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We aimed to identify and report data from studies investigating associations between loneliness and maladaptive cognitions. Eighteen studies were included in the present systematic review. Findings generally supported positive associations between loneliness and maladaptive cognitions, and this pattern was consistent across different types of cognitions. Maladaptive cognitions may represent vulnerability factors for loneliness, but given that most evidence comes from studies reporting cross-sectional data in convenience samples, further research is needed to clarify the nature and dynamic of the association. Existing studies provide evidence for a relation between loneliness and maladaptive cognitions, and support the relevance of further research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential mediating role of maladaptive cognitions in the relationship between psychopathology, situational cues, and Internet addiction. The hypothesis for the study derives from Davis' cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling method and consist of 2197 high school students (1346 girls and 846 boys) from 34 high schools in the metropolitan area in Turkey. The research model was tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that the hypothesized model fit the data well and explained 74% of the variance of Internet addiction. Specifically, there are both direct and indirect relationships between Internet addiction, psychopathology, and situational cues; therefore, maladaptive cognitions are part of the mediator. The current study providing researchers with a deeper understanding of Davis' cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use contributes to understanding the Internet addiction among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The goals of this study to contribute to an evolving understanding of the interplay between cognitive and affective factors in chronic pain, providing valuable insights for advancing treatment models at the intersection of psychiatry and pain medicine. This approach may enable medical professionals to customize interventions that target the most important facets of managing chronic pain while meeting the demands of specific patients. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 patients with chronic pain in pain medicine clinics between February and June 2023. Demographic, health-related, and medical characteristics were comprehensively assessed alongside the Graded Chronic Pain Scale-Revised, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, Pain Disability Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Scale, and Beck Depression Scale. Results: Beyond the range of pain severity rates, the regression model showed that elevated levels of pain overthinking, fear and avoidance beliefs, higher depression scores, catastrophizing thoughts, and nonsmoking status were significant factors impacting painrelated disability. Conclusion: This study highlights integrative treatment modalities that address not only the physical dimensions of chronic pain but also its complex psychological aspects. A comprehensive understanding of these contributory factors provides a foundation for optimizing therapeutic approaches.

Abstract Background The long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adults with residual symptoms needs to be verified across multiple dimensions, especially with respect to maladaptive cognitions and psychological quality of life (QoL). An exploration of the mechanisms underlying the additive benefits of CBT on QoL in clinical samples may be helpful for a better understanding of the CBT conceptual model and how CBT works in medicated ADHD. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial including 98 medicated ADHD adults with residual symptoms who were randomly allocated to the CBT combined with medication (CBT + M) group or the medication (M)-only group. Outcomes included ADHD-core symptoms (ADHD Rating Scale), depression symptoms (Self-rating Depression Scale), maladaptive cognitions (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale), and psychological QoL (World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version-psychological domain). Mixed linear models (MLMs) were used to analyse the long-term effectiveness at one-year follow-up, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to explore the potential mechanisms of CBT on psychological QoL. Results ADHD patients in the CBT + M group outperformed the M-only group in reduction of ADHD core symptoms (d = 0.491), depression symptoms (d = 0.570), a trend of reduction of maladaptive cognitions (d = 0.387 and 0.395, respectively), and improvement of psychological QoL (d = − 0.433). The changes in above dimensions correlated with each other (r = 0.201 ~ 0.636). The influence of CBT on QoL was mediated through the following four pathways: 1) changes in ADHD core symptoms; 2) changes in depressive symptoms; 3) changes in depressive symptoms and then maladaptive cognitions; and 4) changes firstly in depressive symptoms, maladaptive cognitions, and then ADHD core symptoms. Conclusions The long-term effectiveness of CBT in medicated ADHD adults with residual symptoms was further confirmed. The CBT conceptual model was verified in clinical samples, which would be helpful for a deeper understanding of how CBT works for a better psychological QoL outcome. Trial registration ChiCTR1900021705 (2019-03-05).

Background: The long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adults with residual symptoms needs to be verified across multiple dimensions, especially with respect to maladaptive cognitions and psychological quality of life (QoL). An exploration of the mechanisms underlying the additive benefits of CBT on QoL in clinical samples may be helpful for a better understanding of the CBT conceptual model and how CBT works in medicated ADHD. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial including 98 medicated ADHD adults with residual symptoms who were randomly allocated to the CBT combined with medication (CBT + M) group or the medication (M)-only group. Outcomes included ADHD-core symptoms (ADHD Rating Scale), depression symptoms (Self-rating Depression Scale), maladaptive cognitions (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale), and psychological QoL (World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version-psychological domain). Mixed linear models (MLMs) were used to analyse the long-term effectiveness at one-year follow-up, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to explore the potential mechanisms of CBT on psychological QoL. Results: ADHD patients in the CBT + M group outperformed the M-only group in reduction of ADHD core symptoms (d = 0.491), depression symptoms (d = 0.570), a trend of reduction of maladaptive cognitions (d = 0.387 and 0.395, respectively), and improvement of psychological QoL (d = − 0.433). The changes in above dimensions correlated with each other (r = 0.201 ~ 0.636). The influence of CBT on QoL was mediated through the following four pathways: 1) changes in ADHD core symptoms; 2) changes in depressive symptoms; 3) changes in depressive symptoms and then maladaptive cognitions; and 4) changes firstly in depressive symptoms, maladaptive cognitions, and then ADHD core symptoms. Conclusions: The long-term effectiveness of CBT in medicated ADHD adults with residual symptoms was further confirmed. The CBT conceptual model was verified in clinical samples, which would be helpful for a deeper understanding of how CBT works for a better psychological QoL outcome. Trial registration: ChiCTR1900021705 (2019-03-05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The goals of this study to contribute to an evolving understanding of the interplay between cognitive and affective factors in chronic pain, providing valuable insights for advancing treatment models at the intersection of psychiatry and pain medicine. This approach may enable medical professionals to customize interventions that target the most important facets of managing chronic pain while meeting the demands of specific patients. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 patients with chronic pain in pain medicine clinics between February and June 2023. Demographic, health-related, and medical characteristics were comprehensively assessed alongside the Graded Chronic Pain Scale-Revised, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, Pain Disability Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Scale, and Beck Depression Scale. Results: Beyond the range of pain severity rates, the regression model showed that elevated levels of pain overthinking, fear and avoidance beliefs, higher depression scores, catastrophizing thoughts, and nonsmoking status were significant factors impacting painrelated disability. Conclusion: This study highlights integrative treatment modalities that address not only the physical dimensions of chronic pain but also its complex psychological aspects. A comprehensive understanding of these contributory factors provides a foundation for optimizing therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more maladaptive cognitions, emotional problems and a poorer quality of life (QoL). A verification of the psychological model in clinical samples is needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms of ADHD diagnosis on QoL via maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their interactions. Methods: 299 ADHD participants and 122 healthy controls were recruited. ADHD core symptoms, maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms and psychological QoL were rated. Pearson’s correlation and structural equation modeling were analyzed to explore the relationship and influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL. Results: More maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and poorer QoL were found in the ADHD group, and the dysfunctional attitudes were on par between ADHD with or without medication (p  =  0.368). Moderate to strong correlations were found between emotional symptoms, maladaptive cognitions and QoL, and ADHD core symptoms presented correlations among the above scores (r  =  0.157  ~  0.416, p  <  0.01) in ADHD participants. The influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL was mediated through maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their bidirectional interactions (p  <  0.05), especially those with stable medication. Conclusion: Our study is the first to verify the psychological model in adults with ADHD in China. The findings determined the direct influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL and the indirect influence through maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their interactions, emphasizing the importance of interventions for emotional symptoms and maladaptive cognitions for ADHD patients both with or without medication for a better QoL outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has revealed that child abuse experience can increase pathological Internet use; however, few studies have focused on the influence of child abuse experience on pathological Internet use. This study examined the mediating roles of security and maladaptive cognitions in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use. A total of 918 Chinese university students participated in the study, with measurements of child abuse, security, maladaptive cognitions, and pathological Internet use being employed. Structural equation modeling results indicated that child abuse could positively predict (i) pathological Internet use, (ii) pathological Internet use through the mediating role of security, (iii) pathological Internet use through the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions, and (iv) pathological Internet use through the chain mediating role of security and maladaptive cognitions. These results indicated that security and maladaptive cognitions were the primary factors in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has revealed that child abuse experience can increase pathological Internet use; however, few studies have focused on the influence of child abuse experience on pathological Internet use. This study examined the mediating roles of security and maladaptive cognitions in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use. A total of 918 Chinese university students participated in the study, with measurements of child abuse, security, maladaptive cognitions, and pathological Internet use being employed. Structural equation modeling results indicated that child abuse could positively predict (i) pathological Internet use, (ii) pathological Internet use through the mediating role of security, (iii) pathological Internet use through the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions, and (iv) pathological Internet use through the chain mediating role of security and maladaptive cognitions. These results indicated that security and maladaptive cognitions were the primary factors in the association between child abuse and pathological Internet use.

Objective: The present study investigated the role of the two theoretically derived mediators in the treatment of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Mediators were changes in avoidance and maladaptive cognitions. An additional hypothesis tested whether these candidate mediators are specific to CBT-based Complicated Grief Treatment (CGT) compared to Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). Method: We performed secondary analyses with assessment completers (n = 131) from a randomized-controlled trial with older adults with PGD. Patients received 16 sessions of CGT or IPT. Outcomes were treatment response and reductions in grief symptoms and grief-related related impairment. Results: Reductions in avoidance between baseline and week 16 mediated reductions in grief symptoms and grief-related impairment. Reductions in maladaptive grief-related cognitions over the same period mediated treatment response, reductions in grief symptoms and grief-related impairment. There were no significant treatment-mediator interactions. We could not establish that mediators changed before the outcomes. Conclusion: Results are consistent with theoretical models of PGD, including the CGT treatment model. Despite different therapeutic procedures, we found no significant interaction effect, but CGT produced larger effects. Future research needs to establish a timeline of change through the use of multiple measurements of mediators and outcomes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01244295. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cognitive processes, such as schema modes and cognitive distortions, may play a role in the genesis and maintenance of affective, interpersonal, and behavioral difficulties in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This study aimed at exploring the schema modes and cognitive distortions in individuals with BPD. Methods: Using a mixed‐method approach, 30 individuals with BPD and 30 healthy participants were assessed on the Borderline Personality Questionnaire, the Schema Mode Inventory, the Cognitive Distortions Scale, and a semi‐structured interview schedule. Results: The BPD group had higher scores than the control group on all the maladaptive schema modes and cognitive distortions subscales. The child modes were the commonest and were also the strongest correlate of BPD symptomatology. Qualitative analysis of the content of the semi‐structured interview also corroborated these findings. Conclusions: There could be many schema modes and cognitive distortions operating behind the diverse psychopathology seen in BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the longitudinal association among the Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 481 Chinese university students (247 men; mean age = 20.31 years) were surveyed three times (interval of 1 month) by using the Chinese version of the Big Five Personality Traits Scale, Maladaptive Cognitions Scale, and Internet Addiction Scale. The results of a cross-lagged panel analysis highlighted that (i) extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were negatively associated with maladaptive cognitions and Internet addiction, whereas neuroticism was found to be positively associated with maladaptive cognitions and Internet addiction across time; (ii) associations among the Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction were dynamic and bidirectional; and (iii) maladaptive cognitions played mediating roles in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and Internet addiction across time. The Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction predicted each other across time, and maladaptive cognitions were likely to be the key mediating factor in the associations between the Big Five personality traits and Internet addiction, which supported and expanded the Davis’ cognitive–behavioral model.

The present study examined the longitudinal association among the Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 481 Chinese university students (247 men; mean age = 20.31 years) were surveyed three times (interval of 1 month) by using the Chinese version of the Big Five Personality Traits Scale, Maladaptive Cognitions Scale, and Internet Addiction Scale. The results of a cross-lagged panel analysis highlighted that (i) extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were negatively associated with maladaptive cognitions and Internet addiction, whereas neuroticism was found to be positively associated with maladaptive cognitions and Internet addiction across time; (ii) associations among the Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction were dynamic and bidirectional; and (iii) maladaptive cognitions played mediating roles in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and Internet addiction across time. The Big Five personality traits, maladaptive cognitions, and Internet addiction predicted each other across time, and maladaptive cognitions were likely to be the key mediating factor in the associations between the Big Five personality traits and Internet addiction, which supported and expanded the Davis' cognitive–behavioral model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current study investigates the effects of perfectionism discrepancies (PD) and social hopelessness (SH) on problematic social media use as conceptualized by the cognitive-behavioral model. Methods: A sample of 400 university students (52.3% women; mean age = 22.01 ± 1.99) completed measures assessing PD, SH, and problematic social media use. Results: Structural equation modeling showed that both social hopelessness and feeling discrepant from personal and prescribed standards predicted the preference for online social interactions (POSI). POSI predicted the motivation to use online social media as a means of alleviating distressing feelings, the inability to regulate social media use and the negative outcomes resulting from use of SNS. Conclusions: In line with the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use, the present study suggests the primary importance of maladaptive cognitions about the self (i.e. perfectionism discrepancies) and the world (i.e. social hopelessness) for the development of a preference for online social interactions. In particular, the present study shows that individuals are likely to opt for online social interactions as a function of their pessimistic social expectancies and the sense of inadequacy that comes from perceptions of falling short of expectations.

The aim of this study was to examine the interrelationships of adolescent biological, social and cognitive factors in relation to problematic internet use (PIU). The design of this study was based upon a multi-faceted theoretical framework with the intent of exploring the integration of risk factors associated with PIU. Participants were 305 middle school and high school adolescents who completed questionnaires with measures of hyperactivity, parenting practices, maladaptive cognitions and PIU. After controlling for age, gender and family economic status, the regression analyses showed hyperactivity, inconsistent parenting and maladaptive cognitions to be independently predictive of PIU. Inconsistent parenting was found to mediate the effect between hyperactivity and maladaptive cognitions. No significant interactions were found between parenting practices and hyperactivity or maladaptive cognitions. This study contributes to an understanding of the interplay of biological, familial and cognitive factors in the development of adolescent PIU and points to implications for the necessity of considering multiple preventive and treatment approaches for adolescents who are encountering difficulties with excessive use of the internet. Highlights: Various risk factors may promote adolescent problematic internet use (PIU). Theoretical models propose biological, psychological and social factors. Hyperactivity, parenting practices and maladaptive cognitions were examined. PIU was predicted by hyperactivity, inconsistent parenting and maladaptive cognitions. Inconsistent parenting mediated between hyperactivity and maladaptive cognitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies have explored many possible antecedents of smartphone addiction (SA), the longitudinal association between the cumulative effect of multiple ecological risks and SA and its mechanisms are unclear. Drawing on the conversation of the cumulative risk model and cognitive-behavioral model, the present study aimed to test the longitudinal association between cumulative ecological risk (CER) and SA and the mediating roles of maladaptive cognitions with a two-wave design separated by one year. A total of 1551 (at first survey, M age = 18.38, SD = 0.71) Chinese university freshmen finished the two measurements. The results showed that (i) CER and SA could positively predict each other across time; (ii) the quadratic of CER could negatively predict SA across time, which was presented with a "saturation model"; (iii) maladaptive cognitions played bidirectional mediating roles completely in the association between CER and SA across time; and (iv) the quadratic of CER could negatively predict SA through the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions across time. These results provide us with a global understanding of the longitudinal association between CER and SA and its mediating mechanism. Our study also benefits interventions for SA by providing implications regarding the critical number of risk factor exposures. • Cumulative ecological risk (CER) and smartphone addiction (SA) could positively predict each other across time. • Maladaptive cognitions played bidirectional mediating roles completely in the association between CER and SA across time. • The quadratic of CER could negatively predict SA through the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions across time, which was presented with a "saturation model". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2014), approximately 50,821 adolescents are held in residential placement facilities on any given day in the United States. Data suggests that about 20% of these adolescents suffer from mental health issues (Shelton, et al., 2011). This paper reviewed studies of three different group work-based treatment interventions: mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and dialectical-behavioral therapy. The analysis will examine whether these interventions can effectively reduce maladaptive cognitions and decrease self-destructive behaviors, and whether they can be applied to adolescents aged 12-19 in correctional settings. Five studies met inclusion criteria; however, due to limitations including small sample sizes, a lack of follow up, a variety of behaviors being measured, and a range of different types of skills groups, several were excluded. For the purposes of this review, the term “residential setting” will refer to correctional settings, inpatient psychiatric settings, and residential settings, and the terms “youth,” “juveniles,” and “adolescents,” will be used interchangeably.

Previous studies have documented that psychological distress is related to problematic mobile phone use (PMPU), and sporadic research has investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the association. Based on the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use (PIU), the self-control theory, and the problem-behavior theory, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions toward mobile phones and the moderating role of effortful control between psychological distress and PMPU. Data were collected from 1,799 secondary school students (45.1% male; Mage = 14.07, SD = 1.69) using four self-reported questionnaires. The results revealed that maladaptive cognitions toward mobile phones partially mediated the relationship between psychological distress and PMPU. In addition, effortful control as a protective factor attenuated the indirect effect from psychological distress to PMPU. These findings advanced the understanding of the etiology of PMPU and the need to develop effective strategies for prevention, suggesting that schools and families should pay additional attention to students with psychological distress. Targeted interventions for integrating online and offline worlds and effortful control training programs may help to prevent adolescents from engaging in PMPU.

Purpose: To explore the mediating effect of school interest and maladaptive cognitions in the relationship between stress and Internet addiction. Design and Methods: A total of 2271 high school students were recruited from a Chinese high school. Serial mediation model was used. Results: School interest and maladaptive cognitions had 0.03 and 0.13 indirect effects in the association between stress and Internet addiction, and accounting for 7.9% and 34.2% of the total effect, respectively. The serial indirect effect of school interest and maladaptive cognition was 0.05, accounting for 13.2% of the total effect. Practice Implications: The present study highlights the need of reducing stress and increasing school interest among high school students to prevent and intervene the occurrence of Internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have documented that psychological distress is related to problematic mobile phone use (PMPU), and sporadic research has investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the association. Based on the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use (PIU), the self-control theory, and the problem-behavior theory, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of maladaptive cognitions toward mobile phones and the moderating role of effortful control between psychological distress and PMPU. Data were collected from 1,799 secondary school students (45.1% male; M age = 14.07, SD = 1.69) using four self-reported questionnaires. The results revealed that maladaptive cognitions toward mobile phones partially mediated the relationship between psychological distress and PMPU. In addition, effortful control as a protective factor attenuated the indirect effect from psychological distress to PMPU. These findings advanced the understanding of the etiology of PMPU and the need to develop effective strategies for prevention, suggesting that schools and families should pay additional attention to students with psychological distress. Targeted interventions for integrating online and offline worlds and effortful control training programs may help to prevent adolescents from engaging in PMPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the associations between shyness and generalized pathological Internet use (GPIU) to identify the possible mechanisms underlying how shyness influences GPIU through the mediating effect of interpersonal relationships, loneliness, and maladaptive cognitions. We also determined whether a gender difference exists in these underlying mechanisms. A total of 1621 Chinese undergraduate students, with a mean age of 21.68 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.01 years) years, completed a questionnaire including scales for shyness, interpersonal relationships, loneliness, maladaptive cognitions, and GPIU. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that (i) shyness could positively influence GPIU from maladaptive cognitions; (ii) shyness could positively influence GPIU through loneliness → maladaptive cognitions; (iii) shyness could positively influence GPIU through interpersonal relationships → loneliness → maladaptive cognitions; and (iv) although the association patterns between shyness and GPIU were similar for both groups, the strength of these associations was stronger for male students. Moreover, the interventions for GPIU and the implications for future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of social networking sites (SNSs) is rapidly increasing as billions of individuals use SNS platforms regularly to communicate with other users, follow the news, and play browser games. Given the widespread use of SNS platforms, investigating the potential predictors of addictive SNS use beyond Facebook use has become paramount given that most studies so far focused on “Facebook addiction.” In this study, a total of 511 English-speaking SNS users (58.1% young adults aged 20–35 years; 64.6% female) were recruited online and asked to complete a battery of standardized psychometric tools assessing participants' sociodemographic characteristics, SNS preferences and patterns of use, SNS addiction, preference for online social interaction, maladaptive cognitions, fear of missing out (FoMo), dysfunctional emotion regulation, and general psychiatric distress. Overall, about 4.9% (n = 25) of all participants could be classed as having a high SNS addiction risk profile. Moreover, the results further indicated that FoMo (β = 0.38), maladaptive cognitions (β = 0.25), and psychiatric distress (β = 0.12) significantly predicted SNS addiction (i.e., p < 0.0001) and accounted for about 61% of the total variance in SNS addiction, with FoMo providing the strongest predictive contribution over and above the effects of sociodemographic variables and patterns of SNS use. The implications of the present findings were discussed in light of extant literature on behavioral addictions and Facebook addiction and further considerations were provided regarding the potential clinical implications for cognitive-based psychological treatment approaches to SNS addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of health risks linked with excessive alcohol consumption appears to have little influence on how much some people drink. Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs), in which the consequences of unhealthy behaviour are considered to be neutralised by additional healthy behaviours, are one way of justifying poor health choices. Currently, the role of CHBs within the context of drinking behaviour is not well understood. This research examined associations between alcohol specific compensatory health beliefs (ACH-Beliefs) and behaviours (ACH-Behaviours), alcohol consumption and alcohol specific self-efficacy (ASE), via an online survey completed by 249 participants, aged 18 + years (63.1% female;Mage = 41.62 years; SD = 14.80). Higher ACH-Beliefs were associated with increases in ACH-Behaviours. While both predicted alcohol consumption, a greater proportion of variance was explained by ACH-Behaviours. ASE was a significant mediator of those relationships, suggesting that those with higher ASE may be better equipped to regulate drinking behaviour. Recommendations for future research include measuring both CHBs and behaviours within an experimental design, and further investigation of related cognitions such as compensatory behaviour intentions. Alcohol misuse interventions may wish to consider the potential roles of CHBs and behaviours in facilitating maladaptive coping strategies, and how addressing these may reduce harms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is characterized by signs and symptoms similar to substance use and gambling disorders, and associated with psychosocial impairments. Research suggests that maladaptive gaming-related cognitions and coping may be implicated in IGD; therefore, interventions for IGD need to target these underlying mechanisms. Mindfulness-based treatment is effective in changing maladaptive cognitive processes and increasing adaptive coping among people with addictions. Aims: This study used data from an RCT of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) for IGD to further examine changes in maladaptive gaming-related cognitions and positive reappraisal as mediators of the effects of MORE on IGD signs/symptoms. Methods: Participants (N = 30, Age M = 25.0, SD = 5.4) were randomized to 8-weekly sessions of MORE or a support group (SG) control condition. IGD severity, levels of craving for video game playing, maladaptive gaming-related cognitions, and positive reappraisal were measured at pre-and posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results: Multivariate path analyses revealed that effects of MORE in reducing IGD and craving were statistically mediated by changes in maladaptive gaming-related cognitions. Though changes in positive reappraisal did not significantly mediate effects of MORE on IGD or craving, MORE enhanced positive reappraisal to a significantly greater extent than the SG at posttreatment. Discussion: Findings suggest that effects of mindfulness treatment in reducing maladaptive gaming-related cognitions might lead to reductions in IGD severity and cravings for video game playing. This cognitive mechanism should be evaluated in a future, full-scale RCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short-term longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations among preexisting psychosocial variables (shyness, loneliness, and interpersonal relationships), maladaptive cognitions, and generalized pathological Internet use (GPIU) in a Chinese sample. A total of 361 university freshmen (138 males; mean age = 18.57 years) participated in the study. Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that (i) the associations among shyness, maladaptive cognitions, and GPIU were dynamic and bidirectional, and the increased maladaptive cognitions bidirectionally mediated the relation between shyness and GPIU across time; (ii) the association between interpersonal relationships and GPIU was dynamic; and (iii) the association between loneliness and GPIU was dynamic and bidirectional. Additionally, (iv) shyness and GPIU had higher stability than interpersonal relationships, loneliness, and maladaptive cognitions did and (v) gender differences were identified in GPIU (T1 and T2). Interventions for GPIU and implications for future studies were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more maladaptive cognitions, emotional problems and a poorer quality of life (QoL). A verification of the psychological model in clinical samples is needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms of ADHD diagnosis on QoL via maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their interactions., Methods: 299 ADHD participants and 122 healthy controls were recruited. ADHD core symptoms, maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms and psychological QoL were rated. Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling were analyzed to explore the relationship and influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL., Results: More maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and poorer QoL were found in the ADHD group, and the dysfunctional attitudes were on par between ADHD with or without medication ( p  = 0.368). Moderate to strong correlations were found between emotional symptoms, maladaptive cognitions and QoL, and ADHD core symptoms presented correlations among the above scores ( r  = 0.157 ~ 0.416, p  < 0.01) in ADHD participants. The influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL was mediated through maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their bidirectional interactions ( p  < 0.05), especially those with stable medication., Conclusion: Our study is the first to verify the psychological model in adults with ADHD in China. The findings determined the direct influence of ADHD diagnosis on QoL and the indirect influence through maladaptive cognitions, emotional symptoms, and their interactions, emphasizing the importance of interventions for emotional symptoms and maladaptive cognitions for ADHD patients both with or without medication for a better QoL outcome., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Pan, Zhang, Chen, Qiu, Liu, Li, Zhao, Dong, Si, Wang and Qian.)

Research has demonstrated that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) hold unhelpful beliefs about worry, uncertainty, and the problem-solving process. Extant writings (e.g., treatment manuals) also suggest that other types of maladaptive beliefs may characterize those with GAD. However, these other beliefs have received limited empirical attention and are not an explicit component of cognitive theories of GAD. The present study examined the extent to which dysfunctional attitudes, early maladaptive schemas, and broad self-focused and other-focused beliefs explain significant variance in GAD symptoms, over and above negative and positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncertainty, and negative beliefs about problems.N = 138 participants classified into Probable GAD and Non-GAD groups completed self-report measures. After controlling for trait anxiety and depressive symptoms, only beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncertainty, and schemas reflecting unrelenting standards (e.g., “I must meet all my responsibilities all the time”), the need to self-sacrifice (e.g., “I'm the one who takes care of others”), andless positiveviews of other people and their intentions (e.g., lower endorsement of views such as “other people are fair”), were unique correlates of Probable GAD versus Non-GAD or GAD severity. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the recent research indicating differences between Internet addiction and online gaming addiction, in this study, we propose an adaptation of Online Cognitions Scale (OCS) developed by Davis, Flett, and Besser (2002), with the purpose of assessing maladaptive cognitions specifically related to online gaming. The aim was to determine the psychometric properties of the modified version of OCS. Unlike other instruments measuring online gaming addiction, the focus of this scale is the cognitive aspect of online gaming, instead of the behavioural one. We administered the modified scale to adolescent and young adult online game players from Serbia ( N = 254). In order to determine the concurrent validity, we administered a previously established measure of online gaming addiction and a measure of a wide range of psychopathological symptoms. The modified scale was shown to be highly reliable. Exploratory factor analysis yielded six factors, unlike the original four factor structure, which were labelled as Diminished Impulse Control, Distraction, Immersion/Escapism, Social Comfort, General Sense of Comfort, and Online Games Appreciation. As expected, the modified OCS correlated highly with the measures of online gaming addiction and psychopathology. The findings suggest potential applicability of this instrument in domains of research, clinical assessment, therapy and treatment evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Early identification of patients at risk of developing persistent low back pain (LBP) is crucial. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to identify in patients with a new episode of LBP the time point at which those at risk of developing persistent LBP can be best identified.METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 315 patients presenting to a health practitioner with a first episode of acute LBP. Primary outcome measure was functional limitation. Patients were assessed at baseline, three, six, twelve weeks and six months looking at factors of maladaptive cognition as potential predictors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for all time points. RESULTS: The best time point to predict the development of persistent LBP at six months was the twelve-week follow-up (sensitivity 78%; overall predictive value 90%). Cognitions assessed at first visit to a health practitioner were not predictive. CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive cognitions at twelve weeks appear to be suitable predictors for a transition from acute to persistent LBP. Already three weeks after patients present to a health practitioner with acute LBP cognitions might influence the development of persistent LBP. Therefore, cognitive-behavioral interventions should be considered as early adjuvant LBP treatment in patients at risk of developing persistent LBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the relationships between adolescents' perceptions of their capacity for social-emotional regulation and generalized problematic Internet use (GPIU). It further examined if maladaptive thoughts from undue academic-related stress mediated this relationship in a school-going population in Singapore where educational achievement is heavily emphasized and expected from the family and school, and the pressure to succeed and do well academically is more acutely felt than that experienced in western contexts. A total of 1437 8th and 9th graders participated in a survey questionnaire. The results showed that adolescents who perceived higher regulatory competence were more likely to use the Internet to deal with the negative consequences of Internet use in appropriate ways. Also, the study found maladaptive thoughts that came from perceived academic expectations of parents and teachers partially mediated the effects of social-emotional regulatory competence and these youngsters' ability to control their online social interactions. Of interest was the unexpected finding that the respective relationships between social-emotional regulatory competence and compulsive Internet use, and withdrawal from Internet use became salient when such maladaptive thoughts were taken into account, suggesting the possibility of suppression rather than mediational effects. Implications arising from the study will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]