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Abstract Background Small-secreted peptides are increasingly recognized as a novel class of intracellular signal molecules, playing crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the precise role and mechanism governed by peptides containing Tyrosine Sulfation (PSY) are still under investigation. Currently, there is a lack of accessible information concerning the PSY gene family in wheat. Results Therefore, in this investigation, we identified 29 PSY genes in Triticum aestivum, with the aim of unraveling their significance in plant development processes and their response to a variety of stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaPSY genes clustered into five groups. Additionally, an analysis of the gene structure of TaPSYs displayed a conserved evolutionary path. The syntenic relationship demonstrated the 69 orthologous gene pairs in T. dicoccoides, Ae. tauschii, T. turgidum, and H. vulgare, respectively. Furthermore, the Ka/Ks analysis indicated that TaPSY genes have experienced purifying selection during their evolutionary processes. The promoters of TaPSY genes were found to contain numerous CAREs, and these elements are known to perform essential functions in various development processes, phytohormone responses, as well as defense and stress mechanisms. In addition, the identification of potential miRNAs targeting TaPSY genes was followed by an examination of their expression patterns across various tissues. Among the 29 TaPSY genes, twenty miRNAs were discovered to target eighteen of them. Moreover, TaPSY genes displayed a distinct expression across different tissues and stress conditions. Conclusions Hence, these discoveries offer a significant reference point for forthcoming molecular investigations and hold promise for bolstering wheat yield and stress resilience through targeted genetic enhancements and strategic breeding approaches. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Curcuma longa L., is recognized worldwide as a medicinally and economically important plant species due to its curcumin content which is an industrially important compound. In this study, a total of 329 accessions were collected from four states of India and planted in the experimental farm of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, India, in augmented design. Among these, 152 high curcumin (> 1.50%) accessions were screened for molecular divergence study using 39 SSR primers. The primers showed the most efficient outcome with 2–8 allele/ loci and a total 163 number of alleles with 100% polymorphism. Cluster analysis revealed the construction of three clusters, out of which one cluster was geographically dependent, and germplasm was particularly from Assam state. Jaccard's pairwise coefficient showed maximum genetic dissimilarity of (0.75) between accession RRLJCL 3 and RRLJCL 126, indicating high variation as it was from two different states viz Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland respectively and minimum genetic dissimilarity of (0.09) between RRLJCL 58 and RRLJCL 59 indicating significantly less variation as the two accessions were from same state, i.e., Arunachal Pradesh. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed high molecular variation within the population (87%) and significantly less variation among the population (13%). Additionally, Neighbour Joining dendrogram, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and bar plot structure revealed similar clustering of germplasm. This diversity assessment will help in selecting the trait-specific genotypes, crop improvement program, conservation of gene pool, marker-assisted breeding, and quantitative trait loci identification. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first molecular diversity report among 152 high curcumin lines of C. longa from North East India using 39 SSR primers.

The growth and yield of crops have been significantly affected by abiotic stresses. Although respiratory metabolism is integral to plants, its understanding within the context of stress adaptation remains limited . While the rice genome contains three Aconitase genes, their specific roles in abiotic stress tolerance and plant development remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the Aconitase gene family in rice, shedding light on the evolution of Aconitase and its involvement in diverse developmental processes, as well as its response under various abiotic stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the evolutionary relationship between rice Aconitase genes and those of other plant species. The prediction of promoter cis-elements revealed the presence of diverse cis-acting elements associated with the response to abiotic stress within the Aconitase gene family. In addition, an analysis of public RNA-seq data indicated the potential involvement of Aconitase genes in various developmental processes and mechanisms related to stress tolerance. Further, qRT-PCR confirmed the expression patterns of Aconitase genes. Expression analysis revealed differential expression of Aconitase genes under cold, drought, ABA, and salt stresses. Elevated levels of the OsAco1 transcript resulted in a phenotype that exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress. Biochemical analysis revealed higher Aconitase activity in the overexpressed line compared to the control plant. Furthermore, the overexpressed line exhibited improved growth and lower H2O2 levels than the control plant following a 2-hour exposure to 200 mM salt stress. These findings suggest a potential role of Aconitase in enhancing salt stress tolerance. Moreover, they lay the foundation for further exploration into the precise involvement of Aconitase in plant developmental processes under various stress conditions, with the ultimate aim of developing salt-tolerant rice cultivars.

Signalling peptides play a vital role in regulating a wide range of aspects, including plant growth, development, and responses to various biotic and abiotic conditions. In recent times, small post-translationally altered peptides have garnered significant attention from plant biologists due to their crucial role as signalling molecules in various biological processes. Until now, the biological function of peptides containing Tyrosine Sulfation (PSY) gene family members has only been elucidated in Arabidopsis. However, their functions in plant developmental processes and their responses to different biotic and abiotic stress conditions remain elusive in other crops. Therefore, in this study, we identified 109 PSY genes in the rice genome for the first time. However, our detailed in silico analysis focused specifically on 7 OsPSY genes of the O. sativa Japonica Group (Nippobare). Phylogenetic analysis of PSY genes from various plant species has classified these genes into eight distinct groups, designated as Group I to VIII. Interestingly, the 7 OsPSY genes identified in rice were found to be distributed across all four groups including I, V, VI and VIII. In addition, closely linked groups of PSY genes showed more similarities in terms of gene structures, conserved motif distributions, and corresponding subcellular locations. Further, the Ka/Ks score analysis revealed that OsPSY genes have undergone significant purifying selection throughout their evolutionary history. Furthermore, multiple CAREs were discovered in the OsPSY promoters, suggesting their potential importance in regulating plant growth, responses to plant hormones, and multifactorial stress conditions. Additionally, the potential miRNAs that specifically targeted to OsPSY genes were identified and also examined their expression kinetics in different tissues and developmental stage. Out of the seven OsPSY genes, six OsPSY genes were found to be targeted by twelve miRNAs. Moreover the expression profile of OsPSY genes showed a differential expression pattern in various tissues and multifactorial stress conditions. Therefore, these findings serve as a valuable reference for further molecular studies aimed at enhancing the yield and stress tolerance of rice. The understanding the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the OsPSY genes can potentially lead to the development of targeted approaches to improve crop performance under various environmental conditions, ultimately contributing to agricultural productivity and global food security.

Abstract Sugarcane crop is irrigated using surface, overhead, and drip irrigation methods. Increased water use in sugarcane is a major concern around the world, implying the need for water accounting, developing water-efficient hybrids and water-saving agro-techniques for long-term conservation and use of water. “Water Footprint (WF)” is a measure of both direct and indirect water usage accountable for any product and/or process. In praxis, ‘Green Water Footprint’ (GWF) and ‘Blue Water Footprint’ (BWF) are extremely crucial for the restoration of essential ecosystem services (ES), such as sugarcane production. The WF metric was used as a priority tool in our study to evaluate water-efficient sugarcane hybrids, germplasm clones, deficit irrigation scheduling, crop geometry, and water conservation measures. Precise and accurate WF quantification would supplement the decision-making processes for managing available water resources in sugarcane agriculture. In split plot experimental design two research investigations on water management in sugarcane were undertaken at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The major objective of the research trails was to find out suitable sugarcane hybrids and agronomic management practices to minimise water usage in sugarcane cultivation in water stressed and drought prone areas of tropical India. Our investigation comprised two phases; the first one being assessment of the impact of deficit irrigation scheduling, planting techniques and water conservation measures in sugarcane production, while the second phase dealt with genotypic evaluation under variable irrigation scheduling. Results showed that BWF reduced significantly in the first ratoon crop due to deficit irrigation scheduling coupled with planting of two budded setts and application of sugarcane trash at the rate of 5 t ha−1. Sugarcane hybrids viz., Co 85019, Co 10026, Co 12009, Co 13014, Co 14002, Co 14025, Co 15015, and Co 15018 were more water efficient, with a lower total WF. Among the germplasm clones, Fiji 55, ISH 111, ISH 107, Pathri, and Gungera exhibited lower GWF, BWF and total WF.

For the last three years, the world has faced the unexpected spread of the pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The high mortality rate and ever-changing shape of the virus are the challenging factors in the effective management of SARS-CoV-2. However, in last three years, research communities have made significant progress in developing vaccines and controlling the spread of the pandemic to a certain extent. These vaccines contain the attenuated pathogens, which after application did not kill the virus but protected the human by enhancing the immune system response during pandemic exposure. However, the negative side effects and the high cost of the synthetic vaccines are always of concern for researchers, consumers, and the government. Therefore, as an alternative to synthetic drugs, natural medicines or natural plant products have piqued researchers’ interest. Algae are considered as a treasure house of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, etc. These bioactive compounds have been well documented for the treatments of various human ailments such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, sulfated polysaccharides such as alginate and carrageenan have been reported as having antiviral and immunomodulating properties. Therefore, this review addresses algal polysaccharides, especially alginate and carrageenan, and their application in the treatment of COVID-19. In addition, in silico approaches are discussed for the inhibition of the S1-RBD (receptor-binding domain) of SARS-CoV-2, which attaches to the host receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), and the interaction with the network of relative proteins is also explored, which will help in drug discovery and drug design.

The information on changes in phosphorus (P) sorption and desorption characteristics and transformations after biochar application to high P fixing soils is still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the differential response of biochar derives from five different farm waste viz. Lucaena sp., Albbizia sp., Mangifera indica, Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa applied at 1 and 3 g kg−1 (w/w) on P sorption and desorption in three texturally different (silt loam, clay loam and sandy loam) soils. The amount of P sorbed by the clay loam was significantly (p

IntroductionIncreased soil salinity in the recent years has adversely affected the productivity of mango globally. Extending the cultivation of mango in salt affected regions warrants the use of salinity tolerant/resistant rootstocks. However, the lack of sufficient genomic and transcriptomic information impedes comprehensive research at the molecular level. MethodWe employed RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis to gain insight into molecular response to salt stress by using two polyembryonic mango genotypes with contrasting response to salt stress viz., salt tolerant Turpentine and salt susceptible Mylepelian.ResultsRNA sequencing by Novaseq6000 resulted in a total of 2795088, 17535948, 7813704 and 5544894 clean reads in Mylepelian treated (MT), Mylepelian control (MC), Turpentine treated (TT) and Turpentine control (TC) respectively. In total, 7169 unigenes annotated against all the five public databases, including NR, NT, PFAM, KOG, Swissport, KEGG and GO. Further, maximum number of differentially expressed genes were found between MT and MC (2106) followed by MT vs TT (1158) and TT and TC (587). The differentially expressed genes under different treatment levels included transcription factors (bZIP, NAC, bHLH), genes involved in Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), ABA biosynthesis, Photosynthesis etc. Expression of few of these genes was experimentally validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and contrasting expression pattern of Auxin Response Factor 2 (ARF2), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) and CDPK genes were observed between Turpentine and Mylepelian.DiscussionThe results of this study will be useful in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in mango which can serve as valuable baseline information to generate new targets in mango breeding for salt tolerance.

Amino acid transporters (AATs) play a crucial role in facilitating the movement of amino acids across cellular membranes, which is vital for the growth and development of plants. Amino acid permease (AAP), which belongs to the AAT family, has been the subject of extensive functional research in plants. Although its importance is recognized, a comprehensive grasp of this family’s dynamics in indica rice remains lacking. In this investigation, a total of 27 AAP genes were identified in the genome of indica rice. Further, the phylogenetic analysis unveiled that the 69 AAP genes from both the model species and other plant species could be classified into 16 distinct subfamilies. The analysis of chromosomal mapping revealed an uneven distribution of the 27 OsAAP genes across the 12 rice chromosomes. Notably, the OsAAP family displayed a total of 10 duplicated gene pairs, along with the identification of numerous conserved motifs. The examination of cis-elements within OsAAP genes unveiled that their promoters contain cis-elements related to phytohormones, plant growth and development, as well as stress responses. Additionally, transcriptome profiling demonstrated that a substantial portion of these genes exhibited responsiveness to various hormones, with their activation spanning multiple tissues and developmental stages in rice. The study identified miRNAs with a specific affinity for OsAAP genes. Out of the 27 OsAAP genes investigated, seventeen were discovered to be targeted by a total of forty-three miRNAs. Furthermore, the aus allele of OsAAP3 that we named OsAAP17 was validated for its effect on productive tillers and yield, and seventeen genetic variants of OsAAP17 were found to be associated with a culm number in indica rice. In addition, indica rice varieties were monomorphic, while aus genotypes displayed polymorphism for OsAAP17 gene-specific in/dels. Moreover, in Season II (rabi season), it was found that the aus allele of OsAAP17 increased the number of productive tillers and the single plant yield by 22.55% and 9.67%, respectively, in a recombinant inbred population created by crossing N22 and JR 201. Remarkably, this enhancement was more pronounced during the dry cultivation season, highlighting the influence of environmental factors in the regulation of tiller numbers mediated by OsAAP17. The discoveries presented here lay a strong foundation for further exploration into the roles of OsAAP family genes across a range of developmental processes. Therefore, the identified allelic variations in the utilization of OsAAP17 has the potential to enhance rice crop production via molecular breeding in the changing climate scenario.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene family plays a critical role in plant growth and developmental processes, nutrition, and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants. In the present research, a comprehensive set of 105 OsCYP71 family genes was pinpointed within the genome of indica rice. These genes were categorized into twelve distinct subfamilies, where members within the same subgroup exhibited comparable gene structures and conserved motifs. In addition, 105 OsCYP71 genes were distributed across 11 chromosomes, and 36 pairs of OsCYP71 involved in gene duplication events. Within the promoter region of OsCYP71, there exists an extensive array of cis-elements that are associated with light responsiveness, hormonal regulation, and stress-related signaling. Further, transcriptome profiling revealed that a majority of the genes exhibited responsiveness to hormones and were activated across diverse tissues and developmental stages in rice. The OsCYP71P6 gene is involved in insect resistance, senescence, and yield-related traits in rice. Hence, understanding the association between OsCYP71P6 genetic variants and yield-related traits in rice varieties could provide novel insights for rice improvement. Through the utilization of linear regression models, a total of eight promoters were identified, and a specific gene variant (Ser33Leu) within OsCYP71P6 was found to be linked to spikelet fertility. Additionally, different alleles of the OsCYP71P6 gene identified through in/dels polymorphism in 131 rice varieties were validated for their allelic effects on yield-related traits. Furthermore, the single-plant yield, spikelet number, panicle length, panicle weight, and unfilled grain per panicle for the OsCYP71P6-1 promoter insertion variant were found to contribute 20.19%, 13.65%, 5.637%, 8.79%, and 36.86% more than the deletion variant, respectively. These findings establish a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the functions of OsCYP71-family genes across a range of biological processes. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that allelic variation in the promoter and amino acid substitution of Ser33Leu in the OsCYP71P6 gene could potentially impact traits related to rice yield. Therefore, the identified promoter variants in the OsCYP71P6 gene could be harnessed to amplify rice yields.

This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (CCEO), Cymbopogon khasianus (CKEO), and Mentha arvensis (MAEO) against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) microbial strains and their combination with antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin) to observe the synergistic behavior between them. The essential oils (EOs) were investigated by the GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) method. The synergistic effect between EOs and antimicrobial agents was analyzed by broth dilution assay. (-)-carvone (52.48%), geraniol (57.66%), and citral (37.83%) were the major components identified in EOs of MAEO, CKEO, and CCEO, respectively. According to the antibacterial activity, EOs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 18 mg/mL. The interaction between the combination of EOs and antibiotics was determined in terms of FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index). Some combinations displayed a partial synergistic effect, and some showed a synergistic and others displayed no effect against bacterial strains. The best synergistic action was shown by the combination of CCEO and Chloramphenicol against E. coli with a FICI value of 0.4. Three to four fold reductions in the MIC value of both essential oil and antibiotics were observed. Therefore, this synergistic interaction of the most active EOs with synthetic antibiotics could lead to new combination therapies for combating infections caused by multidrug-resistant microbes at sufficiently low concentrations in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Salt stress is a severe type of environmental stress. It adversely affects agricultural production worldwide. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most frequent phenomenon during salt stress. ROS are extremely reactive and, in high amounts, noxious, leading to destructive processes and causing cellular damage. However, at lower concentrations, ROS function as secondary messengers, playing a critical role as signaling molecules, ensuring regulation of growth and adjustment to multifactorial stresses. Plants contain several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that can detoxify ROS. The production of ROS and their scavenging are important aspects of the plant’s normal response to adverse conditions. Recently, this field has attracted immense attention from plant scientists; however, ROS-induced signaling pathways during salt stress remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of different antioxidants in salt stress tolerance. We also summarize the recent advances on the detrimental effects of ROS, on the antioxidant machinery scavenging ROS under salt stress, and on the crosstalk between ROS and other various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium, and phytohormones. Moreover, the utilization of “-omic” approaches to improve the ROS-regulating antioxidant system during the adaptation process to salt stress is also described.

Global warming is a serious threat to food security and severely affects plant growth, developmental processes, and, eventually, crop productivity. Respiratory metabolism plays a critical role in the adaptation of diverse stress in plants. Aconitase (ACO) is the main enzyme, which catalyzes the revocable isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the Krebs cycle. The function of ACO gene family members has been extensively studied in model plants, for instance Arabidopsis. However, their role in plant developmental processes and various stress conditions largely remained unknown in other plant species. Thus, we identified 15 ACO genes in wheat to elucidate their function in plant developmental processes and different stress environments. The phylogenetic tree revealed that TaACO genes were classified into six groups. Further, gene structure analysis of TaACOs has shown a distinctive evolutionary path. Synteny analysis showed the 84 orthologous gene pairs in Brachypodium distachyon, Aegilops tauschii, Triticum dicoccoides, Oryza sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, Ka/Ks ratio revealed that most TaACO genes experienced strong purifying selection during evolution. Numerous cis-acting regulatory elements were detected in the TaACO promoters, which play a crucial role in plant development processes, phytohormone signaling, and are related to defense and stress. To understand the function of TaACO genes, the expression profiling of TaACO genes were investigated in different tissues, developmental stages, and stress conditions. The transcript per million values of TaACOs genes were retrieved from the Wheat Expression Browser Database. We noticed the differential expression of the TaACO genes in different tissues and various stress conditions. Moreover, gene ontology analysis has shown enrichment in the tricarboxylic acid metabolic process (GO:0072350), citrate metabolic process (GO:0006101), isocitrate metabolic process GO:0006102, carbohydrate metabolic (GO:0005975), and glyoxylate metabolic process (GO:0046487). Therefore, this study provided valuable insight into the ACO gene family in wheat and contributed to the further functional characterization of TaACO during different plant development processes and various stress conditions.

The rise in the world’s food demand with the increasing population threatens the existence of civilization with two equally valuable concerns: increase in global food production and sustainability in the ecosystem. Furthermore, biotic and abiotic stresses are adversely affecting agricultural production. Among them, losses caused by insect pests and pathogens have been shown to be more destructive to agricultural production. However, for winning the battle against the abundance of insect pests and pathogens and their nature of resistance development, the team of researchers is searching for an alternative way to minimize losses caused by them. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, coupled with a proper application method and effective dose could be an integral part of sustainable alternatives in the safer agricultural sector. In this review, we have integrated the insight knowledge of chitin-chitosan interaction, successful and efficient use of chitosan, recommended and practical methods of use with well-defined doses, and last but not least the dual but contrast mode of action of the chitosan in hosts and as well as in pathogens.

Proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases (PERKs) are a class of receptor kinases implicated in multiple cellular processes in plants. However, there is a lack of information on the PERK gene family in wheat. Therefore, we identified 37 PERK genes in wheat to understand their role in various developmental processes and stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of PERK genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Glycine max, and T. aestivum grouped them into eight well-defined classes. Furthermore, synteny analysis revealed 275 orthologous gene pairs in B. distachyon, Ae. tauschii, T. dicoccoides, O. sativa and A. thaliana. Ka/Ks values showed that most TaPERK genes, except TaPERK1, TaPERK2, TaPERK17, and TaPERK26, underwent strong purifying selection during evolutionary processes. Several cis-acting regulatory elements, essential for plant growth and development and the response to light, phytohormones, and diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, were predicted in the promoter regions of TaPERK genes. In addition, the expression profile of the TaPERK gene family revealed differential expression of TaPERK genes in various tissues and developmental stages. Furthermore, TaPERK gene expression was induced by various biotic and abiotic stresses. The RT-qPCR analysis also revealed similar results with slight variation. Therefore, this study’s outcome provides valuable information for elucidating the precise functions of TaPERK in developmental processes and diverse stress conditions in wheat.

The world has faced the challenges of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for the last two years, first diagnosed at the end of 2019 in Wuhan and widely distributed worldwide. As a result, the WHO has proclaimed the illness brought on by this virus to be a global pandemic. To combat COVID-19, researcher communities continuously develop and implement rapid diagnoses, safe and effective vaccinations and other alternative therapeutic procedures. However, synthetic drug-related side effects and high costs have piqued scientists’ interest in natural product-based therapies and medicines. In this regard, antiviral substances derived from natural resources and some medicines have seen a boom in popularity. For instance, algae are a rich source of compounds such as lectins and sulfated polysaccharides, which have potent antiviral and immunity-boosting properties. Moreover, Algae-derived compounds or metabolites can be used as antibodies and vaccine raw materials against COVID-19. Furthermore, some algal species can boost immunity, reduce viral activity in humans and be recommended for usage as a COVID-19 preventative measure. However, this field of study is still in its early stages of development. Therefore, this review addresses critical characteristics of algal metabolites, their antioxidant potential and therapeutic potential in COVID-19.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a recurrent and progressive disease, with high mortality rates worldwide. The drug-resistance phenomenon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major obstruction of allelopathy treatment. An adverse side effect of allelopathic treatment is that it causes serious health complications. The search for suitable alternatives of conventional regimens is needed, i.e., by considering medicinal plant secondary metabolites to explore anti-TB drugs, targeting the action site of M. tuberculosis. Nowadays, plant-derived secondary metabolites are widely known for their beneficial uses, i.e., as antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and in the treatment of a wide range of chronic human diseases (e.g., tuberculosis), and are known to “thwart” disease virulence. In this regard, in silico studies can reveal the inhibitory potential of plant-derived secondary metabolites against Mycobacterium at the very early stage of infection. Computational approaches based on different algorithms could play a significant role in screening plant metabolites against disease virulence of tuberculosis for drug designing.

In the current scenario of changing climatic conditions and the rising global population, there is an urgent need to explore novel, efficient, and economical natural products for the benefit of humankind. Biosurfactants are one of the latest explored microbial synthesized biomolecules that have been used in numerous fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food processing, and environment-cleaning industries, as a source of raw materials, for the lubrication, wetting, foaming, emulsions formulations, and as stabilizing dispersions. The amphiphilic nature of biosurfactants have shown to be a great advantage, distributing themselves into two immiscible surfaces by reducing the interfacial surface tension and increasing the solubility of hydrophobic compounds. Furthermore, their eco-friendly nature, low or even no toxic nature, durability at higher temperatures, and ability to withstand a wide range of pH fluctuations make microbial surfactants preferable compared to their chemical counterparts. Additionally, biosurfactants can obviate the oxidation flow by eliciting antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and anticancer activities, and drug delivery systems, further broadening their applicability in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, biosurfactants have been broadly utilized to improve the soil quality by improving the concentration of trace elements and have either been mixed with pesticides or applied singly on the plant surfaces for plant disease management. In the present review, we summarize the latest research on microbial synthesized biosurfactant compounds, the limiting factors of biosurfactant production, their application in improving soil quality and plant disease management, and their use as antioxidant or antimicrobial compounds in the pharmaceutical industries.