalbehavior. Investigators have proffered new motive taxo-nomies that distinguish types of implicit motives and begunto study moderators and consequences of implicit-explicitmotive discrepancies. Practitioners have become interestedin the management of implicit motives and implicit motiveinfluence on leadership.Our purpose in organizing this Special Issue was toprovide in one place a sampling of cutting edge implicitmotive reasoning and research and, in doing so, raise fur-ther the professional profile of this diverse and expandingarea of interest. We aimed to sample broadly so as toprovide a reasonable flavor of current trends. At the sametime, we wanted to maintain a focus on theory, showing apreference for papers that developed new conceptualanalyses or evaluated existing ones. Much to our satisfac-tion, we had no difficulty meeting our aims.Papers that we accepted were varied in numerousrespects, but were sufficiently thematic to allow us tostructure the issue into three sections. Section 1 includesthree articles concerned with implicit motive assessment. Itbegins with an article by Bernecker and Job that presentsfindings from a study designed to evaluate the validity ofan online version of the Picture Story Exercise—a pro-jective test through which implicit motives commonly areassessed. As expected, data collected online were highlycorrespondent to data collected in a conventional labora-tory context, suggesting that the online version could beutilized when conventional laboratory data collection is notpossible or practical.The section continues with an article by Baumann andScheffer that discusses work that used a modified versionof the Operant Motive Test (Kuhl and Scheffer, 1999)toassess the implicit flow motive underlying the phenome-nological flow experience. The authors present four studiesthat support the notion that the achievement flow motivecan be conceptualized as the intrinsic component of theachievement motive.Concluding this section, an article by Ostafin andBrooks introduces a novel version of the Implicit Associ-ation Test, an assessment instrument that is based onreaction times, to assess automatic alcohol motivation.Participants categorized stimuli from two target categories(e.g., pictures of beer and water) and two attribute cate-gories (e.g., approach and avoidance-related words). Theauthors found evidence for the long-held assumption thatnegative affect can increase the strength of automaticmotivational processes related to alcohol.Section 2 includes three articles concerned with energyefficiency and motive congruence. Morsella, Feinberg,Cigarchi, Newton and Williams note that organisms mustconserve energy to function effectively. Based on this, they

Two studies examined the notion that charisma depends on compatibility of a leader’s leadership behaviors with her followers' motives. In line with predictions, Study 1, a cross-sectional field stu...

The enhancement of Raman scattering by optical phonon modes in quantum dots was achieved in resonant and surface-enhanced Raman scattering experiments by approaching the laser energy to the energy of either the interband transitions or the localized surface plasmons in silver nanoclusters deposited onto the nanostructures. Resonant Raman scattering by TO, LO, and SO phonons as well as their overtones was observed for PbS, ZnS, and ZnO quantum dots while enhancement for LO and SO modes in CdS quantum dots with a factor of about 700 was measured in surface enhanced Raman scattering experiments. Multiple phonon Raman scattering observed up to 5th and 7th order for CdS and ZnO, respectively, confirms the high crystalline quality of the grown QDs.