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Background: The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Helicobacter pylori infection is a complicated topic. This study aimed to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and GERD and identify the associated risk factors in North India. Methods: All individuals who were referred for an endoscopy because they had dyspepsia were included in a cross-sectional study. Using endoscopic assessment, GERD was diagnosed. As a comparison group, patients with normal esophageal function were chosen. H. pylori was cultured and genotyped to assess the virulent genes such as cagA, vacA, and iceA. The relationship of H. pylori infection with GERD and its associated risk factors were estimated with Chi‑square analysis, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 420 patients were included in this study, of whom 335 (79.8%) had GERD. The mean age was 44.01 ± 16.52 years. Overall, 143 (34%) patients were positive for H. pylori infection. cagA-negative H. pylori isolates were significantly associated with the GERD group. Variables such as gender, age, alcohol, smoking, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and hiatus hernia in patients had no significant association with H. pylori infection. However, increased age, gender, Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) score, BMI, and presence of hiatus hernia were significantly associated with the GERD group. Conclusion: In our results, there was no association between H. pylori infection and GERD. The risk factors for GERD were age, gender, FSSG score, BMI, and hiatus hernia. Further studies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastritis is one of the most prevalent disorders affecting individuals. Helicobacter pylori infection, along with other factors such as lifestyle, gender, alcohol drinking, and smoking are causes of gastritis. Northeast Indian population is geographically, ethnically, culturally, and linguistically a blend of its surrounding nations, being different from the North Indian population. The objective of the study was to predict the prevalence and risk factors of gastritis in Northeast India and compare it with North India. Methods: A total of 909 dyspeptic patients (Northeast India: 362 and North India: 547) were enrolled and had undergone endoscopy. H. pylori status was identified, determined, and genotyped. They were divided into gastritis and nongastritis samples based on the presence or absence of gastric ulcerations and erosion. The risk factors for gastritis in Northeast and North India were estimated with Chi-square analysis, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of gastritis and H. pylori infection was higher in Northeast India than North India. The risk factors significantly associated with gastritis in Northeast region were H. pylori infection, increased smoking, and alcohol drinking and in North region were smoking and body mass index. Conclusion: Although our study found the risk factors associated with gastritis in Northeast India, the available data do not provide sufficient evidence. Further studies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is a potential natural remedy for preventing Helicobacter pylori -associated gastric inflammation and cancer. Here, we analyzed the effect of a phospholipid formulation of curcumin on H. pylori growth, translocation and phosphorylation of the virulence factor CagA and host protein kinase Src in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of H. pylori infection. Growth of H. pylori was inhibited dose-dependently by curcumin in vitro. H. pylori was unable to metabolically reduce curcumin, whereas two enterobacteria, E. coli and Citrobacter rodentium , which efficiently reduced curcumin to the tetra- and hexahydro metabolites, evaded growth inhibition. Oxidative metabolism of curcumin was required for the growth inhibition of H. pylori and the translocation and phosphorylation of CagA and cSrc, since acetal- and diacetal-curcumin that do not undergo oxidative transformation were ineffective. Curcumin attenuated mRNA expression of the H. pylori virulence genes cagE and cagF in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited translocation and phosphorylation of CagA in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori strains isolated from dietary curcumin-treated mice showed attenuated ability to induce cSrc phosphorylation and the mRNA expression of the gene encoding for IL-8, suggesting long-lasting effects of curcumin on the virulence of H. pylori. Our work provides mechanistic evidence that encourages testing of curcumin as a dietary approach to inhibit the virulence of CagA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences has enabled us to analyse the geographical spread of diseases due to H. pylori infection. • The disease-associated clustering of the babA sequences of H. pylori with respect to Indian strains has helped to analyse the sequence variation among different disease categories resulting in the formation of different clades. • The association of babA + ve and vacA s1m2 genotypes with gastritis and ERD, is helpful in using babA as an independent marker for detecting their presence. • The differences in the dietary pattern and lifestyle changes among Asian and Western population is the cause for development of distinct disease specific H. pylori strains among these population. Outer membrane protein (OMP) of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) i.e., blood group antigen binding adhesin (babA) is responsible for the attachment of H. pylori in the gastric epithelium. Its adherence is causative for gastric pathology such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), or digestive tract disorders like erosive reflux disease (ERD) and (NERD) non-erosive reflux disease and together called Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BabA manifests rapid and varied selection via substitution of amino acid in its Leb-carbohydrate binding domain (CBD) which enables better binding preferences for distinct human populations and ABO blood group phenotypes. The positive evolutionary selection of the pathogenic factor of this genetically diverse bacterium has enabled it to adapt to the host gastric environment. Analyzing the association of virulent genes (cagA, vacA) and babA will help us better understand bacteria's pathogenicity. 109 H. pylori strains from patients with distinct gastrointestinal diseases were genotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) for cagA, vacA, and babA followed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In the babA + ve genotype, a statistically significant association with p = 0.04 and < 0.0001 is seen in gastritis and ERD respectively. A significant association of genotype vacAs1m2 (p = 0.0002) was seen in gastritis, vacAs1m1 (p = 0.02) in NERD, vacAs1m1 (p < 0.0001) and vacAs1m2 (p = 0.002) in ERD. This relationship helps to detect gastritis or ERD where BabA gene can be used as an independent marker for detecting their presence. The appearance of variants within distinct disease categories is due to local genetic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Background: Genotyping of H. pylori strains was identified on formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue (FFPE) sections and correlated with severity grades of gastric mucosal pathologies in biopsies from upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract from Guwahati, Assam., Materials and Methods: In total, 168 gastric biopsies collected from patients with UGI symptoms underwent histological evaluation as per the updated Sydney system., Result: H. pylori-like organisms were identified with Warthin and Starry stain, and virulent genes were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genomic DNA extracted from FFPE sections by using QIAamp® DNA FFPE Tissue Kit. Histological examination identified H. pylori-like organisms in 100 biopsies, of which 96 were urease + ve. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was high in age groups 71-80 (88.8%) as compared to other age groups, and it was higher in females (78.9%) when compared to males. The prevalence of virulent genes in biopsies was 88.5% cagA and vacA s1m1, 31.2% iceA1, 32.2% iceA2, and 85.2% babA2. The histological parameters mononuclear cell infiltrate (P = 0.04) and atrophy (P = 0.03), showed statistically significant association with iceA2 and intestinal metaplasia with cagA (P = 0.01) vacAs1m1 (P = 0.01) and babA (P = 0.02) genotypes. Gastric erosion due to H. pylori infection and atrophy showed a significant association. A high bacterial density score was seen with the virulent genotypes., Conclusion: Our work reports for the first time a high prevalence (88.5%) of H. pylori cagA vacA s1m1 genotype in Guwahati, Assam. Association of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was seen with virulent genotypes. Results show the effectiveness of the FFPE kit for DNA extraction in remote areas where transportation and storage of biopsies are otherwise difficult., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.)