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11 results on '"MESH : Models, Neurological"'

1. The Combined Effects of Inhibitory and Electrical Synapses in Synchrony

Author

David Golomb, Benjamin Pfeuty, Germán Mato, David Hansel, Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur ( NPSM ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centro Atómico Bariloche [Argentine], Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] ( CONICET ) -Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] ( CNEA ), Instituto Balseiro [Bariloche], Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] ( CNEA ) -Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] ( UNCUYO ), Department of Physiology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ( BGU ), Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ( HUJ ), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie ( UMR 8119 ), Departamento de Fisica Teorica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid ( UAM ), Laboratoire Franco-Israelien de Neurophysiologie et Neurophysique des Systèmes, Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)

Subjects
MESH: Gap Junctions, Action Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, MESH: Synapses, Synapse, Models of neural computation, MESH : Electric Conductivity, Phase response, MESH: Animals, MESH : Dendrites, MESH: Action Potentials, Physics, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), Gap Junctions, MESH: Neural Inhibition, MESH : Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH: Interneurons, MESH: Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH : Computer Simulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Electrical Synapses, GABAergic, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Gap Junctions, MESH : Synapses, Interneuron, Cognitive Neuroscience, Models, Neurological, MESH: Electric Conductivity, MESH : Interneurons, MESH: Dendrites, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH: Computer Simulation, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Interneurons, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, medicine, Animals, MESH : Models, Neurological, Computer Simulation, Electric Conductivity, Conductance, Neural Inhibition, Dendrites, Nonlinear Dynamics, MESH: Nerve Net, [ SDV.NEU ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Synapses, MESH : Nerve Net, Neural Networks, Computer, MESH : Animals, Nerve Net, Neuroscience, MESH : Neural Inhibition
Abstract

Recent experimental results have shown that GABAergic interneurons in the central nervous system are frequently connected via electrical synapses. Hence, depending on the area or the subpopulation, interneurons interact via inhibitory synapses or electrical synapses alone or via both types of interactions. The theoretical work presented here addresses the significance of these different modes of interactions for the interneuron networks dynamics. We consider the simplest system in which this issue can be investigated in models or in experiments: a pair of neurons, interacting via electrical synapses, inhibitory synapses, or both, and activated by the injection of a noisy external current. Assuming that the couplings and the noise are weak, we derive an analytical expression relating the cross-correlation (CC) of the activity of the two neurons to the phase response function of the neurons. When electrical and inhibitory interactions are not too strong, they combine their effect in a linear manner. In this regime, the effect of electrical and inhibitory interactions when combined can be deduced knowing the effects of each of the interactions separately. As a consequence, depending on intrinsic neuronal proper-ties, electrical and inhibitory synapses may cooperate, both promoting synchrony, or may compete, with one promoting synchrony while the other impedes it. In contrast, for sufficiently strong couplings, the two types of synapses combine in a nonlinear fashion. Remarkably, we find that in this regime, combining electrical synapses with inhibition ampli-fies synchrony, whereas electrical synapses alone would desynchronize the activity of the neurons. We apply our theory to predict how the shape of the CC of two neurons changes as a function of ionic channel conduc-tances, focusing on the effect of persistent sodium conductance, of the firing rate of the neurons and the nature and the strength of their interac-tions. These predictions may be tested using dynamic clamp techniques.

Published
2005
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2. Synapses, NMDA receptor activity and neuronal Aβ production in Alzheimer's disease

Author

Alain Buisson, Javier Becerril-Ortega, K. Bordji, Centre-Imagerie, Neurosciences, et Application aux Pathologies ( CI-NAPS - UMR 6232 ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), INSERM U836, équipe 12, Neuropathologies et dysfonctions synaptiques, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences ( GIN ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -CHU Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -CHU Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ), Centre-Imagerie, Neurosciences, et Application aux Pathologies (CI-NAPS - UMR 6232), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Buisson, Alain

Subjects
MESH: Neurons, MESH : Alzheimer Disease, amyloid precursor protein, MESH: Synapses, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, MESH: Animals, Receptor, amyloid- β, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, General Neuroscience, Memantine, Glutamate receptor, MESH: Amyloid beta-Peptides, NMDA receptor, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Signal transduction, Alzheimer ' s disease, MESH : Synapses, medicine.drug, Ionotropic effect, NMDA receptors, Models, Neurological, Biology, MESH : Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neuroprotection, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, MESH : Neurons, 03 medical and health sciences, Alzheimer Disease, MESH: Models, Neurological, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH : Models, Neurological, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Amyloid beta-Peptides, MESH: Humans, calcium, MESH : Humans, nervous system, [ SDV.NEU ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Synaptic plasticity, Synapses, memantine, MESH : Animals, MESH : Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MESH: Alzheimer Disease
Abstract

A direct relationship has been established between synaptic activity and amyloid-β secretion. Dysregulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis was shown to increase production of amyloid-β, contributing to the initiation of Alzheimer’s disease. Among the different routes of Ca2+ entry, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, are especially involved in this process because of their ability to gate high levels of Ca2+ influx. These receptors have been extensively studied for their crucial roles in synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory but also in neurotoxicity occurring during acute brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. For one decade, several studies provided evidence that NMDA receptor activation could have distinct consequences on neuronal fate, depending on their location. Synaptic NMDA receptor activation is neuroprotective, whereas extrasynaptic NMDA receptors trigger neuronal death and/or neurodegenerative processes. Recent data suggest that chronic activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors leads to a sustained neuronal amyloid-β release and could be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, as for other neurological diseases, therapeutic targeting of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors could be a promising strategy. Following this concept, memantine, unlike other NMDA receptor antagonists was shown, to preferentially target the extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling pathways, while relatively sparing normal synaptic activity. This molecular mechanism could therefore explain why memantine is, to date, the only clinically approved NMDA receptor antagonist for the treatment of dementia.

Published
2011
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3. Hepatocyte growth factor-Met signaling is required for Runx1 extinction and peptidergic differentiation in primary nociceptive neurons

Author

Françoise Helmbacher, Yang Liu, Igor M. Samokhvalov, Lise Rodat-Despoix, Patrick Delmas, Eduardo Gascon, Pascale Malapert, Aziz Moqrich, Stéphane Gaillard, Flavio Maina, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche en neurobiologie - neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-06-NEUR-0039,OlfLocalTrans,Traduction locale axonale et dendritique dans le développement et le renouvellement du système olfactif(2006), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille ( IBDM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de recherche en neurobiologie - neurophysiologie de Marseille ( CRN2M ), and ANR-06-NEURO-0039,OlfLocalTrans,Traduction locale axonale et dendritique dans le développement et le renouvellement du système olfactif ( 2006 )

Subjects
MESH: Hepatocyte Growth Factor, MESH: Signal Transduction, Cellular differentiation, MESH : Neuropeptides, MESH: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, MESH: Neuropeptides, MESH : Nociceptors, MESH: Mice, Knockout, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, [ SDV.BBM.BC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], Ganglia, Spinal, hemic and lymphatic diseases, MESH: Animals, MESH: Nociceptors, Receptor, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, General Neuroscience, Nociceptors, Cell Differentiation, Articles, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, MESH : Mice, Transgenic, Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, embryonic structures, Nociceptor, Hepatocyte growth factor, MESH: Ganglia, Spinal, Signal transduction, MESH : Cell Differentiation, Signal Transduction, medicine.drug, MESH: Cells, Cultured, MESH : Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, MESH: Cell Differentiation, MESH : Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, MESH: Mice, Transgenic, Models, Neurological, Population, Neuropeptide, MESH : Cell Lineage, Mice, Transgenic, Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Mice, MESH : Cells, Cultured, medicine, Animals, MESH : Models, Neurological, Cell Lineage, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], education, MESH: Mice, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Signal Transduction, Neuropeptides, MESH: Cell Lineage, MESH: Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, MESH : Ganglia, Spinal, MESH : Hepatocyte Growth Factor, nervous system, MESH : Mice, Knockout, MESH : Animals, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Nociceptors in peripheral ganglia display a remarkable functional heterogeneity. They can be divided into the following two major classes: peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons. Although RUNX1 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the specification of nonpeptidergic neurons, the mechanisms driving peptidergic differentiation remain elusive. Here, we show that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-Met signaling acts synergistically with nerve growth factor-tyrosine kinase receptor A to promote peptidergic identity in a subset of prospective nociceptors. We providein vivoevidence that a population of peptidergic neurons, derived from the RUNX1 lineage, require Met activity for the proper extinction ofRunx1and optimal activation ofCGRP(calcitonin gene-related peptide). Moreover, we show that RUNX1 in turn represses Met expression in nonpeptidergic neurons, revealing a bidirectional cross talk between Met and RUNX1. Together, our novel findings support a model in which peptidergic versus nonpeptidergic specification depends on a balance between HGF-Met signaling andRunx1extinction/maintenance.

Published
2010
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4. SIMONE: a realistic neural network simulator to reproduce MEA-based recordings

Author

Isabelle E. Magnin, Christophe Pouzat, Blaise Yvert, Antoine Chaffiol, R. Escola, Régis Guillemaud, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de physiologie cérébrale (LPC - UMR 8118), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences cognitives et intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-SFR Bordeaux Neurosciences-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères]-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de physiologie cérébrale ( LPC - UMR 8118 ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-SFR Bordeaux Neurosciences-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche et d'Application en Traitement de l'Image et du Signal (CREATIS), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)

Subjects
MESH: Microelectrodes, Computer science, MESH: Neurons, Action Potentials, Synaptic Transmission, American cockroach, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Application-specific integrated circuit, Relay, law, SpikeOMatic, Preprocessor, SIMONE, [ SDV.BIBS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], MESH : Algorithms, MESH: Action Potentials, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, Artificial neural network, General Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, simulation, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], MESH : Computer Simulation, Spike sorting, [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Probability distribution, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Algorithm, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Algorithms, Data compression, noise, Models, Neurological, Biomedical Engineering, extracellular, MESH: Algorithms, spike sorting, MESH : Neurons, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Computer Simulation, Robustness (computer science), MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Models, Neurological, [ INFO.INFO-BI ] Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], spike detection, [INFO.INFO-IM]Computer Science [cs]/Medical Imaging, Internal Medicine, Electronic engineering, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Models, Neurological, Computer Simulation, integrate-and-fire, 030304 developmental biology, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, MESH: Nerve Net, MESH : Microelectrodes, MESH : Nerve Net, Nerve Net, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], multielectrode array (MEA), Microelectrodes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

International audience; Contemporary multielectrode arrays (MEAs) used to record extracellular activity from neural tissues can deliver data at rates on the order of 100 Mbps. Such rates require efficient data compression and/or preprocessing algorithms implemented on an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) close to the MEA. We present SIMONE (Statistical sIMulation Of Neuronal networks Engine), a versatile simulation tool whose parameters can be either fixed or defined by a probability distribution. We validated our tool by simulating data recorded from the first olfactory relay of an insect. Different key aspects make this tool suitable for testing the robustness and accuracy of neural signal processing algorithms (such as the detection, alignment, and classification of spikes). For instance, most of the parameters can be defined by a probabilistic distribution, then tens of simulations may be obtained from the same scenario. This is especially useful when validating the robustness of the processing algorithm. Moreover, the number of active cells and the exact firing activity of each one of them is perfectly known, which provides an easy way to test accuracy.

Published
2008
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5. Rapamycin inhibits growth and survival of D-816-V-mutated c-kit mast cells

Author

Yves Lepelletier, Olivier Lortholary, Guy Laurent, Martine Humbert, Olivier Hermine, Jean Pierre Zappulla, Antoine Ribadeau-Dumas, Marion Gabillot-Carré, Nadine Ben Hamouda, Paulo de Sepuvelda, Christian Recher, Emmanuel Morelon, Christine Bodemer, François Machavoine, Cédric Baude, Aurélie Hermant, Patrice Dubreuil, Jacques Vargaftig, Michel Arock, Sébastien Letard, Michel Dy, Roland S. Liblau, Ying Yang, Cytokines, hématopoïèse et réponse immune (CHRI), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan ex IFR 30 et IFR 150 (CPTP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'immunologie, Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Cancérologie, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de dermatologie [CHU Necker], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée (LBPA), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'immuno-hématologie pédiatrique [CHU Necker], Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cancérologie (Inserm U599/IPC), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Immunologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Slama, Catherine, Cytokines, hématopoïèse et réponse immune ( CHRI ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (ex IFR 30 et IFR 150), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR30-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée ( LBPA ), École normale supérieure - Cachan ( ENS Cachan ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5) - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
MESH: Signal Transduction, MESH : Brain Mapping, Apoptosis, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MESH : Auditory Perception, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Tumor Cells, Cultured, MESH : Neural Pathways, MESH : Cell Proliferation, Tumor Cells, Cultured, [ SDV.IMM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, MESH: Animals, Mast Cells, Systemic mastocytosis, MESH: Mastocytosis, Systemic, MESH: Brain Mapping, MESH : Cell Survival, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, MESH: Music, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, MESH : Music, MESH : Mastocytosis, Systemic, MESH: Mast Cells, Hematology, MESH : Mice, Transgenic, MESH: Positron-Emission Tomography, 3. Good health, MESH: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit, MESH: Cell Survival, Phosphorylation, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, MESH : Mast Cells, MESH : Pharmacogenetics, Tyrosine kinase, MESH : Time Factors, medicine.drug, Signal Transduction, Cell Survival, MESH: Mice, Transgenic, Immunology, Mutation, Missense, MESH: Acoustic Stimulation, MESH: Pharmacogenetics, Mice, Transgenic, MESH : Protein Kinases, Biology, MESH : Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit, MESH : Emotions, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Auditory Perception, MESH: Brain, Mastocytosis, Systemic, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MESH: Cell Proliferation, MESH : Mice, medicine, MESH : Models, Neurological, Animals, Humans, MESH: Tumor Cells, Cultured, MESH: Mice, MESH: Protein Kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, 030304 developmental biology, Cell Proliferation, MESH: Emotions, MESH : Signal Transduction, Sirolimus, MESH: Mutation, Missense, MESH: Humans, MESH : Sirolimus, MESH: Apoptosis, MESH: Neural Pathways, MESH : Humans, RPTOR, MESH: Time Factors, MESH : Positron-Emission Tomography, Cell Biology, MESH : Acoustic Stimulation, medicine.disease, MESH : Brain, Pharmacogenetics, Cancer research, MESH : Animals, MESH: Sirolimus, Protein Kinases, MESH : Apoptosis, MESH : Mutation, Missense, 030215 immunology
Abstract

International audience; Two classes of oncogenic mutations of the c-kit tyrosine kinase have been described: the juxtamembrane domain V560G mutation, which is preferentially found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and the kinase domain D816V mutation, which is highly representative of systemic mastocytosis (SM). Here we show that both mutations constitutively activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Surprisingly, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin induces only apoptosis in HMC-1 cells bearing the D816V but not the V560G mutation. In support of this unexpected selectivity, rapamycin inhibits the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, a downstream substrate of the mTOR pathway, but only in D816V HMC-1 cells. Importantly, D816V mast cells isolated from SM patients or from transgenic mice are sensitive to rapamycin whereas normal human or mouse mast cells are not. Thus, rapamycin inhibition appears specific to the D816V mutation. At present there is no effective cure for SM patients with the D816V mutation. The data presented here provide a rationale to test whether rapamycin could be a possible treatment for SM and other hematologic malignancies with the D816V mutation.

Published
2006
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6. Oscillatory and intrinsic membrane properties of guinea pig nucleus prepositus hypoglossi neurons in vitro

Author

Erwin Idoux, Michel Muhlethaler, L. E. Moore, Mathieu Beraneck, Mauro Serafin, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Patrice Fort, Nicolas Vibert, Neurobiologie des réseaux sensorimoteurs (NRS (U7060)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biomedical Engineering [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux Sensorimoteurs (LNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Boston University [Boston] ( BU ), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux Sensorimoteurs ( LNRS ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage ( CeRCA ), Université de Poitiers-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre médical universitaire de Genève (CMU), Département de Physiologie, Genève, Suisse, Centre médical universitaire, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Team Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux Responsables du Cycle Veille-Sommeil, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre d'étude de la SensoriMotricité (CESEM - UMR 8194), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Equipe Pharmacognosie (UMR 8638), Chimie Organique, Médicinale et Extractive et Toxicologie Expérimentale (COMETE - UMR 8638), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Team Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux Responsables du Cycle Veille-Sommeil (INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292 - UNIV Lyon 1), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurobiologie des réseaux sensorimoteurs ( NRS (U7060) ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA), and Université de Poitiers-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, Action Potentials/physiology, Periodicity, MESH: Periodicity, MESH : Electric Stimulation, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Membrane Potentials/ physiology, Medial vestibular nucleus, Action Potentials, MESH : Neurons, Afferent, Membrane Potentials, Nucleus prepositus, 0302 clinical medicine, Oculomotor Nerve, MESH : Membrane Potentials, MESH : Female, MESH: Animals, MESH: Models, Theoretical, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Action Potentials, Motor Neurons, Membrane potential, Vestibular system, Medulla Oblongata, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Chemistry, MESH: Neurons, Afferent, General Neuroscience, MESH: Electric Stimulation, MESH : Medulla Oblongata, medicine.anatomical_structure, Membrane, MESH : Periodicity, [ SDV.NEU.NB ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, MESH: Vestibular Nuclei, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Female, MESH : Guinea Pigs, MESH: Motor Neurons, Oculomotor Nerve/ physiology, MESH : Motor Neurons, MESH : Oculomotor Nerve, MESH : Male, Guinea Pigs, Models, Neurological, Population, Medulla Oblongata/ physiology, Sensory system, MESH: Guinea Pigs, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH: Medulla Oblongata, Neurons, Afferent/ physiology, medicine, MESH : Models, Neurological, Animals, MESH: Membrane Potentials, Neurons, Afferent, education, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Oculomotor Nerve, Vestibular Nuclei/physiology, MESH : Models, Theoretical, Vestibular Nuclei, Models, Theoretical, Electric Stimulation, MESH: Male, ddc:616.8, Motor Neurons/physiology, MESH : Animals, MESH : Vestibular Nuclei, MESH: Female, Neuroscience, Nucleus, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Numerous models of the oculomotor neuronal integrator located in the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) involve both highly tuned recurrent networks and intrinsic neuronal properties; however, there is little experimental evidence for the relative role of these two mechanisms. The experiments reported here show that all PHN neurons (PHNn) show marked phasic behavior, which is highly oscillatory in ∼25% of the population. The behavior of this subset of PHNn, referred to as type D PHNn, is clearly different from that of the medial vestibular nucleus neurons, which transmit the bulk of head velocity-related sensory vestibular inputs without integrating them. We have investigated the firing and biophysical properties of PHNn and developed data-based realistic neuronal models to quantitatively illustrate that their active conductances can produce the oscillatory behavior. Although some individual type D PHNn are able to show some features of mathematical integration, the lack of robustness of this behavior strongly suggests that additional network interactions, likely involving all types of PHNn, are essential for the neuronal integrator. Furthermore, the relationship between the impulse activity and membrane potential of type D PHNn is highly nonlinear and frequency-dependent, even for relatively small-amplitude responses. These results suggest that some of the synaptic input to type D PHNn is likely to evoke oscillatory responses that will be nonlinearly amplified as the spike discharge rate increases. It would appear that the PHNn have specific intrinsic properties that, in conjunction with network interconnections, enhance the persistent neural activity needed for their function.

Published
2006
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7. Comparative aspects of cerebral cortical development

Author

Gundela Meyer, Henry Kennedy, David Price, Colette Dehay, Christine Métin, Anastassia Stoykova, Zoltán Molnár, Fiona Francis, Victor Tarabykin, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Developpement Normal et Pathologique du Cerveau, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Molecular Cell Biology [Göttingen], Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPI-BPC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine [Göttingen] (MPI), Centre for integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Institut Cochin (UMR_S567 / UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Anatomy, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Institut cellule souche et cerveau (SBRI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), European Community (QLRT-1999–30158). The original work of Z.M.'s laboratory was supported by Grants from Medical Research Council GO300200, The Welcome Trust (063974 ⁄ B ⁄ 01 ⁄ Z), Human Frontier Science Program (RGP0107 ⁄ 2001) and St John's College, Oxford., University of Oxford [Oxford], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry ( MPI-BPC ), Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine [Göttingen] ( MPI ), Institut Cochin ( UMR_S567 / UMR 8104 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidad de la Laguna, Institut cellule souche et cerveau / Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute ( SBRI ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Institut cellule souche et cerveau (U846 Inserm - UCBL1), and Dehay, Colette

Subjects
MESH: Cell Differentiation, Cellular differentiation, Models, Neurological, MESH: Neurons, Macaque, Article, MESH : Neurons, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Models, Neurological, Cortex (anatomy), biology.animal, [SDV.BDD] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, MESH: Evolution, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH : Models, Neurological, MESH: Animals, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Evolution, [ SDV.BDD ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, Reelin, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, biology, Mechanism (biology), General Neuroscience, MESH : Humans, Neurogenesis, Cell Differentiation, Biological Evolution, MESH: Cerebral Cortex, Reelin Protein, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral cortex, [ SDV.NEU ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], biology.protein, MESH : Cerebral Cortex, GABAergic, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Animals, MESH : Cell Differentiation, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

This review aims to provide examples of how both comparative and genetic analyses contribute to our understanding of the rules for cortical development and evolution. Genetic studies have helped us to realize the evolutionary rules of telencephalic organization in vertebrates. The control of the establishment of conserved telencephalic subdivisions and the formation of boundaries between these subdivisions has been examined and the very specific alterations at the striatocortical junction have been revealed. Comparative studies and genetic analyses both demonstrate the differential origin and migratory pattern of the two basic neuron types of the cerebral cortex. GABAergic interneurons are mostly generated in the subpallium and a common mechanism governs their migration to the dorsal cortex in both mammals and sauropsids. The pyramidal neurons are generated within the cortical germinal zone and migrate radially, the earliest generated cell layers comprising preplate cells. Reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius cells are a general feature of all vertebrates studied so far; however, there is a considerable amplification of the Reelin signalling with cortical complexity, which might have contributed to the establishment of the basic mammalian pattern of cortical development. Based on numerous recent observations we shall present the argument that specialization of the mitotic compartments may constitute a major drive behind the evolution of the mammalian cortex. Comparative developmental studies have revealed distinct features in the early compartments of the developing macaque brain, drawing our attention to the limitations of some of the current model systems for understanding human developmental abnormalities of the cortex. Comparative and genetic aspects of cortical development both reveal the workings of evolution.

Published
2006
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8. A continuous attractor network model without recurrent excitation: maintenance and integration in the head direction cell system

Author

Nicolas Brunel, Christian Boucheny, Angelo Arleo, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action (LPPA), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Laboratoire de physiologie de la perception et de l'action (LPPA), Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Collège de France (CdF) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Time Factors, Computer science, Motion Perception, Action Potentials, MESH: Head Movements, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Neural Pathways, Thalamus, Neural Pathways, MESH: Animals, Head direction cells, head direction cells, Attractor network, MESH: Action Potentials, Network model, MESH: Thalamus, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Basis (linear algebra), MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), spiking neurons, Dynamics (mechanics), Sensory Systems, MESH: Systems Theory, MESH: Motion Perception, Head Movements, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Space Perception, MESH : Time Factors, MESH : Motion Perception, Cognitive Neuroscience, Population, Models, Neurological, MESH: Space Perception, Systems Theory, Angular velocity, Topology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH : Action Potentials, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH : Models, Neurological, Animals, MESH : Thalamus, Motion perception, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], education, integrate-and-fire, Simulation, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Systems Theory, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, MESH: Neural Pathways, MESH: Time Factors, MESH : Head Movements, MESH: Nerve Net, continuous attractor networks, Space Perception, MESH : Nerve Net, MESH : Animals, Neural Networks, Computer, Nerve Net, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Motivated by experimental observations of the head direction system, we study a three population network model that operates as a continuous attractor network. This network is able to store in a short-term memory an angular variable (the head direction) as a spatial profile of activity across neurons in the absence of selective external inputs, and to accurately update this variable on the basis of angular velocity inputs. The network is composed of one excitatory population and two inhibitory populations, with inter-connections between populations but no connections within the neurons of a same population. In particular, there are no excitatory-to-excitatory connections. Angular velocity signals are represented as inputs in one inhibitory population (clockwise turns) or the other (counterclockwise turns). The system is studied using a combination of analytical and numerical methods. Analysis of a simplified model composed of threshold-linear neurons gives the conditions on the connectivity for (i) the emergence of the spatially selective profile, (ii) reliable integration of angular velocity inputs, and (iii) the range of angular velocities that can be accurately integrated by the model. Numerical simulations allow us to study the proposed scenario in a large network of spiking neurons and compare their dynamics with that of head direction cells recorded in the rat limbic system. In particular, we show that the directional representation encoded by the attractor network can be rapidly updated by external cues, consistent with the very short update latencies observed experimentally by Zugaro et al. (2003) in thalamic head direction cells.

Published
2005
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9. Optimal information storage and the distribution of synaptic weights: perceptron versus Purkinje cell

Author

Brunel, Nicolas, Hakim, Vincent, Isope, Philippe, Nadal, Jean-Pierre, Barbour, Boris, Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur (NPSM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie (UMR 8544) (NEURO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurophysique et physiologie du système moteur ( NPSM ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS ( LPS ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris ( FRDPENS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie (UMR 8544) ( NEURO ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
MESH: Rats, [ PHYS.COND.CM-DS-NN ] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Disordered Systems and Neural Networks [cond-mat.dis-nn], [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Models, Neurological, Synaptic Transmission, MESH: Synapses, MESH : Learning, Purkinje Cells, MESH: Afferent Pathways, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH: Purkinje Cells, MESH: Models, Neurological, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, Animals, Learning, MESH : Models, Neurological, MESH: Animals, [PHYS.COND.CM-DS-NN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Disordered Systems and Neural Networks [cond-mat.dis-nn], MESH: Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Afferent Pathways, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Afferent Pathways, MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), MESH : Rats, MESH : Reproducibility of Results, MESH : Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, MESH : Purkinje Cells, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Reproducibility of Results, Neural Inhibition, MESH: Neural Inhibition, Rats, MESH: Reproducibility of Results, MESH: Nerve Net, [ SDV.NEU.NB ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Synapses, MESH : Nerve Net, MESH: Learning, Neural Networks, Computer, MESH : Animals, Nerve Net, MESH : Synapses, MESH : Neural Inhibition
Abstract

International audience; It is widely believed that synaptic modifications underlie learning and memory. However, few studies have examined what can be deduced about the learning process from the distribution of synaptic weights. We analyze the perceptron, a prototypical feedforward neural network, and obtain the optimal synaptic weight distribution for a perceptron with excitatory synapses. It contains more than 50% silent synapses, and this fraction increases with storage reliability: silent synapses are therefore a necessary byproduct of optimizing learning and reliability. Exploiting the classical analogy between the perceptron and the cerebellar Purkinje cell, we fitted the optimal weight distribution to that measured for granule cell-Purkinje cell synapses. The two distributions agreed well, suggesting that the Purkinje cell can learn up to 5 kilobytes of information, in the form of 40,000 input-output associations.

Published
2004
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10. Is there something out there? Inferring space from sensorimotor dependencies

Author

D. Philipona, J. K. O'Regan, Jean-Pierre Nadal, Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris (SONY CSL-Paris), Sony France SA, Laboratoire de psychologie expérimentale (LPE - UMR8581), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris ( SONY CSL-Paris ), Sony, Laboratoire de psychologie expérimentale ( LPE - UMR8581 ), École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS ( LPS ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris ( FRDPENS ), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )

Subjects
Dependency (UML), [ SCCO.PSYC ] Cognitive science/Psychology, Space (commercial competition), MESH : Neurons, Afferent, [ SDV.NEU.SC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Algorithms, Mathematics, Motor Neurons, MESH: Neurons, Afferent, 05 social sciences, Brain, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Manifold, MESH : Computer Simulation, [ SCCO.COMP ] Cognitive science/Computer science, [ SCCO.NEUR ] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, MESH : Space Perception, Algorithms, MESH: Motor Neurons, Curse of dimensionality, MESH : Orientation, MESH : Motor Neurons, Cognitive Neuroscience, Models, Neurological, MESH: Space Perception, Object (grammar), Structure (category theory), MESH: Orientation, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, MESH: Algorithms, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Brain, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Dimension (vector space), MESH: Computer Simulation, MESH: Models, Neurological, Orientation, MESH : Models, Neurological, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer Simulation, Neurons, Afferent, Input/output, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, MESH : Brain, Space Perception, Artificial intelligence, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

This letter suggests that in biological organisms, the perceived structure of reality, in particular the notions of body, environment, space, object, and attribute, could be a consequence of an effort on the part of brains to account for the dependency between their inputs and their outputs in terms of a small number of parameters. To validate this idea, a procedure is demonstrated whereby the brain of a (simulated) organism with arbitrary input and output connectivity can deduce the dimensionality of the rigid group of the space underlying its input-output relationship, that is, the dimension of what the organism will call physical space.

Published
2003
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11. Electrical synapses and synchrony: the role of intrinsic currents

Author

David Golomb, David Hansel, Benjamin Pfeuty, Germán Mato, Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departamento de Fisica Teorica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Atómico Bariloche [Argentine], Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA), Department of Physiology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Laboratoire Franco-Israelien de Neurophysiologie et Neurophysique des Systèmes, Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie ( UMR 8119 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid ( UAM ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] ( CONICET ) -Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] ( CNEA ), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ( BGU ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), and Lamotte D'Incamps, Boris

Subjects
Time Factors, Neural Conduction, MESH: Neurons, Neocortex, Synaptic Transmission, Synchronization, MESH: Synapses, MESH: Neocortex, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Neural Conduction, Premovement neuronal activity, MESH: Sodium, MESH : Mathematics, Neurons, Physics, MESH : Synaptic Transmission, 0303 health sciences, MESH : Neural Networks (Computer), General Neuroscience, MESH : Computer Simulation, Electrical Synapses, medicine.anatomical_structure, MESH : Sodium, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Synapses, MESH : Time Factors, Models, Neurological, Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive, MESH : Neural Conduction, Stability (probability), MESH : Neurons, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Neural Networks (Computer), MESH: Computer Simulation, MESH: Models, Neurological, medicine, MESH: Synaptic Transmission, MESH : Models, Neurological, Computer Simulation, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], MESH : Neocortex, 030304 developmental biology, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Sodium, MESH: Time Factors, Skew, MESH: Mathematics, Conductance, MESH : Potassium, nervous system, Asynchronous communication, [ SDV.NEU ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Synapses, MESH: Potassium, Potassium, Neural Networks, Computer, Neuroscience, Mathematics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Electrical synapses are ubiquitous in the mammalian CNS. Particularly in the neocortex, electrical synapses have been shown to connect low-threshold spiking (LTS) as well as fast spiking (FS) interneurons. Experiments have highlighted the roles of electrical synapses in the dynamics of neuronal networks. Here we investigate theoretically how intrinsic cell properties affect the synchronization of neurons interacting by electrical synapses. Numerical simulations of a network of conductance-based neurons randomly connected with electrical synapses show that potassium currents promote synchrony, whereas the persistent sodium current impedes it. Furthermore, synchrony varies with the firing rate in qualitatively different ways depending on the intrinsic currents. We also study analytically a network of quadratic integrate-and-fire neurons. We relate the stability of the asynchronous state of this network to the phase-response function (PRF), which characterizes the effect of small perturbations on the firing timing of the neurons. In particular, we show that the greater the skew of the PRF toward the first half of the period, the more stable the asynchronous state. Combining our simulations with our analytical results, we establish general rules to predict the dynamic state of large networks of neurons coupled with electrical synapses. Our work provides a natural explanation for surprising experimental observations that blocking electrical synapses may increase the synchrony of neuronal activity. It also suggests different synchronization properties for LTS and FS cells. Finally, we propose to further test our predictions in experiments using dynamic clamp techniques.

Published
2003

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