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This paper presents a comparison between the Swedish, Danish, English, and French versions of three scientific literacy test-units from the released PISA items 2006. More specifically it compares how different words and concepts have been translated in the Swedish and Danish tests, compared to the English and French original versions. Differences that occur as a result of the translation process concerning words’ meaning are demonstrated. The possible consequences of such differences are exemplified by an excerpt from a situation in which Swedish 15-year-old students collaboratively worked with these three PISA units. In the paper we claim that in spite of detailed and strongly controlled methods for achieving translations of high standard used by the PISA, important and perhaps even decisive, differences between the four versions exist.

Background This paper discusses whether baseline demographic, socio-economic, health variables, length of follow-up and method of contacting the participants predict non-response to the invitation for a second assessment of lifestyle factors and body weight in the European multi-center EPIC-PANACEA study. Methods Over 500.000 participants from several centers in ten European countries recruited between 1992 and 2000 were contacted 2–11 years later to update data on lifestyle and body weight. Length of follow-up as well as the method of approaching differed between the collaborating study centers. Non-responders were compared with responders using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Overall response for the second assessment was high (81.6%). Compared to postal surveys, centers where the participants completed the questionnaire by phone attained a higher response. Response was also high in centers with a short follow-up period. Non-response was higher in participants who were male (odds ratio 1.09 (confidence interval 1.07; 1.11), aged under 40 years (1.96 (1.90; 2.02), living alone (1.40 (1.37; 1.43), less educated (1.35 (1.12; 1.19), of poorer health (1.33 (1.27; 1.39), reporting an unhealthy lifestyle and who had either a low (25, 1.08 (1.06; 1.10); especially ≥30 kg/m2, 1.26 (1.23; 1.29)). Conclusions Cohort studies may enhance cohort maintenance by paying particular attention to the subgroups that are most unlikely to respond and by an active recruitment strategy using telephone interviews.

International audience; The fate of plastic waste is a pressing issue since it forms a visible and long-lived reminder of the environmental impact of consumer habits. In this study, we examine the structural changes in the lamellar arrangements of semicrystalline poly-ethylene (PE) packaging waste with the aim of understanding the physical mechanisms of embrittlement in PE exposed to the marine environment. PE microplastics and macroplastics from identifiable PE packaging were collected in the Atlantic Ocean and compared to new PE boxes. Several experimental techniques interrogate the effects of environmental exposure on their bulk and surface properties. Size exclusion chromatography determines the molecular weight distribution of the PE polymer chains and differential scanning calorimetry gives the crystallinity. Small-and wide-angle X-ray scattering examines the packing of PE chains into semicrystalline lamellae. Longitudinal acoustic mode Raman spectroscopy provides a complementary measurement of the length of PE polymer chains extending through the crystalline lamellar domains. While there is a high degree of uncertainty in the time scale for the changes, the overall picture at the molecular scale is that although PE becomes more crystalline with environmental exposure, the lamellar order present in new packing boxes is disrupted by the weathering process. This process has important implications for embrittlement and subsequent degradation.

Introduction: A new third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) has been developed in response to trends in working life, theoretical concepts, and international experience. A key component of the COPSOQ III is a defined set of mandatory core items to be included in national short, middle, and long versions of the questionnaire. The aim of the present article is to present and test the reliability of the new international middle version of the COPSOQ III. Methods: The questionnaire was tested among 23,361 employees during 2016–2017 in Canada, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Turkey. A total of 26 dimensions (measured through scales or single items) of the middle version and two from the long version were tested. Psychometric properties of the dimensions were assessed regarding reliability (Cronbach α), ceiling and floor effects (fractions with extreme answers), and distinctiveness (correlations with other dimensions). Results: Most international middle dimensions had satisfactory reliability in most countries, though some ceiling and floor effects were present. Dimensions with missing values were rare. Most dimensions had low to medium intercorrelations. Conclusions: The COPSOQ III offers reliable and distinct measures of a wide range of psychosocial dimensions of modern working life in different countries; although a few measures could be improved. Future testing should focus on validation of the COPSOQ items and dimensions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Such investigations would enhance the basis for recommendations using the COPSOQ III. Keywords: Psychosocial risk factors, Psychosocial working conditions, Risk assessment

Background Biopharmaceutical products (BPs) are widely used to treat autoimmune diseases, but immunogenicity limits their efficacy for an important proportion of patients. Our knowledge of patient-related factors influencing the occurrence of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) is still limited. Methods and findings The European consortium ABIRISK (Anti-Biopharmaceutical Immunization: prediction and analysis of clinical relevance to minimize the RISK) conducted a clinical and genomic multicohort prospective study of 560 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 147), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 229), Crohn’s disease (n = 148), or ulcerative colitis (n = 36) treated with 8 different biopharmaceuticals (etanercept, n = 84; infliximab, n = 101; adalimumab, n = 153; interferon [IFN]-beta-1a intramuscularly [IM], n = 38; IFN-beta-1a subcutaneously [SC], n = 68; IFN-beta-1b SC, n = 41; rituximab, n = 31; tocilizumab, n = 44) and followed during the first 12 months of therapy for time to ADA development. From the bioclinical data collected, we explored the relationships between patient-related factors and the occurrence of ADAs. Both baseline and time-dependent factors such as concomitant medications were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Mean age and disease duration were 35.1 and 0.85 years, respectively, for MS; 54.2 and 3.17 years for RA; and 36.9 and 3.69 years for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In a multivariate Cox regression model including each of the clinical and genetic factors mentioned hereafter, among the clinical factors, immunosuppressants (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.408 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.253–0.657], p < 0.001) and antibiotics (aHR = 0.121 [0.0437–0.333], p < 0.0001) were independently negatively associated with time to ADA development, whereas infections during the study (aHR = 2.757 [1.616–4.704], p < 0.001) and tobacco smoking (aHR = 2.150 [1.319–3.503], p < 0.01) were positively associated. 351,824 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and 38 imputed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles were analyzed through a genome-wide association study. We found that the HLA-DQA1*05 allele significantly increased the rate of immunogenicity (aHR = 3.9 [1.923–5.976], p < 0.0001 for the homozygotes). Among the 6 genetic variants selected at a 20% false discovery rate (FDR) threshold, the minor allele of rs10508884, which is situated in an intron of the CXCL12 gene, increased the rate of immunogenicity (aHR = 3.804 [2.139–6.764], p < 1 × 10−5 for patients homozygous for the minor allele) and was chosen for validation through a CXCL12 protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on patient serum at baseline before therapy start. CXCL12 protein levels were higher for patients homozygous for the minor allele carrying higher ADA risk (mean: 2,693 pg/ml) than for the other genotypes (mean: 2,317 pg/ml; p = 0.014), and patients with CXCL12 levels above the median in serum were more prone to develop ADAs (aHR = 2.329 [1.106–4.90], p = 0.026). A limitation of the study is the lack of replication; therefore, other studies are required to confirm our findings. Conclusion In our study, we found that immunosuppressants and antibiotics were associated with decreased risk of ADA development, whereas tobacco smoking and infections during the study were associated with increased risk. We found that the HLA-DQA1*05 allele was associated with an increased rate of immunogenicity. Moreover, our results suggest a relationship between CXCL12 production and ADA development independent of the disease, which is consistent with its known function in affinity maturation of antibodies and plasma cell survival. Our findings may help physicians in the management of patients receiving biotherapies., In a multicohort prospective study of patients from 12 countries, Signe Hässler and colleagues investigate clinical and genetic factors associated with development of anti-biopharmaceutical drug antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases., Author summary Why was this study done? Biopharmaceutical products such as monoclonal antibodies are widely used to treat autoimmune diseases. Biopharmaceutical products may induce the development of antidrug antibodies, which often lead to therapy failure. Patient-related factors that influence the development of antidrug antibodies need to be characterized. What did the researchers do and find? We set up a European multicohort prospective study on 4 autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis) treated with 8 different biopharmaceutical products. We collected demographic and clinical data and tested antidrug antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from 560 patients. For 457 patients who gave consent, we also collected genetic data. We identified antibiotics and immunosuppressants as negatively associated risk factors and heavy smoking, infections during the study, the HLA-DQA1*05 allele and a minor variant in the CXCL12 chemokine gene associated with increased protein expression as risk factors of antidrug antibody development. What do these findings mean? Our findings suggest that the combination of immunosuppressant and biopharmaceutical therapy could be associated with decreased risk of antidrug antibody occurrence, which has implications for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, for which immunosuppressants are often, but not always, given together with biopharmaceuticals. Patients heterozygotes or homozygotes for the HLA-DQA1*05 allele may have an increased risk of antidrug antibody occurrence associated with biopharmaceutical therapy. The small study size warrants a validation through independent studies, in particular for the genetic findings.

Part 3: Language and Privacy; International audience; Many living spaces, such as homes, are becoming smarter and connected by using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Such systems should ideally be privacy-centered by design given the sensitive and personal data they commonly deal with. Nonetheless, few systematic methodologies exist that deal with privacy threats affecting IoT-based systems. In this paper, we capture the generic function of an IoT system to model privacy so that threats affecting such contexts can be identified and categorized at system design stage. In effect, we integrate an extension to so called Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) in the model, which provides the means to handle the privacy-specific threats in IoT systems. To demonstrate the usefulness of the model, we apply it to the design of a realistic use-case involving Facebook Portal. We use that as a means to elicit the privacy threats and mitigations that can be adopted therein. Overall, we believe that the proposed extension and categorization of privacy threats provide a useful addition to IoT practitioners and researchers in support for the adoption of sound privacy-centered principles in the early stages of the smart living design process.

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International audience; Abstract: The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) has been described as a «peaceful revolution» in international law and as the most significant development in the Law of the Sea, since Grotius wrote his famous work, «Mare Liberum». With the establishment of the EEZ, the conflict between Grotius (mare liberum) and Selden(mare clausum) seems to have been won by the latter. Although this is true, and it expresses the victory of the extension of coastal jurisdiction to maritime areas at the expense of its free use and exploitation by all states, what is most important is that the rational and functional use of the sea by all its users should prevail, in conformity with the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) provisions. This stands true since the promotion of international co-operation to achieve a more rational exploitation of the wealth of the oceans is paramount for the global community. The establishment ofthe EEZ has resulted in a drastic reduction of the area covered by the high seas. Thus, around 95% of world fishing areas and more than 80% of the known underwater oil reserves have come under the exclusive control of coastal states. Interestingly enough, among the rights of coastal states within their EEZs is the issue of offshore energy activities, which has traditionally created tension between neighboring states regarding the delimitation of that zone. Consequently, a problematic relation between these energy exploration activities and the legal regime of the EEZ is identified; maritimedelimitation issues between adjacent states can also negatively influence the use of certain maritime energy supply routes.; Le concept de zone économique exclusive (ZEE) a été décrit comme une « révolution pacifique » en droit international et comme le développement le plus significatif du droit de la mer, depuis que Grotius a écrit son célèbre ouvrage « Mare Liberum ». Avec la création de la ZEE, le conflit entre Grotius (Mare Liberum) et Selden (Mare Clausum) semble avoir été gagné par ce dernier. Bien que cela soit vrai-et il exprime la victoire de l'extension de la juridiction côtière aux zones maritimes au détriment de sa libre utilisation et de son exploitation par tous les États-, le plus important est que l'utilisation rationnelle et fonctionnelle de la mer par tous ses utilisateurs devrait l'emporter, conformément aux dispositions de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 (CNUDM). Cela est vrai puisque la promotion de la coopération internationale pour parvenir à une exploitation plus rationnelle de la richesse des océans est primordiale pour la communauté mondiale. L'établissement de la ZEE a entraîné une réduction drastique de la zone couverte par la haute mer. Ainsi, environ 95 % des zones mondiales de pêche et plus de 80 % des réserves de pétrole sous-marines connues dans les plateaux continentaux sont placées sous le contrôle exclusif des États côtiers. Il est intéressant de noter que, parmi les droits des États côtiers dans leurs ZEE, se trouve la question des activités énergétiques extracôtières qui ont traditionnellement créé des tensions entre les États voisins en ce qui concerne la délimitation de cette zone. En conséquence, une relation problématique entre ces activités d’exploration énergétique et le régime juridique de la ZEE est identifiée ; les problèmes de délimitation maritime entre États adjacents peuvent également avoir une influence négative sur l’utilisation de certaines routes d’approvisionnement en énergie maritime.

PURPOSE: Post-operative infections are relatively common after posterior spine surgery, and there are several observations reflecting different infection complications related to various metals implanted. Here, we selected an array of different bacterial species that are often found in infections associated with orthopaedic implants and tested for inhibition by hydrogen peroxide-treated titanium (Ti-peroxy). METHODS: To study the possibility of using Ti-peroxy as an antimicrobial prophylaxis, we developed a protocol for standardized susceptibility testing of bacteria. RESULTS: Importantly, we found that the resulting Ti-peroxy was highly antimicrobial against all aerobic species tested, among others, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteus mirabilis was slightly more resistant than, for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae and enterococci. In contrast, anaerobic bacteria Cutibacterium acnes and Parvimonas micra were equally susceptible compared to staphylococci. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the Ti-peroxy is a promising perioperative antimicrobial strategy that may be highly effective for prevention of post-operative infections. We therefore suggest application of hydrogen peroxide to implants prior to implantation. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic supplementary material.

The succession of maritime accidents in the last decades of the 20th Century caused a strong political and public outcry for more stringent maritime safety regulations and measures. One of the most significant developments in this regard was the establishment of several regional agreements on Port State Control (PSC) with the specific objective of fighting substandard shipping through coordinated and harmonised inspection procedures. This article is based on results from 32,206 PSC inspections carried out by the European Union and European Free Trade Association Member States within the Paris MoU region from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2015 to assess whether discrepancies among Member States exist after the entry into force of Directive 2009/16/EC and the introduction of the New Inspection Regime. Further, the study proceeds by investigating whether PSC team composition and inspector’s background influence inspection outcomes. The study has identified that differences in detecting at least one deficiency and/or detaining a vessel are significant among Member States. With regard to team composition and background, it appears that the former correlates to the number of deficiencies and detentions and the latter, though the significance is not always consistent, to detecting a certain type of deficiencies according to the specific inspector’s backgrounds.

International audience; The current analysis examines three different solutions that Mexico implemented within its ports and offshore installations in order to improve the country’s maritime security framework, as well as ensuring compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code): privatisation, militarisation and, finally, their combination. The findings of an on-going research effort include inconsistencies within the data of the necessary security incident records, or even their total absence. Inadequate competence and training among the Port Facility Security Officers (PFSO) also stands out. Another important issue was the use of different procedures among the ports under investigation for dealing with exactly the same security incidents. The clear conclusion is that after twelve years of the ISPS Code implementation, Mexico, which is leading the Interamerican Port’s Commission of the Organisation of American States (OAS), does not comply with the requirements of the ISPS Code at an acceptable level; the lack of a national maritime security policy has resulted in a poor (maritime) security culture, despite the severe (security) challenges that this nation is facing. It is also true that the country under discussion is currently reorganising its maritime security apparatus, with some positive results; tools and recommendations for enhancing the Mexican maritime security operating framework are therefore provided, along with areas of potential future research.; La présente analyse examine trois options / solutions différentes que le Mexique a mis en oeuvre dans ses ports et ses installations offshore afin d'améliorer le cadre de sécurité maritime du pays et d'assurer le respect du Code international de la sécurité des navires et des installations portuaires (ISPS), privatisation, militarisation et enfin leur combinaison. Les conclusions d'un travail de recherche en cours incluent des incohérences dans les données des dossiers d'incidents de sécurité nécessaires ou même leur absence totale. Les compétences et la formation inadéquates des agents de la sûreté de l'installation portuaire (PFSO) se distinguent également. Une autre question importante était l'utilisation de procédures différentes parmi les ports faisant l'objet d'une enquête pour traiter exactement les mêmes problèmes de sécurité. La conclusion claire est que, après douze ans de mise en oeuvre du Code ISPS, le Mexique, qui dirige la Commission portuaire interaméricaine de l'Organisation des États américains (OEA), ne respecte pas les exigences du Code ISPS à un niveau acceptable. L'absence d'une politique nationale de sécurité maritime a entraîné une culture appauvrie de la sécurité maritime, malgré les graves problèmes de sécurité auxquels ce pays est confronté. Il est également vrai que le pays discute actuellement de la réorganisation de son appareil de sécurité maritime, avec des résultats positifs. Des outils et recommandations pour améliorer le cadre opérationnel de la sécurité maritime mexicaine sont donc envisagés, ainsi que les domaines potentiels de recherches futures.

Numerous scientific records of climate indicators and in-depth statistical analyses thereof testify that the impact of the phenomenon of global warming is becoming increasingly evident. Weather patterns have already been severely altered in various regions of the Earth, with the case of the Arctic clearly standing out. As ice coverage in this region maintains its downward trend, the creation of new and significant business opportunities should, however, be noted. Maritime routes that were previously covered with ice packs are now becoming available for shipping; the promise for shorter voyages from Asia towards Europe and/or the Americas (and vice-versa) is enticing to say the least. Additionally, the reduction of ice in the wider arctic region could facilitate the extraction of the numerous natural resources (and especially energyrelated ones) available in all those frozen areas, which were previously widely considered as unsuitable for any type of business.The analysis in hand will briefly highlight the decline of ice coverage in the Arctic and elaborate on its main consequence in relation to the contemporary global maritime transport system: the creation of the so-called "Arctic Passages". Additionally, it will provide a summary of the current regulatory framework associated with the region under discussion and especially the provisions of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code or PCD). Furthermore, considering petroleum is today the primary marine fuel source within commercial shipping, this analysis will expand upon previous research efforts into how to preserve the arctic environment by limiting the use of such oil fuels. Therefore, it will explore the use of alternative sources, specifically in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG), as a way to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum spilled within the pristine arctic waters in the event of an accidental discharge, as well as to decrease air pollutants., De nombreux rapports scientifiques sur les indicateurs climatiques et leurs analyses statistiques approfondies témoignent que l'impact du phénomène du réchauffement planétaire est de plus en plus évident. Les modèles météorologiques ont déjà été gravement altérés dans diverses régions de la Terre, le cas de l'Arctique étant clairement visible. Comme la couverture de glace dans cette région maintient sa tendance à la baisse, la création d'opportunités d'affaires nouvelles et significatives devrait cependant être notée. Des itinéraires maritimes précédemment couverts par des banquises sont maintenant disponibles pour la navigation. La promesse de voyages plus courts en provenance d'Asie vers l'Europe et / ou les Amériques (et vice-versa) attire. En outre, la diminution de la glace dans l'ensemble de l'Arctique pourrait faciliter l'extraction des nombreuses ressources naturelles (et notamment énergétiques) disponibles dans toutes ces zones gelées, qui étaient auparavant considérées comme inaccessibles à tout type d'entreprise.L’analyse conduite met brièvement en évidence le déclin de la couverture glaciaire dans l’Arctique et élabore sa principale conséquence par rapport au système de transport maritime mondial contemporain : la création des « passages arctiques ». En outre, elle fournit un résumé du cadre réglementaire actuel associé à la région étudiée, et en particulier les dispositions du Code international pour les navires opérant dans les eaux polaires (code polaire arctique). De plus, compte tenu du fait que l’utilisation du pétrole est aujourd’hui la principale source de combustibles au sein de la navigation commerciale, cette analyse permet d’élargir les efforts de recherche antérieurs visant à préserver l’environnement arctique en limitant l’utilisation de ces carburants. Par conséquent, elle examine l’utilisation de sources alternatives, notamment sous forme de gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL), afin de réduire l’impact environnemental du pétrole déversé dans les eaux arctiques vierges, en cas de déversement accidentel, mais aussi afin de réduire les polluants atmosphériques.

International audience; In the analysis at hand, the authors consider if, and how, ship handling simulators can be used to feasibly augment existing navigational risk assessment (NRA) studies – particularly those concerning offshore renewable energy installations (OREIs). In order to achieve their aim, they have conducted an experimental pilot study that allowed them to observe, assess and quantify navigational behaviour in the vicinity of an offshore wind farm (OWF). The authors also suggest how simulators can be used to improve the quantification of various parameters that are used in existing NRA models and methods. Lastly, they discuss how simulators can be used to augment traditional stakeholder ‘workshops’ to further optimise the use of limited sea-space.; Dans l'analyse qui suit, les auteurs examinent si et comment les simulateurs de manutention des navires peuvent être utilisés pour compléter les études d'évaluation des risques de navigation existantes (NRA)-en particulier celles concernant les installations d'énergie renouvelable offshore (OREI). Afin d'atteindre leur but, ils ont mené une étude pilote expérimentale qui a permis d'observer, d'évaluer et de quantifier le comportement de la navigation à proximité d'un parc éolien offshore (OWF). Par la suite, ils examinent les paramètres typiques qui sont également identifiés dans les modèles et les méthodes existantes de l'NRA. En outre, ils suggèrent des façons possibles de tirer profit des exercices de simulation dans le but d'améliorer la quantification de ces paramètres. Enfin, ils ont inclus une discussion sur la façon dont les simulateurs peuvent être utilisés pour compléter les ateliers traditionnels des parties prenantes dans le cadre de la notion visant à optimiser davantage l'utilisation de l'espace maritime limité.

International audience; This paper describes the results of a survey of Polish immigrant parents' views on mathematics education in preschool. In alignment with the Swedish preschool curriculum, the results show that parents viewed learning as being connected to play. The parents to a large extent see similar frequency of mathematical activities occurring at preschool and at home. Parents often commented on children's involvement in collaboration when playing. Swedish preschools' pedagogical practices about learning through play seem to have been adopted by parents. The findings suggest that parents, like children, can be socialized into the norms and values of Swedish preschools through their children's attendance of them.

We investigate the formation and dissolution of hydrides in commercially pure zirconium powder in-situ using high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiation. Experimental results showed a continuous phase transition between the δ and ε zirconium hydride phases with indication of a second order phase transformation.

Piracy in its various forms has posed a threat to trade and shipping for millennia. In the 1970s, a steady rise in the number of attacks ushered in the present phenomenon of modern piracy and not many parts of the world's seas are free from piracy in one form or another today. This paper reviews the historical and geographical developments of piracy in shipping, with a discussion on contentious issues involved in defining piracy. Using data available on piracy acts collected from the IMB related to 3,957 attacks that took place between 1996 and 2008, we shed light on recent changes in geography and modi operandi of acts of piracy and investigate how poverty and political instability may be seen as the root causes of piracy.

International audience; Biofuel cell research has attracted considerable attention over the last decade, e.g., according to “The Web of Science” the number of publications per year in this area has been continuously increasing from 108 in 2004 to 1782 in 2014. In this short communication written in a provocative manner we, the guest editors of this Special Issue of Bioelectrochemistry devoted to biofuel cells, try to overstress the differences in current viewpoints in order to emphasize existing problems rather than just describe current opinion and praise to the skies perceived outstanding achievements, though these definitely exist in the field of bioelectrochemistry in general, and biological fuel cell research in particular. Emphasis on problems and disagreements can help push the field even further, resulting in a better understanding of the fundamental principles of the operation of biocatalysts. We do also believe that provoking the scientific community brings us much more closer to the final end point of all our research, i.e., general (large-scale) usage of “green” renewable biodevices for electric power generation and possibly even for concomitant storage of electric energy (vide infra).

Future software systems will be highly dynamic. We are already experiencing, for example, a world where Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) play a more and more crucial role. CPSs integrate computational, physical, and networking elements; they comprise a number of subsystems, or entities, that are connected and work together. The open and highly distributed nature of the resulting system gives rise to unanticipated runtime management issues such as the organization of subsystems and resource optimization. In this paper, we focus on the problem of knowledge sharing among cooperating entities of a highly distributed and self-adaptive CPS. Specifically, the research question we address is how to minimize the knowledge that needs to be shared among the entities of a CPS. If all entities share all their knowledge with each other, the performance, energy and memory consumption as well as privacy are unnecessarily negatively impacted. To reduce the amount of knowledge to share between CPS entities, we envision a role-based adaptive knowledge exchange technique working on partial runtime models, i.e., models reflecting only part of the state of the CPS. Our approach supports two adaptation dimensions: the runtime type of knowledge and conditions over the knowledge. We illustrate the feasibility of our technique by discussing its realization based on two state-of-the-art approaches.

International audience; We have designed, implemented and evaluated a didac-tical situation where 27 students in grade 4 created large triangular constructions in an outdoor environment by involving a customised GPS-based mobile application. The students' strategies for construction were reflected upon during a teacher-led discussion involving web technologies and aiming at the formulation of principles for construction. The effective communication of underpinning theories and possible learning objectives, in combination with user-friendly mobile and web technologies , served to scaffold the teacher's successful orchestration of a logos-oriented mathematical discourse.

International audience; The point of departure in this paper is my previous research in which I analysed how the idea of problem solving is recontextualised into the mathematics curriculum for upper secondary school in Sweden and how this increases the risk for excluding lower SES students from future power. I discuss how this research could be followed up through a suggestion of how problem solving could be viewed in three different ways: as an ideology, a competence and an activity. Bernstein's pedagogic device and dichotomy of vertical and horizontal discourses are crucial in this suggestion. By seeing problem solving as an activity, and connect this to what Bernstein labels the evaluative field, I thereby tie the whole pedagogic device together by taking an overall view of problem solving as global policy-speak.

International audience; This study is concerned with students on an introductory programme where they are supposed to compensate for earlier failure in mathematics in compulsory school. Having worked for several years with students in this category, I have noticed that some of them have passed in other subjects where mathematics is used as a tool. The question then becomes: Why mathematics? Thus, the focus is on students who have passed in other subjects, including physics and chemistry, in compulsory school, but not in mathematics.

International audience; Mathematical tasks in tests are central to students' learning. Research shows that there is a significant gap between mathematical tasks in national tests and teacher-made tests. In this pilot study, we examine nine Swedish and nine Chinese teachers' views on what constitutes of a good mathematical test task at the lower secondary school level. E-Mail Interviewing is conducted by presenting seven mathematical tasks from national tests in Sweden and China, respectively. The preliminary results show that Swedish and Chinese teachers hold some common views on the characteristics of good mathematical test tasks, but they also show different views on some mathematical tasks with high level of abstraction. Implications of the results and the methodology informed by the pilot study are discussed.

International audience; This paper explores tensions between the teacher's intention and the students' interpretation of a reformed classroom practice. Focus for this paper is particular on the social and socio-mathematical norms. The example presented in the paper is connected to the use of resources, such as manipulatives, to catch both explicit and implicit tensions between the students' perceptions of existing norms and teacher´s intention of supporting norms. These tensions could form and cause a barrier to students' opportunities to learn. Reform teaching is likely to fail if students do not share a similar understanding to that of their teacher in regards to their contribution to mathematics learning.

International audience; In this paper, preschool teachers' documentation of their learning about playing as a mathematical activity are examined using Wartofsky's three levels of artefacts, primary , secondary and tertiary. Playing is one of Bishop's six mathematical activities and was a new consideration for most teachers and in contrast to how play is generally conceived as a tool for learning. Wartofsky's three levels of analysis provided insights into how the teachers were able to visualize and understand playing as a mathematical activity.

International audience; This theoretical paper investigates the relationship between socialisation and mathematics education in Swedish preschools. Socialisation is considered to be the process by which children construct their own child-hoods and experiences as a preparation for adulthood. Mathematics education as defined by the curriculum outlines what learning possibilities preschools and the adults working in them should provide to children. The production and reproduction of cultural knowledge as components of socialisation are connected to the global issue of early year's education and schoolification. I suggest that it is important to discuss how learning of content and subjectivities is a key feature in an investigation of the relationship between socialisations and mathematics education in the Swedish preschool curriculum.

Problem solving can involve using mathematics to solve everyday problems. In this study we examine an interaction between a teacher and a class of six-year olds in Sweden around an open-ended problem set in an everyday context. Using Bernstein’s ideas about vertical and horizontal discourse, a mixture of everyday and mathematicsunderstandings is identified in the interaction. This mixture seems to result in confusion for both the teacher and the children over what should be the focus. This paper raises issues about how the connection to the everyday in problem solving could reduce children’s opportunities to learn mathematics Godkänd; 2015; 20141124 (marijo)

International audience; This breakout group focused on identifying the challenges of performing self-adaptation in highly distributed dynamic systems. This is a pressing issue in self-adaptive systems research, as proposed ``smart" systems are increasingly built out of disparate entities (sensors and actuators) that feature a close connection to the physical world -- so-called cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Examples are numerous: intelligent vehicle navigation, fleets of autonomous robots, emergency coordination systems, to mention just a few. CPSs are typically distributed at the physical space and feature no firm boundaries -- they are open-ended. They are composed of loosely connected entities, that are often mobile. Grafting such systems with self-adaptive capabilities is a distinct challenge, which projects itself in all phases of the autonomic loop.

Clique clustering is the problem of partitioning the vertices of a graph into disjoint clusters, where each cluster forms a clique in the graph, while optimizing some objective function. In online clustering, the input graph is given one vertex at a time, and any vertices that have previously been clustered together are not allowed to be separated. The goal is to maintain a clustering with an objective value close to the optimal solution. For the variant where we want to maximize the number of edges in the clusters, we propose an online strategy based on the doubling technique. It has an asymptotic competitive ratio at most 15.646 and an absolute competitive ratio at most 22.641. We also show that no deterministic strategy can have an asymptotic competitive ratio better than 6. For the variant where we want to minimize the number of edges between clusters, we show that the deterministic competitive ratio of the problem is $n-\omega(1)$, where n is the number of vertices in the graph., Comment: This paper combines and extends the results from 2 conference publications at CIAC 2013 and CIAC 2015

Part 3: Accessibility; International audience; Access to web content continues to be a challenge for the visually impaired, as the needs of such community are very diverse. The access is further hindered by the fact that designers continue to build websites non-compliant with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). To better understand the needs of the visually impaired community, three workshops were organized with various stakeholders coming from three different countries. The results from the workshops suggest that one-solution-fits-all model is inadequate without considering the levels of visual impairment when providing customized web experience. A set of requirements devised from the workshops guided the process of building a middleware prototype. Using eight adaptation techniques, the prototype provides the required user experience based on users level of visual impairment. Preliminary evaluation of the middleware suggests that several adaptation techniques perform better with non-WCAG compliant websites compared to those being compliant.

Shipping companies frequently outsource the management of their vessels. In this paper, we use data from Lloyd's Register Fairplay [(2009) IHS Fairplay World shipping encyclopaedia. Available at http://www.ihs.com/products/maritime-information/ships/world-shipping-encyclopedia.aspx?pu=1&rd=ihsfairplay_com] on 45 456 vessels belonging to 9580 different ship-owners to investigate the extent of outsourcing in shipping and to identify the key factors affecting the likelihood of outsourcing. The results of our econometric analysis indicate that ship-owners' decisions to outsource are explained by the characteristics of the vessels in question (age, type and size) and the characteristics of the ship-owner (country of domiciliation and number of vessels). In addition, a specific country effect is identified for Greek ship-owners, which is in line with the findings of previous studies.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the probability that shipping companies outsource the management of vessels to ship management companies, a decision with many implications for the logistics chain. Data on 39,925 vessels are used to investigate to the extent to which 4,049 different ship-owners (each operating a fleet of at least two vessels) outsource to ship-management service providers. We rely on multinomial Logit random and fixed effects regressions to explain how the characteristics of the owners and vessels influence this decision. We find that the size of the firm in terms of the number of vessels and the number of different types of vessels influence the likelihood of outsourcing. Also, ship-owners frequently implement a mixed strategy and outsource only some of their vessels.

This paper estimates the annual CO2 emissions by international shipping over the 2007-2009 period. Once controlling for the recent changes in activity levels in international trade, we evidence a slow-down of the total volume emitted in 2009. Using an exhaustive dataset of the world fleet, we provide international rankings in CO2 emissions both by country of ownership and by flag of registry of vessels. We finally study how, through flagging-out, most ship-owners from developed countries are implicitly exporting a share of their CO2 emissions under foreign flags. This suggests that a system based on taxes or quotas to be applied by vessel type rather than by the country of ownership or flag of registry may be more efficient to reduce CO2 emissions in shipping.

The flag of registry and classification society are an integral part of the target factors used by Port State Control authorities (PSC) when deciding on vessels to select for inspection. A ship-owner may then have an interest in changing the flag of registry (flag-hopping) and classification society (class-hopping) to avoid future controls. Using data on PSCs collected over 6 years from 7,500 vessels, we study the relevance of this assumption using bivariate Probit models. Our estimates show that vessels in relatively bad conditions are more likely to be subject to flag- and class-hopping and that these phenomena are more likely amongst vessels which have changed flag and class in the past.

Port state control regimes have been established more than 30 years ago to help prevent accidents in shipping. These controls are obviously not sufficient to correct or prevent all hazards leading to an accident, but they have played a major role in the general reduction of the number of maritime accidents observed during the last decade. Using data on 42,000 vessels/inspections carried out from 2002 to 2009 by 18 state members of the Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding, this paper focuses more closely on the type of deficiencies found during inspections and on changes in these deficiencies over time and between successive inspections.

Les détentions des navires suite aux contrôles des navires par l'Etat du port sont l'objet de plaintes récurrentes de la part des armateurs. Ainsi, ces derniers s'interrogent régulièrement sur les raisons pour lesquelles, bien que les règles portant sur la sécurité maritime soient universelles, des disparités importantes sur le résultat des contrôles existent selon le lieu où ce dernier se déroule. Pour les Etats côtiers en charge de ces contrôles, ces disparités se justifient pleinement et s'expliquent tout simplement par des différences dans les caractéristiques des navires faisant escale dans leurs ports. Cet article utilise des données sur le résultat de 42071 inspections qui se sont déroulées au sein des 14 pays du Mémorandum régional de l'Océan Indien afin de savoir si l'argument avancé par les autorités en charge des contrôles est légitime. Si les caractéristiques des navires jouent clairement un rôle, en particulier le type, l'âge et la société de classification, il demeure toutefois des différences significatives au niveau de la détention selon les pays où l'inspection a lieu.