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Stakeholders' perceptions of barriers to and other ethical concerns about using psychiatric electroceutical interventions (PEIs), interventions that use electrical or magnetic stimuli to treat psychiatric conditions like treatment-resistant depression (TRD), may influence the uptake of these interventions. This study examined such perceptions among psychiatrists, patients with depression, and members of the public. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 16 members of each group to examine their views on practical barriers and ethical concerns. We used qualitative content analysis to identify relevant themes, and compared findings across stakeholder groups. Access limitations to the interventions, including cost and availability of the interventions, cut across all PEIs-including those that are still experimental, and were raised by all groups. Most participants across all groups raised concerns about informed consent, in terms of receiving adequate, appropriate, and understandable information. Our results suggest that these three stakeholder groups perceive similar structural and attitudinal barriers to, and have similar ethical concerns about, using PEIs for TRD. These results identify key issues that must be addressed for the full potential of PEIs to be realized. Future research with larger samples will help to better understand how to address these barriers to treatment for individuals with TRD.

BACKGROUND Variable chemotherapy exposure may cause toxicity or lack of efficacy. This study was initiated to validate pharmacokinetically (PK)-guided paclitaxel dosing in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to avoid supra- or subtherapeutic exposure. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed, advanced NSCLC were randomly assigned to receive up to 6 cycles of 3-weekly carboplatin AUC 6 or cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) either with standard paclitaxel at 200 mg/m(2) (arm A) or PK-guided dosing of paclitaxel (arm B). In arm B, initial paclitaxel dose was adjusted to body surface area, age, sex, and subsequent doses were guided by neutropenia and previous-cycle paclitaxel exposure [time above a plasma concentration of 0.05 µM (Tc>0.05)] determined from a single blood sample on day 2. The primary end point was grade 4 neutropenia; secondary end points included neuropathy, radiological response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among 365 patients randomly assigned, grade 4 neutropenia was similar in both arms (19% versus 16%; P = 0.10). Neuropathy grade ≥2 (38% versus 23%, P < 0.001) and grade ≥3 (9% versus 2%, P < 0.001) was significantly lower in arm B, independent of the platinum drug used. The median final paclitaxel dose was significantly lower in arm B (199 versus 150 mg/m(2), P < 0.001). Response rate was similar in arms A and B (31% versus 27%, P = 0.405), as was adjusted median PFS [5.5 versus 4.9 months, hazard ratio (HR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.49, P = 0.228] and OS (10.1 versus 9.5 months, HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.81-1.37, P = 0.682). CONCLUSION PK-guided dosing of paclitaxel does not improve severe neutropenia, but reduces paclitaxel-associated neuropathy and thereby improves the benefit-risk profile in patients with advanced NSCLC. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION NCT01326767 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01326767).

During the last 23 years the identities of three tergipedid aeolids occurring in New Zealand have been questioned. Their identities are re-examined. Local specimens named Cuthona alpha Baba and Hamatani, 1963 are certainly referable to this species, their identity confirmed by the presence of a bristled border to the masticatory process of the jaw and a small stylet at the tip of the penis. Though the local specimens should be renamed C. columbiana (O'Donoghue, 1922), the conspecificity of this species with C. alpha is rejected because of deficiency in the original description of the former. The similarity between Cuthona rickettsi Behrens, 1984 and C. columbiana and C. alpha is examined. The identities of the other two species, C. scintillans Miller, 1977 and C. reflexa Miller, 1977 are confirmed. Cuthona scintillans is shown to be distinctive from five other green coloured Cuthona species, not only by the four characters used previously but also by five others, the colourless or pale yellow transparent ...

New Zealand specimens of Polycera hedgpethi Marcus, 1964 and P. fujitai Baba, 1937 are described formally and in detail for the first time. Both species are easily recognised from previous descriptions. Five polycerid species are known now from New Zealand waters. The largest New Zealand specimen of P. hedgpethi collected so far is only two-thirds of the size of the type. This size difference may account for some of the differences noted, e.g., number of rows of radular teeth. New Zealand specimens differ from the original description in lacking yellow pigment on the notal ridge, tail crest and upper border of the foot, and in possessing a wider foot, a subterminal band of orange brown pigment on the extrabranchial processes, and opaque and crystalline white scattered on the body and appendages. Subsequent description shows close similarity except in two cases, in one the grey/black pigment is flecked not spotted, the jaws are rounded not angular and allosperm and vaginal ducts join before reaching the spermatheca, in the other the primary colour is dark brown, there is no white pigmentation and the jaws are rounded. Polycera hedgpethi is compared with three very similar species, P. hummi Abbott, 1952, P. aurisula Marcus, 1956 and P. gnupa Marcus & Marcus, 1967: it is distinguished from them by the dense grey/black spotting and lack of blue pigment on the notal appendages. Polycera gnupa is believed by some to be synonymous with P. hedgpethi. Here P. gnupa is maintained as a distinct species in having brown as the basic colour, cylindrical extrabranchial processes and unipinnate gills. The New Zealand specimens of Polycera fujitai agree well in colour and form with the original description except that they differ in basic colour in being dull orange not brown or yellowish brown. There are differences in colouring between the local and Hong Kong specimens, the former having grey and orange as the foundation of the pattern, a blue tinge to the rhinophores and the opaque yellow widespread.

A fast neutron coincidence counter using BC454/BGO phoswich detectors has been evaluated for the purpose of rapid verification measurements of uranium items. This counter uses custom electronics to identify and count coincidence neutrons in the presence of background radiation. Measurements of uranium standards were performed to evaluate the counter. This counter is successful in measuring uranium items but has a low efficiency that results in minimal improvement over current technology. An optimized counter can be built with better performance capabilities, but it is recommended that newer technologies be used instead.

There has been a recent rapid increase in interest in the measurement of soft X-ray magnetic scattering (SoXMaS) to characterize the distribution of magnetic moments in thin films and multilayers. The Daresbury Laboratory team has adapted a high-vacuum two-circle diffractometer for pioneering measurements in this field. The principal features of the diffractometer and the alignment procedure for SoXMaS measurements are presented. A flexible data acquisition system is used, which allows a wide variety of scan modes and control of the various beamlines on which the experiments have been performed.

Two epidemiologic studies have reported increased risk of childhood leukemia associated with the length of time children watched television (TV) programs or played video games connected to TV sets. To evaluate magnetic field exposures resulting from these activities, the static, ELF, and VLF magnetic fields produced by 72 TV sets used by children to watch TV programs and 34 TV sets used to play video games were characterized in a field study conducted in Washington DC and its Maryland suburbs. The resulting TV-specific magnetic field data were combined with information collected through questionnaires to estimate the magnetic field exposure levels associated with TV watching and video game playing. The geometric means of the ELF and VLF exposure levels so calculated were 0.0091 and 0.0016 μT, respectively, for children watching TV programs and 0.023 and 0.0038 μT, respectively, for children playing video games. Geometric means of ambient ELF and VLF levels with TV sets turned off were 0.10 and 0.0027 μT, respectively. Summed over the ELF frequency range (6–3066 Hz), the exposure levels were small compared to ambient levels. However, in restricted ELF frequency ranges (120 Hz and 606–3066 Hz) and in the VLF band, TV exposure levels were comparable to or larger than normal ambient levels. Even so, the strengths of the 120 Hz or 606–3066 Hz components of TV fields were small relative to the overall ambient levels. Consequently, our results provide little support for a linkage between childhood leukemia and exposure to the ELF magnetic fields produced by TV sets. Our results do suggest that any future research on possible health effects of magnetic fields from television sets might focus on the VLF electric and magnetic fields produced by TV sets because of their enhanced ability relative t o ELF fields to induce electric currents. Bioelectromagnetics 21:214–227, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In order to determine if differences in human muscle EMG response to steady-state (STD) dynamic load and transient (TRN) load could be detected, two distinct sinusoidal loads having identical amplitude and frequency were applied to the forearm, which was held in a fixed posture. The first condition used application of a constant amplitude, constant frequency, STD sinusoid, and the second condition used application of a single sinusoid of identical amplitude and frequency as the STD load. Time-domain parameters of Half-Mass, Dispersion Moments, Asymmetry Moments, Peak Ratio (ratio of cycle peak RMS EMG to cycle mean RMS EMG) and Time-to-Peak Ratio (ratio of cycle time to reach peak RMS EMG to cycle time duration) were used to quantify responses in the time domain. A single frequency-domain parameter, Dispersion Moments, was used to quantify responses in the frequency domain. Individual ANOVA's of the time domain parameter results revealed that p =0.689 for Dispersion Moments, p =0.111 for Half-Mass, p =0.007 for Asymmetry Moments, p =0.001 for Peak Ratio, and p =0.001 for Time-to-Peak Ratio. The time-domain MANOVA and frequency-domain ANOVA revealed that EMG responses resulting from STD and TRN applied loads were statistically different in the time domain ( p =0.001), but not in the frequency domain ( p =0.810). Thus, use of Asymmetry Moments, Peak Ratio, and Time-to-Peak Ratio parameters can distinguish EMG responses to STD and TRN loads.

Neutron detection and multiplicity counting has been investigated using a boron-loaded plastic scintillator (BC454)/bismuth germanate (BGO) phoswich detector array. Boron-loaded plastic combines neutron moderation (H) and detection ({sup 10}B) at the molecular level, thereby physically coupling increasing detection efficiency and decreasing die-away time with detector volume. Separation of the phoswich response into its plastic scintillator and bismuth germanate components was accomplished on an event-by-event basis using custom integrator and timing circuits, enabling a prompt coincidence requirement between the BC454 and BGO to be used to identify neutron captures. In addition, a custom time-tag module was used to provide a time for each detector event. Time-correlation analysis was subsequently performed on the filtered event stream to obtain shift-register-type singles and doubles count rates.

Gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers (GRS and NS, respectively) are included in the payload complement of Lunar Prospector (LP) that is currently orbiting the Moon. Specific objectives of the GRS are to map abundances of O, Si, Fe, Ti, U, Th, K, and perhaps, Mg, Al, and Ca, to depths of about 20 cm. Those of the NS are to search for water ice to depths of about 50 cm near the lunar poles and to map regolith maturity. The designs of both spectrometers are described and their performance in both the laboratory and in lunar orbit are presented.

The results from simulations and laboratory experiments with boron-loaded plastic scintillating fibers as a nondestructive assay (NDA) tool are presented. Single and multi-clad fibers in three diameters of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mm were examined for their application in neutron coincidence counting. For this application, the simulation results show that various configurations of boron-loaded plastic scintillating fibers have a die-away time (τ) of 12 μs with an efficiency (e) of 50%. For a comparable efficiency, 3He proportional tubes have a typical die-away time of 50 μs. The shortened die-away time can reduce the relative error for measurement of similar samples by up to 50%. Plastic scintillating fibers (PSF) also offer flexible configurations with the potential to discriminate between signals from gamma-ray and neutron events. Quantitative calculations and experiments have been conducted to determine the light output, evaluate the noise, quantify light attenuation, and determine neutron detection efficiency. Current experimental data support the analytical results that boron-loaded plastic fibers can detect thermal neutrons.

Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to simulate the response of a boron-loaded plastic scintillator array. These detectors offer potential advantages compared to moderated 3He systems because of their fast response and high efficiency. Tallies were made of neutron capture probability as a function of time and the results were coupled to assay variance estimates to evaluate detector performance. Orders-of-magnitude reductions in count time relative to a 50% efficient thermal counter are possible, in principle, for high (α,n) samples.

Two Jorunna species are recorded from New Zealand waters for the first time. One species is recognized as the temperate Australian J. pantherina (Angas, 1864), the other as a new species. Both species are described and illustrated. The distinction between Jorunna Bergh, 1876 and the closely related Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876 (both in the family Kentrodorididae), and Rostanga Bergh, 1879 (Rostangidae) is lessened after a re-appraisal of descriptions of these genera and, particularly, the analysis of the structure of the new species. Jorunna is still separable from Kentrodoris in having a pleurembolic penis (an ensheathed muscular glans when retracted), and Rostanga in possessing a solid stylet (accessory part of the reproductive system) and fewer rows and teeth/row in the radula. Lessening the distinction between these genera strengthens further the case against the maintenance of many of the cryptobranch dorid families. Therefore, Jorunna is classified here as a member of the virtually all-embracing Doridida...

Geitodoris sticta new species is described and illustrated. This is the first time that a Geitodoris species has been recorded for New Zealand waters. The history of the use and classification of the genus Geitodoris Bergh, 1892 is reviewed, specially emphasising its separation from the obviously closely related Discodons Bergh, 1877. Geitodoris is maintained on the presence of a definite set of spatulate marginal radular teeth, contrary to Discodoris which is characterised by a gradual change in the size and shape of the teeth, the outer ones being hook-, blade- or needle-like. In terms of Ortea and Balles-teros' (1981) subgeneric arrangement of ten of the sixteen presently recognised Geitodoris spp., clearly the new species would stand alongside G. bonosi Ortea & Ballesteros, 1981 in their subgenus Vernllia. The new species is distinguished from G bonosi in having ill-defined patches of brown pigment on the mantle (not definite spots) and marginal teeth of one kind, spatulate (no needle-like outer ones), and lacking a vestibular (?penial) gland. A comparison is made with twelve other species, eight recognised Geitodoris spp. (two mentioned but not assigned to a subgenus and six not considered by Ortea and Ballesteros, two of these species having been described after their review), and four Discodoris spp. with a Geitodoris-like radula. The new species is separable from all of them. It is closest to G. bacalladoi Ortea, 1990, differing in having indefinite patches of brown pigment, flattened tubercles of two sizes, tripinnate gills, trapezium-shaped jaws with rod-like elements and asymmetrical marginal teeth (side view). In two cases the distinction is not absolutely certain because the descriptions are inadequate.

Polycera melanosacta njp. is described and illustrated, the first species of the genus Polycera Cuvier, 1817 to be recorded for New Zealand. A detailed diagnosis of the genus is provided. The history of the use and classification of the genus Polycera is reviewed, and Odhner's 1941 amalgamation of the closely related genera Polio Gray, 1857 and Grcdada Bergh, 1894 with Polycera is upheld and reinforced by the mixture of various generic diagnostic characters in some species re- or newly described since then. Polycera is compared with the closely related PolycereUa Verrill, 1881 and the latter genus is confirmed as being distinct The family Polycendae is also reviewed, and the characterisation adopted is that of Odhner (in Franc, 1968) in which the extent is reduced by the separation of the tnophids and gymnodorids as family groups. The new species is compared in detail with the eight most similar species (out of more than 50). Of these it is closest to the Caribbean P. nerthae Marcus & Marcus, 1963, differing in possessing orange markings, unevensized velar processes, a larger number of gills which are simple pinnate, long foot angles, and lacking knobs on the back.

The manufacturing process involving the bonding of ultra‐fine pitch TAB solder joints into printed circuit substrates requires precision equipment. This paper describes the basic components of any type of outer lead bonding (OLB) TAB equipment. It goes on to explain a selection methodology to be used when selecting equipment for customer applications. Specific examples are used to aid the equipment consumer in selecting the optimum equipment set and verifying the machine's accuracy and reliability.

The nudibranch mollusc Embletonia gracile Risbec, 1928 is redescribed on the basis of ten specimens from the southern Pacific Ocean (New Zealand, Fiji, Australia, Papua New Guinea). We conclude that Embletoniella paucipapillata (Baba & Hamatani, 1963) is a junior synonym. Even the most detailed previous studies were compromised by the availability only of juvenile animals < 8 mm long; adults are now known to attain 23 mm crawling length. Our material permitted a reassessment both of ontogenetic and intraspecific variation within this enigmatic nudibranch. Reasons that substantiate the referral of the Embletoniidae to the suborder Dendronotacea are presented.

The CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori interacts with numerous cellular factors and is associated with increased virulence and risk of gastric carcinoma. We present here the cocrystal structure of a subdomain of CagA with the human kinase PARb/MARK2, revealing that a CagA peptide mimics substrates of this kinase family, resembling eukaryotic protein kinase inhibitors. Mutagenesis of conserved residues central to this interaction renders CagA inactive as an inhibitor of MARK2. Helicobacter pylori infects nearly 50% of the human population 1,2 and has been closely linked to duodenal and gastric ulcers and adeno- carcinomas 1 . CagA is injected by H. pylori into the epithelial cells lining the stomach 3-8 . Critical to many of the identified biological

Summary form only given. Transport of parallel momentum during reconnection events has been investigated in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch (MST RFP). The events are characterized by a sudden increase of resistive tearing magnetic fluctuations and change in the plasma rotation. The parallel plasma velocity abruptly decreases in the core and speeds up in the edge which results in the flattening of the parallel momentum profile. The parallel velocity in the core is reconstructed from the poloidal velocity of bulk plasma measured with the Rutherford scattering diagnostic and the toroidal phase velocity of the core resonant resistive tearing modes measured with an edge array of magnetic pickup coils. The edge flow is measured by the Mach probe. The transport of parallel momentum can be understood within the framework of two-fluid turbulent relaxation theory and from detailed MHD calculations of fluctuation induced Maxwell and Reynolds stresses resulting from multiple tearing modes. Previous measurements show the Maxwell stress to be a factor of ten larger than either the inertial or the viscous terms in the momentum balance equation both in the edge and in the core. Recently, measurements of the Reynolds stress have been performed in the edge plasma of MST. The Reynolds stress is shown to balance the Maxwell stress and the difference of the two stresses is approximately equal to the rate of change of plasma momentum. Reduction of magnetic fluctuations, achieved by an inductive control of the plasma current profile, results in a significant decrease of the momentum transport in agreement with previously observed reduction of particle and energy transport. This was established by transiently applying an external torque to the plasma edge with biased electrodes. Application of the edge torque during improved confinement induces a fast edge rotation, but the change in the core rotation remains small, which is an indication of a reduced inward momentum transport.

The New Zealand dorid nudibranch Homoiodoris novaezelandiae Bergh, 1904 (originally spelt Homoiod. Nov. Zealandiae) has been rediscovered and the recently collected specimens have provided an amended and expanded description of the species. Homoiodoris novaezelandiae is wrongly named generically—it has no vaginal plates diagnostic of the genus Homoiodoris Bergh, 1881; instead it possesses two accessory reproductive glands each opening through a straight, slightly tapered, hollow stylet and an acrembolic penis armed with spines, characteristics which place it closest to Dystylodoris Odhner (in Franc, 1968). However, as using Dystylodoris is questionable this genus is set aside for the present in the generic renaming of the New Zealand species. Homoiodoris novaezelandiae is re-assigned to the next closest genus, Hoplodoris Bergh, 1880, and compared with the two congeners, Hoplodoris nodulosa (Angas, 1864) and the type H. desmoparypha Bergh, 1880. Presently it is difficult to separate H. novaezelandiae from ...

We have designed several neutron detectors for use in measuring neutrons from cold-fusion experiments. The high-efficiency detectors are based on 3He gas tubes in a CH2 moderator. The total efficiency of our most advanced detector for 2.3 MeV (252Cf) neutrons is 44%. The detector consists of two independent segments making up inner and outer rings of 3He tubes. The inner detector has nine 3He tubes and the outer detector has 42 3He tubes. The low-background inner detector has a singles count background of 97 counts/h and a coincidence count background of only 0.7 counts/h. The corresponding singles efficiency is 19%. The inside ring of tubes is undermoderated and it is more sensitive to lower-energy source neutrons. The outside ring of tubes is overmoderated and thus more sensitive to high-energy neutrons. The ratio of the outside tubes to the inside tubes gives the approximate average neutron energy based on differential transmission as a function of energy. Monte Carlo transport calculations have been performed to establish the energy calibration of the outside/inside tube-ring ratio. The time-correlation (coincidence) information is required to investigate neutron pulsing, bursts and other nonrandom emissions caused by nonequilibrium conditions and instabilities in the samples. The time correlations in our detector are obtained by using the shift register-type electronic circuitry. Our detector system has been applied successfully to the measurement of neutron yield and multiplicity distribution from cold-fusion electrolysis samples and D2-gas-type samples.

The clinical management of skeletal trauma and disease relies on radiographic imaging to infer bone quality. However, bone strength does not necessarily correlate well with image intensity. There is a need for a safe and convenient way to measure bone strength in situ. This paper presents a new technique to directly measure bone strength in situ at a micro-level scale through a MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) sensor. The proposed MEMS stress sensor comprises an array of piezoresistive sensor "pixels" to detect stress across the interfacial area between the MEMS chip and bone with resolution to 100 Pa, in 1 sec averaging. The sensors are located within a textured surface to accommodate sensor integration into bone. From initial research, surface topography with 30-60#956;m features was found to be conducive to guiding new cell growth. Finite element analysis has led to a sensor design for normal and shear stress detection.

In the general area of confinement improvement and concept advancement, recent results in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed-field pinch (RFP) include good confinement of both thermal and large-orbit ions and near doubling of total beta to 26% with deuterium pellet injection. Current profile control enables MST to reduce stochastic transport and achieve tokamak-like confinement. In standard RFP operation, substantial MHD tearing mode activity results in stochastic transport and an energy confinement time of about 1 ms in MST. Application of inductive current profile control reduces MHD activity and accompanying stochasticity, improving confinement by about a factor of ten. Previous work concentrated on electron confinement in improved-confinement RFP operation. Recent work confirms that ions are also well confined, and that high beta and improved confinement can be achieved simultaneously. PACS numbers: 52.55.Hc, 52.55.Dy (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)

This study addresses some behavioral issues encountered by cross-functional teams within the context of the concurrent engineering approach to new product development. The conclusions are based on results from a three-year study supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Manufacturing Technology Directorate (Man Tech). The research team started from the premise that product development costs might increase if the cross-functional teams utilized in concurrent engineering did not interact effectively. Based on previous cases, four major issues were identified for further study: (1) What is the nature of the relationship between the cross- functional teams and the functional managers in a concurrent engineering environment? (2) How does one effectively lead a cross- functional product development team? (3) How can one effectively motivate members of the cross-functional teams? (4) How can employees be trained to become effective cross-functional team participants? Three major companies, representing three different industries— automotive, airframe, and airborne electronics—agreed to serve as industrial partners in this study. Company employees were interviewed and provided insight into how the product development process worked in their companies, both before and after the adoption of concurrent engineering.

The process of selecting TAB Outer Lead Banding (OLB) equipment is similar to that for selecting standard surface mount (SM) pick-and-place equipment; however, the options am more limited because TAB equipment has not yet reached the same, level of maturity. TAB equipment is seen by many as simply a logical extension to the fine pitch placement equipment on the market today because it provides a way of assembling even finer pitch components to the printed circuit board. However, in comparison to SMT processes, TAB technology is still in its relative infancy. There are fewer vendors and the opportunities to tailor the equipment selection to the expected volume and desired level of automation and capital investment is much more limited. In addition, a TAB OLB machine must perform functions that are not required of a conventional pick-and-place machine. The development process is correspondingly more complex because the equipment and the assembly process am tightly linked. Both vendors and users are beginning a now learning curve for OLB machines and their associated processes. This article will deal with the four basic functions of an OLB machine, outlining various technologies and equipment sets available for outer lead bonding, and a suggested methodology for selecting the optimum OLB equipment.

[1] Gamma-Ray, Neutron, and Alpha-Particle Spectrometers (GRS, NS, and APS, respectively) were included in the payload complement of Lunar Prospector (LP). Specific objectives of the GRS were to map abundances of Fe, Ti, Th, K, Si, O, Mg, Al, and Ca to depths of 20 cm. Those of the NS were to search for water ice to depths of 100 cm near the lunar poles and to map regolith maturity. Objectives of the APS were to search for, map, and provide a measure of the time history of gaseous release events at the lunar surface. The purpose of this paper is to document the mechanical, analog electronic, digital electronic, and microprocessor designs of the suite of spectrometers, present a representative sample of the calibrated response functions of all sensors, and document the operation of all three LP spectrometers in sufficient detail as to enable the full knowledgeable use of all data products that were archived in the Planetary Data System for future use by the planetary-science community.

A laboratory test fixture for nonrigid payloads is described which allows payload arrangements to undergo the simultaneous spinning and coning motions experienced by a projectile in flight. The fixture enables the destabilizing phenomena associated with the nonrigid payload to be created in a controlled laboratory environment where special instrumentation can measure the physical effects of interest. The results are used to evaluate the potential destabilizing influence of the payload and to support the evolution and validation of theoretical analyses describing the associated fluid dynamics situation. The author describes the operational aspects of the fixture and reviews several research and development projects for which it has been used. Engineering design aspects of the XM761 and M825 smoke screening projectiles are described. In addition, the role played by the fixture in evolving a general theory for homogeneous viscous liquid fills is reviewed. Studies associated with payloads composed of viscoelastic fluids and other unconventional compositions are addressed including methods of reducing or eliminating the problem. >

External rotation of the femoral component has been suggested as a means of improving patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but this procedure may also affect the tibiofemoral joint. TKA was performed on five cadaveric knee specimens. Each specimen was tested with femoral component external rotations of 0.0/spl deg/, 2.5/spl deg/ and 5.0/spl deg/, and 6 DOF kinematics were measured. In three of the specimens, the tibial external rotation angle increased with femoral component rotation. The magnitude of the change was always less than the magnitude of the femoral rotation. Soft tissue constraints appear to override kinematic constraints imposed by femoral component rotation.

Instruments developed for safeguards in the domestic nuclear industry to nondestructively assay nuclear materials are being used in unattended and remote monitoring applications. In large facilities, such instruments can be combined with more classical surveillance methods. The effective implementation of such systems involves the integration of physics knowledge and measurement experience, detectors and their supporting electronics, and computers and their software. Los Alamos has been involved in three types of applications: radiation triggers for video surveillance; unattended assay of materials moving in automated fabrication and process plants; and monitoring radiation signatures to verify the movement of irradiated and unirradiated nuclear material. >

A design for a reconfigurable functional unit, based on dynamically programmable gate arrays, is proposed. The design provides multiple concurrent configuration contexts for the purpose of supporting multiple execution streams. A discussion of the impact of the reconfigurable functional unit on each processor pipeline stage is presented. The proposed design is simulated and the system performance is compared to other designs.

A recent epidemiologic study reported associations between leukemia risk in children and their personal use of television (TV) sets, hair dryers, and stereo headsets, and the prenatal use by their mothers of sewing machines. To provide exposure data to aid in the interpretation of these findings, extremely and very low frequency (ELF and VLF) magnetic fields produced by a sample of each type of appliance were characterized in a field study of volunteers conducted in Washington DC and its Maryland suburbs. Questionnaire data regarding children's or mothers' patterns of usage of each type of appliance were also collected. ELF magnetic fields measured 10 cm from the nozzles of hair dryers were elevated over the ambient by a mean factor of 17 when these devices were in use. Fields near headsets being used to listen to music were not distinguishable from ambient levels except at frequencies below and well above 60 Hz and, even then, field levels were < 0.01 microT. Home sewing machines produced ELF magnetic fields that were elevated by a factor of 2.8 over ambient levels at the front surfaces of the lower abdomens of mothers. Estimated mean daily times of usage of hair dryers, stereo headsets, and sewing machines were 2.6, 19, and 17 minutes, respectively. These data and previously published data on TV sets, do not provide a consistent picture of increased (or decreased) leukemia risk in relation to increasing peak or time weighted average (TWA) ELF magnetic field exposure. The data could, however, conceivably be compatible with some more complex biophysical model with unknown properties. Overall, the results of this study provide little evidence supporting the hypothesis that peak or TWA ELF magnetic fields produced by appliances are causally related to the risk of childhood leukemia in children.

The electrofishing survey of fish from the Great Miami River at RM 19, 24 and 38 from late summer 1996 demonstrated the sensitivity of the fish community to microhabitat variation. The variation was particularly clear between the pooled, low flow sections of the river and the runs, where fast current habitats occurred. In 1996, like most recent years, the differences were obvious between Rm 24 and RM 19 and RM 38. River Mile 24 was characterized by a fish community of current-loving fish, dominated by Catastomidae (suckers), and Ictaluridae (catfish). In contrast, samples from pooled stations at RM 19 and 38 were dominated by Centrarchidae, Clupeidae and Cyprinidae, particularly the carp. The microhabitats sampled around the abutments of bridges at RM 19 and 38 where fast current and physical structure occurred, both resembled the community at RM 24. Changes in the fish communities associated with the upstream/downstream changes in stream volume, channel size, morphology, etc., were evidenced by the community coefficients which showed least similarity between the most distant sites.

Fish were collected, using electroshocking techniques, from three sites in the Great Miami River (GMR) (September 7 and 8, 1995) as part of an annual survey for Fernald Environmental Restoration Management Corporation (FERMCO). The objective was to collect fish fillets for uranium analysis and examine the health of the fish community in comparison to data collected during the past eleven years. Samples were taken from upstream (river mile = RM; RM 38) and downstream (RM 19) of the Fernald site as well as from near the Fernald effluent line (RM 24). RM 38 is isolated from upstream fish migration by two dams located near Hamilton, Ohio and fish collected from this site should not be influenced by processes at the downstream sites. Samples of 549 fish from 29 species belonging to nine families provided seventy-two samples for uranium analysis by an independent laboratory. Chemical analysis of water samples collected at each site was used to determine the effect of chemical parameters on the fish community. This study focused on comparison of the density, biomass and diversity of the fish community between sites and between years.

Fish sampling by electroshocking in the Great Miami River upstream and downstream the Fernald site (September 25 and 26, 1994) was designed to determine changes in the health of the fish community compared to the previous ten years and to collect samples for uranium analyses in fish fillets. Samples of 853 fish, from 27 species, eight families and three sites at river mile (RM) 38, RM 24, and RM 19 provided seventy-eight samples for uranium analyses by an independent laboratory. The biomass of fish caught per hour was greatest at RM 24 > RM 19 > RM 3 8. The diversity index and the heaviest fish community was RM 24 > RM 38 > RM 19. The pooled site at RM 38 near Hamilton was diagnostically separated from the other sites by the young-of-the-year (YOY) golden redhorse, smallmouth bass and golden shiner. The darns at Hamilton acted as an effective barrier against fish migration upriver. Larger freshwater drum, gizzard shad, channel catfish and flathead catfish, which might be expected in rapid current reaches of mid-sized rivers characterize RM 24. The pool at RM 19 was distinguished from the others by YOY gizzard shad, bluegill, and longear sunfish. Thus the fish community in 1994 was separated ecologically by the physical features of the habitat more than by water quality differences between sites. These data suggest that the Fernald effluents in September were having no detectable effects on the distribution of fishes, independent of changes in habitat quality separated on physical attributes of the river channel at each site.

A criticality study has been conducted for the measurement of highly enriched uranium (HEU) samples using the Active Well Coincidence Counter (AWCC). Computer calculations were performed to estimate the k{sub eff} of large samples inside the AWCC in the form of metal, UF{sub 4}, and UO{sub 2}. The discrete ordinates transport code TWODANT was used for all computations. In performing the study, the authors varied the AQCC in the following ways: (a) with and without the cadmium sample-cavity liner, (b) with and without the nickel reflector, and (c) with a water-filled sample cavity. Metal samples consisted of right-circular cylinders containing masses of up to 20 kg of uranium (18.6 kg of {sup 235}U) with a 12-cm diam. The samples of UF{sub 4} and UO{sub 2} contained up to 10 kg of {sup 235}U, had a height-to-diameter ratio of unity, and were modeled as both dry and having a moisture content of up to 40% by weight. The most reactive configuration resulted when they removed the cadmium liner and nickel reflector and flooded the sample cavity with water (case 3). Results of the study indicate a maximum k{sub eff} of 0.96 for the water-filled cavity containing a 20-kg uranium-metal cylinder. Drymore » samples composed of 10 kg of {sup 235}U in the form of UF{sub 4} and UO{sub 2} resulted in a maximum k{sub eff} of 0.64 and 0.71 respectively. Samples of UF{sub 4} and UO{sub 2}, also containing 10 kg of {sup 235}U, with 10% moisture by weight resulted in a maximum k{sub eff} of 0.81 and 0.83 respectively. The subcritical limit for a water-flooded chamber without the nickel and cadmium in place is somewhat greater than 20% moisture by weight for a homogeneous fissile-water mixture containing 10 kg of {sup 235}U.« less

Retention and episodic release of flammable gases are critical safety concerns regarding double-shell tanks (DSTs) containing waste slurries. Previous investigations have concluded that gas bubbles are retained by the slurry that has settled at the bottom of the DST. However, the mechanisms responsible for the retention of these bubbles are not well understood. In addition, the presence of retained gas bubbles is expected to affect the physical properties of the sludge, but essentially no literature data are available to assess the effect of these bubbles. The rheological behavior of the waste, particularly of the settled sludge, is critical to characterizing the tendency of the waste to retain gas bubbles. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to gas bubble retention and release from sludge such as is in Tank 241-SY-101, understand how the bubbles affect the physical properties of the sludge, develop correlations of these physical properties to include in computer models, and collect experimental data on the physical properties of simulated sludges with bubbles. This report presents a theory and experimental observations of bubble retention in simulated sludge and gives correlations and new data on the effect of gas bubbles on sludge yield strength.

Fish sampling by electroshocking in the Great Miami River above and below the Fernald sit was designed to determine changes in the health of the fish community compared to the previous nine years and to collect samples for uranium analysis in fish filets. This document contains information describing the findings of this program. Topics discussed include: physical and chemical parameters, species richness, species diversity, and water analysis.

This report documents research on sludge vitrification. The first pilot scale in-situ vitrification test of a simulated underground tank was successfully completed by researchers at Pacific Northwest Laboratory. The vitrification process effectively immobilized the vast majority of radionuclides simulants and toxic metals were retained in the melt and uniformly distributed throughout the monolith.

The magnetic fields associated with reconnection in the edge of the reversed field pinch configuration have been measured in the Madison Symmetric Torus. The measured magnetic field structure is compared with theoretical predictions computed in both toroidal and cylindrical geometries. The summation of multiple modes has been accomplished to reveal a complex but still coherent edge structure. Key terms of relevant Ohm’s law are accessible from magnetic field measurement and reveal the ordering [(1/ne)J×B⪢E>ηJ], which implies that two fluid effects are important in the physics governing this reconnection. Further, it is seen that the nonlinear three-wave coupling of the Hall term acts as a driving mechanism for this linearly stable mode.

We have increased substantially the electron and ion temperatures, the electron density, and the total beta in plasmas with improved energy confinement in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST). The improved confinement is achieved with a well-established current profile control technique for reduction of magnetic tearing and reconnection. A sustained ion temperature >1 keV is achieved with intensified reconnection-based ion heating followed immediately by current profile control. In the same plasmas, the electron temperature reaches 2 keV, and the electron thermal diffusivity drops to about 2 m2 s−1. The global energy confinement time is 12 ms. This and the reported temperatures are the largest values yet achieved in the reversed-field pinch (RFP). These results were attained at a density ∼1019 m−3. By combining pellet injection with current profile control, the density has been quadrupled, and total beta has nearly doubled to a record value of about 26%. The Mercier criterion is exceeded in the plasma core, and both pressure-driven interchange and pressure-driven tearing modes are calculated to be linearly unstable, yet energy confinement is still improved. Transient momentum injection with biased probes reveals that global momentum transport is reduced with current profile control. Magnetic reconnection events drive rapid momentum transport related to large Maxwell and Reynolds stresses. Ion heating during reconnection events occurs globally, locally, or not at all, depending on which tearing modes are involved in the reconnection. To potentially augment inductive current profile control, we are conducting initial tests of current drive with lower-hybrid and electron-Bernstein waves.