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Program Slovensko javno mnenje (SJM) deluje že več kot 50 let, a doslej še ni bila opravljena sistematična analiza njegove akademske izrabe. Cilj članka je zapolniti to vrzel in s pomočjo kvantitativne bibliografske študije ovrednotiti infrastrukturno vlogo programa pri produkciji družboslovnih spoznanj. Analiza temelji na 1043 znanstvenih in strokovnih publikacijah za obdobje 1971–2021, ki vsebujejo podatke SJM in so bile pridobljene na različnih spletnih platformah in v fizični obliki. Poglavitna ugotovitev je, da kazalnike SJM uporabljajo raziskovalci v številnih akademskih in drugih organizacijah in na različnih disciplinarnih področjih, pri čemer obravnavajo širok razpon tematik, večinoma v medčasovni perspektivi. Prek 90 arhiviranih datotek SJM predstavlja pomemben del »ekosistema« družboslovnih podatkov v Sloveniji, zgodovinsko gledano pa imajo posebno vrednost kazalniki iz zgodnjega obdobja, ki predstavljajo svojevrstno primerjalno prednost za slovensko empirično družboslovje Slovenian Public Opinion Programme (SPO) has been in place for over 50 years, yet so far no systematic analysis of its academic use has been made. The aim of the article is to fill this gap and evalute through quantitative bibilographical study the infrastructural role of the programme in the production of social sicentific knowledge. The analysis is based on 1043 scientific and expert publications for the period 1971 – 2021, which include data from the SPO and were accessed on different online platforms and acquired in physical form. The main finding is that the SPO indicators are used by researchers in numerous academic and other organsiations and in diverse disciplinary areas addressing a wide range of topics, mainly in the inter-temporal prespective. Over 90 archived datasets of SPO represents an important part of the ‘ecosystem’ of social scientific data in Slovenia, and in a historical perspective, a special value can be attributed to the indicators from the early period which represent a peculiar comparative advantage for Slovenian empirical social sciences

The article reviews the possibilities and tools for systematic academic and policy utilisation of the European Social Survey findings (ESS) in an international and Slovenian context. The first part discusses the relevance of evidence-based policy and compares several analytical methods for summarising and synthesising the results from a large number of studies for non-academic end-users. Based on bibliographical data, the second part outlines the patterns of ESS academic use across countries, academic disciplines, topics and policy areas in the 2003-2014 period. It proceeds to examine the possibilities of a comparative review of the ESS findings from the perspective of a Slovenian analyst and concludes that the survey offers broad possibilities to evaluate policy orientations, goals and partly measures, particularly in the areas of welfare, economic, immigration and family policies. The article ends with a discussion of access to scientific publications, which continues to present a serious obstacle to non-academic users. Članek analizira možnosti in mehanizme sistematične akademske in javnopolitične izrabe rezultatov Evropske družboslovne raziskave (ESS) v mednarodnem in slovenskem prostoru. V prvem delu izpostavi pomen z dokazi podprtega oblikovanja politik ter primerja različne metode zbiranja in sinteze velikega števila raziskovalnih izsledkov za potrebe neakademskih uporabnikov. V drugem delu na podlagi bibliografskih podatkov predstavi vzorce dosedanje izrabe podatkov ESS po državah, akademskih disciplinah ter tematskih in javnopolitičnih področjih v obdobju 2003-2014. Nato analizira, kje je z vidika slovenskih analitikov največji potencial pregledne izrabe rezultatov ESS, in ugotavlja, da raziskava ponuja široke možnosti za evaluacijo javnopolitičnih usmeritev, ciljev in deloma ukrepov predvsem na področju blaginjske, ekonomske, priseljenske in družinske politike. Na koncu se dotakne problematike dostopa do znanstvenih publikacij, ki za zdaj predstavlja veliko oviro neakademskim uporabnikom, ko gre za pregledne študije.

Background: This article explores gender trends in self-rated health in Slovenia over the period of thirty years. The main research goals are to examine the associations between gender, social class and health, establish the extent that the patterns of subjective health converge with those in other countries and identify the most vulnerable health groups. Methods: The study is based on six waves of the Slovenian Public Opinion survey carried out between 1981 and 2012 on representative samples of the adult Slovenian population. The main dependent variables are the respondent's self-assessed health and three indicators of psychosomatic health - experiences of insomnia,irregular heartbeat and anxiety. The main independent variables are gender and socio-economic status. The relationship between them was examined using Chi-square tests. Results: The 30 year trend is consistent with prior studies, which found that women report poorer self-assessed health than men. In Slovenia, this gender gap was observed in both social classes, but was more pronounced for women in the lower educated category. The higher prevalence of stress symptoms among women supports the theory of chronic exhaustion resulting from the dual-role strain. Conclusions: In Slovenia the welfare state was able to buffer the adverse effects of increased economic stresses to a significant extent after 1991, resulting in favourable health outcomes for both genders. Dismantling these arrangements may result in short-term financial gains but is likely to trigger long-lasting negative consequences for public health, especially in the case of vulnerable groups such as women. Uvod: Članek obravnava smernice samoocen zdravja po spolu v Sloveniji za obdobje 30 let. Glavni raziskovalni cilj je proučiti povezavo med spolom, družbenim razredom in zdravjem, ugotoviti, v kakšnem obsegu so vzorci samoocen zdravja skladni s tistimi v drugih državah in razpoznati zdravstveno najranljivejše družbene skupine. Metode: Študija temelji na šestih anketnih meritvah raziskave Slovensko javno mnenje, ki so bile izvedene v obdobju 1981 in 2012 na reprezentativnih vzorcih odraslega prebivalstva Slovenije. Poglavitne odvisne spremenljivke so anketirančeva samoocena zdravja in trije kazalniki psihosomatskega zdravja - nespečnost, razbijanje srca in nemir. Poglavitni neodvisni spremenljivki pa sta spol in socialno-ekonomski položaj. Zvezo med njima smo ugotavljali s hi-kvadrat testom statistične značilnosti. Rezultati: 30-letni trend je skladen s predhodnimi študijami, ki ugotavljajo, da ženske slabše ocenjujejo svoje zdravje kot moški. V Sloveniji je razlika med spoloma opazna v obeh družbenih razredih, a je precej izrazitejša pri ženskah v nižji izobrazbeni kategoriji. Večja prisotnost simptomov stresa pri ženskah potrjuje teorijo kronične utrujenosti kot posledice pritiska različnih družbenih vlog. Zaključek: V Sloveniji je socialna država po letu 1991 uspela omiliti negativne posledice povečanega ekonomskega stresa, kar se je odrazilo v ugodnih zdravstvenih smernicah pri obeh spolih. Razgradnja teh mehanizmov bi lahko prinesla kratkoročne finančne prihranke, obenem pa bi zelo verjetno imela dolgotrajne negativne posledice za zdravje prebivalstva, zlasti pri ranljivih skupinah, med katerimi so tudi ženske.

In the last decade the methodology of social research has been experiencing rapid growth. In this process, an important place has increasingly been taken by qualitative research methods which have also been foregrounded in fields that a couple of decades ago were exclusively reserved for quantitative research approaches. In the last few years attempts at merging and combining research approaches have been emerging within triangulation, along with the existence of more ambitious attempts at creating the so-called reflexive methodology. Based on this premise, this paper will address two methods: grounded theory (hereinafter GT) and inductive ethnography, with each of them employing its own specific way of solving quandaries faced by researchers who use qualitative methods in their work. The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of the research complementarity of GT and inductive ethnography in the context of the merging and combining of research approaches. First, we will look for answers by reflexively examining the properties of both approaches' research techniques which in the concluding part of the paper will end by identifying the methodological context enabling the coherent use of the two research approaches. Razvoj metodologije družboslovnega raziskovanja je v zadnjem desetletju nakazal številne spremembe v razumevanju raziskovalnih pristopov, predvsem na področju združevanja kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih metod. Pristop, za katerega se je uveljavilo ime refleksivna metodologija, pa večji poudarek namenja tudi spremembam v polju kvalitativne metodologije. Članek se v tem pogledu ukvarja z dvema uveljavljenima tehnikama, utemeljeno teorijo in induktivno etnografijo, ki vsaka zase ponujata specifične rešitve za ključna raziskovalna vprašanja v okviru kvalitativne metodologije. Ambicija članka je prepoznati raziskovalni potencial, ki nastane z združevanjem obeh pristopov. Vprašanja, na katera odgovarja članek, so povezana z dilemami o smiselnosti združevanja obeh pristopov, potencialnih prednostih, ki jih združevanje prinaša, ter, na koncu, identifikaciji metodološkega konteksta, ki takšen pristop sploh omogoča.

This paper examines a forty-year dynamic of concern for the environment among Slovenian respondents. It first makes an inventory of the variables that are presumed to influence perceptions of environmental risk, then proceeds to analyse twelve Slovenia Public Opinion datasets to observe the trends. The longitudinal evidence reveals considerable shifts in the perception of environmental concern, particularly in response to dramatic outside events (such as Chernobyl). The trends reveal a cyclic pattern, with 2011 levels of concern having returned to the levels observed in the early 1970s, following a peak in the early 1990s. No distinctive patterns for the different types of environmental risk can be observed, which suggests that respondents fail to make a distinction between the different types. Finally, the data reveals that previous differences of opinion that correlated with levels of education and age have gradually been disappearing. The observed trends in environmental concern are best explained by macro factors, in particular the challenge-response model, the agenda-setting model, and the issue-entrepreneurship model. Članek obravnava štiridesetletno dinamiko zaznav okoljskih tveganj med slovenskimi anketiranci. Uvodoma avtorja naredita pregled teoretičnih konceptov, ki vplivajo na zaznave, nato pa analizirata dvanajst meritev raziskave Slovensko javno mnenje, ki vsebujejo primerljive kazalce teh zaznav. Podatki pokažejo precejšnje medčasovne premike, predvsem kot odziv anketirancev na dramatični zunanji dogodek (Černobil). Trend pokaže cikličen vzorec, saj so v letu 2011 zaznave ogroženosti okolja zopet na ravni, kakršna je bila izmerjena v prvi meritvi leta 1973, potem ko dosežejo svoj vrh leta 1990. Podatki ne kažejo razlik v trendih med posameznimi vrstami ekoloških tveganj, kar nakazuje, da anketiranci ne delajo razlike med ponujenimi koncepti. Kaže se tudi postopno izginjanje razlik med izobrazbenimi in starostnimi skupinami. Izmerjene trende zaznav okoljskih tveganj pojasnjujejo predvsem makro dejavniki, predvsem model odzivanja na dogodek, model določanja dnevnega reda (agenda setting) in model socialnega podjetništva (issue-entrepreneurship).

Background: Historically speaking, public health systems were established to guarantee every citizen equal access to health care and to separate the issue of an individual's health from issues of material welbeing. Using social science methodology, the study set out to explore how successful the welfare system in Slovenia was in achieving this goal during the last three decades, i.e. to what extent social inequalities in Slovenia are being reproduced as health inequalities. Methods: The study is based on six waves of Slovenian Public Opinion surveys carried out between 1981 and 2011 on representative samples of the adult Slovenian population. The main dependent variable is the respondent's selfassessed health and the main independent variable is his or her socio-economic status. The relationship between them was examined using Chi-square tests and regression analysis. Results: The thirty year trend shows persisting inequalities in health as throughout the entire period, self-assessed health is significantly lower at the bottom of the educational and income scale. The largest differences between social strata are observed in the 30 to 60 age group when labour market pressures are most pronounced. Conclusions: The results indicate that inequalities in health are almost impossible to eliminate as long as their deeper causes lie in social inequality. An additional factor that decreases self-assessed health in Slovenia compared to Western Europe is the low level of trust in people and social institutions, which is the likely reason why the relatively favourable statistical picture of social inequalities is not translated into an equally favourable picture of subjective health. Uvod: Zgodovinsko gledano, je bil cilj javnega zdravstva vsem prebivalcem zagotoviti enak dostop do zdravstvenega varstva in s tem ločiti vprašanje zdravja od problematike materialnega standarda posameznika. Namen študije je bil z uporabo družboslovne anketne metode posredno odgovoriti na vprašanje, koliko je bil naš blaginjski sistem v zadnjih desetletjih pri tem uspešen oziroma koliko se socialne neenakosti pri nas še vedno odražajo tudi skozi neenakostih v zdravju. Metode: Študija temelji na šestih anketnih meritvah raziskave Slovensko javno mnenje, ki so bile izvedene v obdobju 1981 in 2011 na reprezentativnih vzorcih odraslega prebivalstva Slovenije. Poglavitna odvisna spremenljivka je anketirančeva samoocena zdravja, poglavitna neodvisna pa socialno-ekonomski položaj. Zvezo med njima smo ugotavljali hi-kvadrat testom statistične značilnosti in z regresijsko analizo. Rezultati: Analiza trendov za 30-letno obdobje jasno pokaže vztrajajoče neenakosti v zdravju, saj je samoocena zdravja v nižjih izobrazbenih in dohodkovnih skupinah v celotnem obdobju značilno nižja. Največje razlike med sloji opazimo v starostnem obdobju od 30. do 60. leta, torej med največjo izpostavljenostjo stresom, povezanim s trgom dela. Zaključek: Rezultati te in številnih drugih študij kažejo, da vztrajajoče neenakosti v zdravju predstavljajo težko odpravljiv problem, saj so njihov dejanski izvor neenakosti v družbi kot celoti. Dodatni dejavnik zmanjševanja subjektivnega zdravja v Sloveniji v primerjavi z zahodno Evropo je nizka stopnja zaupanja v soljudi in družbene ustanove, ki je verjetni vzrok, da se statistično sorazmerno ugodna slika neenakosti ne prevede v enako ugodno sliko subjektivnega zdravja.

The paper studies the relationship between statistical and public opinion indicators of inequality and seeks to determine the role class differences play in shaping attitudes to the extent and causes of inequality. The main theoretical conclusions are that attitudes to inequality are best explained by a combination of the dominant ideology and interest and that class represents one of the most important explanatory factors within a given society. The observed differences in attitudes are, however, not caused by a class-specific ideology but primarily by interest-based calculations arising from differences in material situation and exposure to socioeconomic risks. In Slovenia tolerance towards income inequalities is low and coupled by strong public preferences for the central redistributive role of government, with no indication of a class-based polarisation of views. According to macro-statistical indicators, Slovenia ranks among those countries with the smallest social inequalities in Europe, yet this fact is not reflected in popular perceptions where the extent of inequality is consistently overestimated. Cilj prispevka je analizirati odnos med statističnimi in javnomnenjskimi kazalci neenakosti ter določiti, kako pomemben dejavnik oblikovanja stališč do neenakosti, njenega nastanka, obsega in načina regulacije je razredna pripadnost. Poglavitna ugotovitev je, da stališča do neenakosti pojasnjuje kombinacija dominantne ideologije in interesa, razred pa predstavlja enega pomembnejših elementov razlage znotraj družb. Pri tem pa dejavnik razlikovanja stališč ni razredno specifična ideologija, temveč predvsem razlike v interesnih izračunih kot posledici različnega materialnega položaja in izpostavljenosti socialno-ekonomskim tveganjem. Za Slovenijo je značilna nizka toleranca do neenakosti in velika naklonjenost osrednji vlogi države pri prerazporejanju dohodkov, pri čemer ni zaznati nikakršne razredne polarizacije stališč. Slovenija po statističnih kazalcih sodi med evropske družbe z najmanjšimi družbenimi neenakostmi, kar pa se ne odrazi v prevladujočih javnomnenjskih zaznavah, v katerih je obseg družbenih neenakosti sistematično precenjen.

The paper examines the key ethical dilemmas that may emerge between a researcher and society, mostly due to the collision of scientific, political and economic principles in the research environment. The starting point of the discussion is the role of the ĆtruthĆ as the main research principle, whose guiding role may become compromised due to research embeddedness in power relations. The article proceeds by exploring ways in which research practice and findings may become instrumentalised as a result of political, commercial or career-building pressures. It wraps up with the conclusion that socially responsible research ethics requires a reflective stance towards both personal research practice, as well as the public spin of research findings, and that the main societal-level ethical problem of contemporary sociological research is not so much the excessive politicisation of its findings, but that they lack a social impact. Namen članka je podati pregled ključnih etičnih dilem v odnosu med raziskovalcem in družbo, izhajajočih predvsem iz pogostega konflikta med načeli znanosti, politike in ekonomije v raziskovalnem procesu in okolju. Izhodišče razprave je vztrajanje na resnici kot temeljnem znanstvenoraziskovalnem načelu, katerega vloga pa lahko postane sekundarna zaradi vpetosti raziskovanja v razmerja družbene moči. Poglavitno težišče članka je zato analiza načinov instrumentalizacije raziskovalnih praks in izsledkov kot posledica političnih, komercialnih ali kariernoeksistenčnih pritiskov. Članek sklene ugotovitev, da je pogoj družbeno odgovorne raziskovalne etike kritična refleksija osebne raziskovalne drže in družbenih učinkov znanstvenih izsledkov, poglavitni družbeno-etični problem sociološkega raziskovanja pa danes ni toliko v preveliki politizaciji spoznanj, temveč prej v njihovi premajhni družbeni odmevnosti.

ispartof: Onderzoeksverslag Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek (CeSO) status: published

Uporabljena je evalvacijska analiza različnih tipov enakosti kot možnih socialno izenačevalnih regulativnih načel, predvsem z vidika njihove uporabnosti oz. možnosti operacionalizacije. Ključna je vloga startnih razlik pri pojasnjevanju neenakosti izida na eni strani ter na omejene možnosti korekcije teh razlik na drugi. Evalvacija slabosti dveh modelov socialne regulacije pokaže. da je pragmatični model na ravni razpoložljivih sredstev in obstoječe hierarhije vrednot operativnejši od ekstenzivnega. Čeprav je znotraj ekspanzivnega modela socialno izenačevanje radikalno zastavljeno kot cilj, pa sam poskus operacionalizacije tega cilja na neki točki privede do kršitve načela svobode (avtonomije posameznika, družine) in s tem do prevlade načela nekvalificirane enakosti. Evalvacija dveh načel enakosti možnosti, načela izhodiščne enakosti in enakosti dostopa pokaže, da med sabo nista izključujoči, pač pa je prvo je širitev drugega z zahtevo po izenačevanju startnih možnosti. Neenakost zmožnosti in drugih startnih možnosti je sicer upravičeno opaženo kot dejstvo, ki bistveno določa izid tekmovanja. Nerešen problem pa je - z vidika inputa stroškov in določitve regulativnih strategij - uporaba oz. operacionalizacija načela izhodiščne enakosti.

The goal of this study was to explore whether gender and religiosity/spirituality affected beliefs about gender roles and same-sex relations in Slovenia and Croatia. Data were gathered on the national representative samples from Croatia (N=1201) and Slovenia (N=1065) from the International Social Survey Programme (module Religion 2008). As expected, women in Croatia and Slovenia had less traditional beliefs about gender roles and were less homonegative than men. Non-religious non-spiritual individuals (“secularists”) were the most egalitarian in their gender role beliefs and the least homonegative compared to other groups regarding religiosity and spirituality. Hypothesis that spiritual non- religious individual (“spiritual seekers”) would be more egalitarian and less homonegative than religious individuals (either non-spiritual or spiritual i.e. “dwellers” and “dogmatists”) was confirmed only on the Slovenian sample, whereas results obtained on the Croatian sample were more complex.