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Background: Dating violence has attracted scholarly interest from many fields because of its implications for adolescents’ health. This study aimed to learn which strategies adolescents use to address and prevent dating violence. Methods: Eight focus group discussions were analyzed, which included a total of 78 adolescents between 13 and 17 years old who had the signed consent of their parents or guardians. Results: The findings showed that the majority of adolescents lacked effective mechanisms to manage violence in their dating relationships, which were characterized by immaturity, a lack of trust in their families, and unrecognized relationship violence. Conclusions: Assessing roles and relationships, as well as coping mechanisms, is a valid way to approach adolescents and explore how they perceive interaction during dating and which strategies are used most frequently to prevent violence.

Aims: To determine the levels of job satisfaction and burnout syndrome and related factors among nurses in three Spanish regions. Background: The nursing profession involves high work stress due to emotional involvement, workload, and available resources. Methods: Descriptive multicentre cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and migration data were collected and participants completed the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire S20/23 and Maslach Burnout Inventory. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods using the program SPSS. Results: The sample included 228 nurses (187 women and 41 men,), with a mean age of 37.11±10.87. Reported job satisfaction was medium-high. Overall values were low in emotional fatigue and medium in depersonalization and personal fulfillment. In terms of migration, 21.59% of the participants had already moved to other Spanish regions or another country, while 18.58% had the intention of doing so. Conclusion: Nurses with a temporary contract showed a high burnout rate, and high levels of emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and lack of personal fulfillment. Implications for nursing management: Strategies are needed to improve working and contractual conditions -such as enhancing teamwork, management, and leadership skills in nurses-, achieving internal promotion, having higher participation in decision-making, and a better balance of power between health institution managers and health professionals. This study was partially financed by Generalitat de Catalunya, Serra Hunter Programme; and University of Lleida financial aid to promote deficit research areas.

The study of adolescent dating violence is relevant for Public Health, given its predictive nature and the social impact of this variable on the coexistence of the adult population. Dating violence rating scales need to be validated to ensure the reliability and certainty of their results.Objective: To analyze the psychometric properties of the modified M-CTS conflict tactics scale in the context of dating violence among Ecuadorian adolescents.Materials and methods: This is a validation study through confirmatory factor analysis and analysis of linguistic and cultural variables, with probabilistic sampling (n = 1249) with ages between 12-20 years, who met the requirements of having or having had a dating relationship.Results: 6 questions were culturally modified, and the 4-factor structure of the questionnaire was verified (argumentation, psychological violence, mild physical and severe physical). Low reliability was found for the perpetrator argument (0.26) and victimization (026) items and good reliability for severe physical violence for both profiles (0.80 and 0.76).Main conclusions:The cultural adaptation of the M-CTS offered adequate validity for the diverse types of violence in the Ecuadorian adolescent population, allowing to compare the prevalence found in other countries that used this instrument based on the same theoretical and methodological perspectives. El estudio de la violencia en el noviazgo adolescente tiene relevancia para la Salud Pública, dado su carácter predictivo y el impacto social de esta variable en la convivencia de la población adulta. Las escalas de valoración de violencia en el noviazgo requieren ser validadas para asegurar la fiabilidad y la certeza de sus resultados. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de tácticas de conflicto modificada M-CTS en el contexto de la violencia en el noviazgo de adolescentes ecuatorianos. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un estudio de validación mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y análisis de variables lingüísticas y culturales, con muestreo al probabilístico (n=1249) con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 19 años, que cumplieron los requisitos de tener o haber tenido una relación de noviazgo.Resultados: Fueron modificadas culturalmente 6 preguntas y fue verificada la estructura de 4 factores del cuestionario (argumentación, violencia psicológica, física leve y física severa). Se encontró una baja fiabilidad para el ítem argumentación perpetrador (0,26) y victimización (0,26) y buena fiabilidad para violencia física grave para los dos perfiles (0,80 y 0,76). Conclusiones principales: La adaptación cultural del M-CTS ofreció una validez adecuada para los diferentes tipos de violencia en población adolescente ecuatoriana permitiendo comparar las prevalencias encontradas con otros países que usaron este instrumento basado en las mismas perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas.

Resumen: Objetivo: Valorar la influencia de la precariedad laboral y la exclusión social en la salud de hombres y mujeres migrantes que trabajan en el sector agrícola en España. Método: Se recogerán datos cualitativos y cuantitativos en cuatro comunidades autónomas (Cataluña, La Rioja, Murcia y Andalucía) entre 2021 y 2022. En una primera fase se realizarán entrevistas personales semiestructuradas, con un mínimo de 40 informantes clave profesionales o expertos (de ONG, asociaciones, sanidad, servicios sociales, sindicatos, cooperativas agrícolas, política y mediadores culturales). En una segunda fase se combinarán entrevistas personales con técnicas cualitativas participativas (body mapping y photovoice), con 40 hombres y mujeres migrantes jornaleros/as. En una tercera fase se realizará un estudio transversal con una muestra estimada de 400-500 migrantes jornaleros/as basada en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Abstract: Objective: To assess the influence of job insecurity and social exclusion on the health of migrant men and women working in the agricultural sector in Spain. Method: Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected in four Spanish autonomous regions (Catalonia, La Rioja, Murcia, and Andalusia) between 2021 and 2022. First, semi-structured personal interviews with at least 40 professional key informants or experts (from NGOs, associations, health, social services, trade unions, agricultural cooperatives, politics, and cultural mediators). Second, semi-structured personal interviews combined with participatory techniques (body mapping and photovoice) will be conducted with 40 migrant men and women working in agriculture. Thirdly, a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample of 400–500 migrants working in agriculture, based on the National Health Survey and the Living Conditions Survey.

To assess the influence of job insecurity and social exclusion on the health of migrant men and women working in the agricultural sector in Spain.Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected in four Spanish autonomous regions (Catalonia, La Rioja, Murcia, and Andalusia) between 2021 and 2022. First, semi-structured personal interviews with at least 40 professional key informants or experts (from NGOs, associations, health, social services, trade unions, agricultural cooperatives, politics, and cultural mediators). Second, semi-structured personal interviews combined with participatory techniques (body mapping and photovoice) will be conducted with 40 migrant men and women working in agriculture. Thirdly, a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample of 400-500 migrants working in agriculture, based on the National Health Survey and the Living Conditions Survey.

To identify the job expectations and intolerance to uncertainty in final-year nursing students from three Spanish universities and evaluate the differences between them.Multicentre, mixed-methods study.We included nursing students from three universities in Spain (Lleida, A Coruña and Murcia). Questionnaires were used to collect data on sociodemographic variables, job expectations and intolerance to uncertainty. In addition, in-depth personal interviews were conducted to complement quantitative data. Descriptive statistics were calculated and comparison tests (ANOVA, chi-square) were performed to analyse the differences between universities and a content analysis was carried out for qualitative data.The sample included 305 final-year nursing students enrolled in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 courses, of which 21 participants were interviewed for the qualitative phase. Findings were reported based on four main themes: Expected employment conditions, perceptions of working conditions, job uncertainty and increased chances of getting a job by continuing education after finishing the nursing degree. Results showed that 92.13% of the students were concerned about their future employment. Analysis of the in-depth interviews highlighted the uncertainty of finding a job as a nurse and the anticipated precarious employment conditions (i.e. lack of stability stemming from daily or weekly temporary contracts) in case they managed to find work. Moreover, it was shown that these perceptions affect their health, leading to situations of anxiety, stress and negativity during their time as nursing students. Overall, 65.57% considered migrating outside their town/region to increase their job opportunities and 97.0% wanted to continue their education after finishing their degree, motivated by their vocation, professional aspirations and to increase their possibilities of finding work.Nursing students find themselves in a situation of great uncertainty before finishing their studies, anticipating a future with great stress and even frustration as a result of unemployment and job insecurity. They even consider the possibility of migrating when they finish their degree to increase their job opportunities. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the recruitment process of nurses in Spain through increased security and stability and thus contribute to reducing the stress and frustration of future nurses.

Introducción: El VIH/Sida afecta cada vez a más mujeres. La adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral es decisiva en la calidad de vida de las personas infectadas. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio es determinar el grado de adherencia manifestada en un grupo de mujeres con VIH/Sida, con TAR e identificar los factores y circunstancias que influyen en su adherencia. Metodología: Se ha realizado un estudio con diseño mixto secuencial explicativo. Los sujetos de estudio son 86 mujeres diagnosticadas con VIH/Sida en tratamiento con TARGA. Resultados: Se recogieron datos cualitativos de 18 de ellas. El 59,3% de las participantes son no adherentes. Los factores determinantes de la no adherencia son el grado académico, edad, ingresos, así como factores personales, interpersonales como el apoyo sociofamiliar, estigma percibido y autoestigma y factores relativos a la enfermedad y tratamiento. Conclusión: Los cuidados de enfermería deben abordar con enfoque de género aquellos factores psicosociales e individuales del proceso de adherencia. ABSTRACT: Background: HIV/AIDS is affecting more and more women. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is decisive for those infected to achieve quality of life. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to determine the degree of adherence displayed by a group of women with HIV/AIDS and to identify those factors and circumstances which might influence their adherence to ART. Method: A sequential mixed model research design was applied. The subjects studied consisted of 86 women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and treated with ART. Findings and discussion: Qualitative data were collected from 18 of these women. 59.3% of participants were non-adherents. The determining factors for non-adherence were level of education, age, income, as well as personal and/or interpersonal factors such as socio-familial support, perceived stigma, self-stigma and factors related to disease and treatment. Nursing care should take a gender-focused approach towards those psychological and personal factors inherent in the adherence process.

La violencia contra las mujeres es una violación grave de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales que genera un daño multidimensional que afecta a todos los órdenes y aspectos de su vida. Todos los datos existentes hasta la fecha no hacen sino mostrarnos la gravedad y la magnitud de este problema. Hasta la fecha, la cifra de víctimas mortales por violencia de género (VG) en España asciende a 1.079 víctimas desde el 1 de enero de 2003. La predicción del riesgo en el contexto forense tiene interés para la adopción de estrategias de gestión del riesgo, relacionadas con la supervisión y control del potencial agresor y con la adopción de medidas de protección sobre la potencial víctima. La evaluación del riesgo de VG supone un reto en distintos contextos, principalmente policiales, judiciales y forenses. La formación en el uso de los protocolos y la revisión de los mismos es una constante necesidad.

Introduction Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a practice, in breach of human rights, which currently extends to European countries. Given that migration to a Western country can involve cultural change, the aim of the present study is to explore the experiences and perceptions of sub-Saharan women regarding FGM/C following migration to Spain. Method A qualitative exploratory research design utilizing life history methodology was applied. Participants ( n = 24) were recruited until data saturation was reached. Results Sub-Saharan women describe their experience of FGM/C. Once in Spain, they begin to demystify the justifications for which FGM/C is practiced and to break the taboo that surrounds the practice. Discussion Migration leads individuals to reflect on the traditional practices from their countries of origin. The nursing profession must accompany migrant women throughout their process of change and provide objective information from a position of cultural understanding, avoiding attitudes that might create a sense of revictimization while their resultant health consequences are being attended to.

Objective : Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting (FGM / C) is one of the most widespread traditional practices harmful to the health of women and girls in the world. Its spread to the West highlights the need to establish preventive actions in European countries taking into account the affected population. That is why this study is aimed at finding out the elements that support the continuation of FGM/C and those that promote the change of attitudes and fight against FGM / C from the perspective of the sub-Saharan women themselves who reside in Spain. Design : Qualitative exploratory research that uses the method of life stories through an open interview. Participants and Setting : The participants were 24 women living in the Region of Murcia (Spain) who come from sub-Saharan countries where FGM / C is commonly practised. Findings : Arguments supporting FGM / C, the lack of knowledge and family pressure are identified as factors that perpetuate the practice, whereas the motivating factors for the change in attitudes that make most of the interviewees oppose FGM / C are the awareness of the consequences on health and close negative experiences, growing awareness of their rights, supportive legislation and breaking the taboo related to this practice to question justifications for FGM / C and share experiences. Key conclusion and implications for practice : Being aware of the arguments of both sides, women who defend FGM/C and those who oppose it, is a valuable source of information that obstetrics, midwifery and nursing professionals can use. The study provides the core elements that any healthcare education program should incorporate to prevent female genital mutilation / circumcision.

Objetivo: Determinar la violencia de género sufrida y ejercida en función de la cultura, edad y nivel educativo. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo con una muestra de 130 sujetos seleccionados aleatoriamente mediante el muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas en los países de España y Perú, siendo 53 hombres y 77 mujeres, sobre los que se aplicó un test de valoración de relaciones violentas de pareja, llamado el “semáforo de la violencia”. Resultados: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas según países en los ítems relacionados con el control de la vestimenta y de las salidas, el castigo mediante indiferencia, los celos, la sobreprotección y el control a través del móvil. Por otra parte, la educación formal genera una disminución de la violencia de género sufrida en mujeres. Respecto a la edad, los varones entre 25 y 30 años muestran un aumento significativo en la violencia verbal y la coacción sexual que ejercen. Conclusión: Las normas culturales y tradicionales pueden afectar a las relaciones violentas de pareja. Por lo que han de ser tenidas en cuenta al educar en igualdad para elaborar nuevos constructos sociales, haciendo énfasis en las mujeres con baja educación formal por ser más vulnerables de sufrir violencia de género y en los hombres del grupo etario que más la ejerce. ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine intimate partner violence in relation to culture, age and educational level of those involved. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving a sample of 130 subjects, randomly selected through non-probabilistic sampling by quotas, in Spain and Peru (53 men and 77 women). An evaluation of violent intimate partner relationships was undertaken using a tool known as the "Traffic Light of Gender Violence". Results: Significant association was found between countries and the items related to the control of dress and outings, punishment by indifference, jealousy, overprotection and control by means of the mobile phone. On the other hand, formal education generates a decrease in gender violence suffered in women. With regard to age, males between 25 and 30 years of age show a significant increase in verbal violence and sexual coercion. Conclusion: Cultural and traditional rules can affect intimate partner violence. Therefore, they should be considered when educating for equality in order to elaborate new social constructs, focusing particularly on women with low levels of formal education (because they are more vulnerable to gender violence) and on men of the age group that tends to use it more.

Resumen Las relaciones violentas de pareja dependen de los procesos de aprendizaje de género que se reflejan en la educación formal. Por ello se ha seleccionado una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Enfermería categorizados en grupos según formación o la no formación recibida en materia de relaciones de género. Para lo cual, se usa un método transversal descriptivo que propone identificar éste tipo de relaciones violentas en dicha muestra a través de las manifestaciones relacionadas con celos, insultos, sobreprotección, coacción sexual y aislamiento. Dando como resultado asociaciones entre las distintas variables y la formación de género recibida.

Aim: To analyse the relationship between Spanish nurses' intention to migrate and job security. Background: Nursing emigration from Spain increased dramatically between 2010 and 2013. By 2015, emigration had returned to 2010 levels. Methods: Single embedded case study. We examined publicly available statistics to test for a relationship between job security and applications by Spanish nurses to have credentials recognized for emigration purposes. Results: Between 2010 and 2015, job security worsened, with poor access to the profession for new graduates, increased rate of professional dropout, increased nurs‐ing jobseekers and falling numbers of permanent contracts. Conclusions: The number of accreditation applications in Spain in 2010 and 2015 was very similar, but job security worsened on a number of fronts. The distribution of work through part‐time contracts aided retention. Implications for nursing management: Policymakers and health care administrators can benefit from understanding the relationship between mobility, workforce planning and the availability of full‐time, part‐time and short‐term contract work in order to design nursing retention programmes and ensure the sustainability of the health care system. KEYWORDS: emigration and immigration, job security, nurses, precarious work, Spain, statistical indicators, workforce

Introduction: Gender violence is a serious public health problem and human rights, both in the Brazilian and Spanish society, so that public policies of these countries have the responsibility to eradicate this problem. Objective: To compare policies on gender violence between Spain and Brazil as well as their influence on nursing care to the abused women. Results: public policies that both countries have made since the 70s until today, under the influence of the International Conferences of the United Nations, notably from Beijing are exposed. Among the policies developed in these countries currently stands in Spain Organic Law 1/2004 and Brazil Maria da Penha Law. Public policies are translated in both countries in specific programs on women's health, who have also evolved since the 70s, from contemplating women exclusively in their gravid-puerperal cycle glimpsing in their overall health throughout the life cycle. These programs provide care to women in situations of gender violence through action protocols that emphasize the importance of identifying the problem in primary care, multidisciplinary actions among health professionals and coordination of the various institutions of protection of women to violence. Conclusions: As a consequence of global conferences and conventions on women and human rights, there have been policies in Spain and Brazil focused on gender equality and prevention of violence against women that have resulted in significant advances for the whole society, but they have not yet reached their goals. Women Health Programs start considering women as a subject of citizenship and rights. This evolution occurs in Spain after the influence of international conventions and conferences. However, Brazil is pioneering programs to include comprehensive women's health and reproductive health concepts, even before gouging importance internationally. These programs include violence against women as a field of action from the performance of health professionals in general and nursing in particular, establishing different protocols.

Introduction female Genital Mutilation is internationally considered an affront on human rights and an act of violence against women and young girls. Furthermore, it hierarchises and perpetuates inequality and denies the right to bodily and psychosocial integrity of women and young girls. Aims to detect the key points for the abolition of Female Genital Mutilation as well as the necessary resources for its eradication. Material and Method a qualitative methodology with an ethnonursing perspective, via semi-structured interviews, held both individually and in groups, in 21 men familiar with Female Genital Mutilation. Findings through the voices of men familiar with this tradition, five key points are presented for its gradual eradication: sensitisation and awareness building, team action, abolition-promoting media, focusing action on rural areas and applying educational means before punitive ones. Conclusion and practical implications awareness-raising via the combined efforts of families, communities and governments, together with the promotion of health education programmes in demonstrating the complications derived from this practice, play a vital part in eradicating Female Genital Mutilation.

Background The term transgender refers to people whose gender identity does not conform to that associated with the sex assigned to them at birth. Scientific evidence has shown that transgender adolescents have an increased risk of being victims of violence during the school stage. This study aims to synthesize and analyze the findings of the individual studies carried out so far in order to report on the circumstances that influence the process of victimization of this collective. Methods A systematic search was carried out following the recommendations of the PRISMA statement in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Lilacs, and Web of Science, where relevant qualitative and quantitative design studies were identified, which met previously established eligibility criteria. Quality was assessed through bias-risk analysis, and data were extracted from a previously elaborated template. Results The systematic review finally included 19 quantitative studies (N = 23,749). The results of this review indicate the existence of a number of sociodemographic, family, school and individual factors that influence the victimization of transgender people. The high heterogeneity found among the outcome measures of the quantitative studies prevented performing a meta-analysis, as recommended in the PRISMA declaration. Conclusions The results of this review suggest the importance of identifying the different factors that influence victimization and intervening in them as a relevant measure for the prevention of bullying.

Introduction Female genital mutilation is a health and human rights issue which extends to western countries. It is estimated that there are some seventeen thousand women and girls living in Spain who have either been mutilated or are at risk of being so. Healthcare professionals face the challenge of providing adequate care in response to this emerging problem. Aim To discover the repercussions of female genital mutilation on the health of sub-Saharan women residing in Spain, as well as the healthcare received. Methods A life-history qualitative research design was utilized. The study population included 14 genitally mutilated women residing in the Region of Murcia who had given birth in Spain and been attended to by the national public healthcare system. Results Women suffer physical, psychological, obstetric and sexual health issues as a result of female genital mutilation and despite having a favourable perception of the healthcare received during the pregnancy and the delivery, the provision of health education, detection and treatment of female genital mutilation by healthcare professionals was seen to be lacking. Conclusions and practical implications Healthcare policy must address insufficiencies in delivering adequate care to immigrant women who have been the victim of female genital mutilation by implementing the necessary resources and training for professionals to effectively meet the specific healthcare needs of this population and prevent this cruel practice from being perpetuated.

ResumenObjetivoCrear e implantar un algoritmo para identificar y prevenir la MGF en un municipio de la Región de Murcia.DiseñoPara la creación del algoritmo de actuación se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica, consultando las bases de datos: Cuiden, Dialnet, Medes, Medline y otras fuentes documentales de interés. El instrumento para la recogida de datos se cumplimenta mediante entrevista a los padres de las niñas en riesgo.Redacción e implementaciónSe formó al equipo multidisciplinar, se captaron los casos de riesgo de MGF y fueron citados en la consulta de enfermería. Dos niñas habían sido mutiladas, el resto presentaba riesgo de MGF y en uno de los casos el riesgo era inminente.ConclusiónEl algoritmo diseñado orienta a los profesionales en su actuación, consiguiendo una eficaz detección y prevención de mutilación genital de las niñas y resulta una primera aproximación para el desarrollo de un protocolo regional.AbstractObjectiveCreate and implement a protocol for identifying and preventing female genital mutilation in a municipality of the Region of Murcia.DesignA bibliographical review and significant databases were consulted for the creation of the algorithm performance. These include Cuiden, Dialnet, Medes, Medline, and other documentary sources of interest. The instrument for data collection was completed by interviewing parents of girls at risk.Drafting and implementationThe multi-disciplinary team was formed; the female genital mutilation risk cases were collected, and were summoned to the nursing consulting room. Two girls had been mutilated, the rest were at risk of female genital mutilation, and in one case the risk was imminent.ConclusionThe algorithm designed guides practitioners in their performance, achieving an effective detection and prevention of genital mutilation of girls. This is a first approach to the development of a regional protocol.

espanolObjetivo principal: Identificar las estrategias que pueden utilizarse en la prevencion de la mutilacion genital femenina en inmigrantes originarias de paises donde se realiza esta practica. Metodologia: revision de la videografia. La busqueda se realizo de octubre de 2013 a febrero de 2014, utilizando las palabras clave "mutilacion genital femenina", "ablacion del clitoris" y "female genital mutilation". Se seleccionaron 9 videos. Resultados: la estrategia para prevenir la practica es la informacion. Los testimonios en contra tambien son eficaces. En Espana se utilizan mediadores interculturales y la carta de no mutilacion. Conclusion principal: las enfermeras pueden trabajar la prevencion de la mutilacion genital proporcionando informacion sobre sus consecuencias, reforzando la informacion con mediadores interculturales o testimonios disponibles en videos. Tambien disponen de recursos ante riesgo inminente de mutilacion EnglishObjective: To identify strategies that can be used in the prevention of female genital mutilation on immigrant groups that come from countries where female genital mutilation is a traditional practice. Methods: Systematic videography review. Research was made between October 2013 and February 2014. Keywords used were "mutilacion genital femenina", "ablacion del clitoris" and "female genital mutilation". From all the videos obtained, 9 were selected. Thematic Sections: Information is the strategy to prevent the practice of female genital mutilation. Experience and testimonials are also effectives. In Spain, there are intercultural parameters and the no mutilation letter. Conclusions: Nurses can work in the prevention of the genital mutilation by providing information on the consequences of this practice, strengthening information by intercultural mediators or video testimonials. Nurses also have resources to prevent any imminent mutilation risk

Background Despite the large literature analysing factors related to depression, several factors such as caregiving obligation and the interrelationships among the different variables relating to depression have been little studied. The current study aimed to analyse the effect of caregiving obligation (beliefs regarding obligation and social pressure) on depression, and the mediating effects of perceived burden on the relationship between stressors and depression, in primary caregivers of older relatives. Methods Cross-sectional study design. A probabilistic sample of caregivers from Spain (N = 200) was used. The data collection was conducted in 2013 through structured interviews in the caregivers’ homes. The measures included sense of obligation for caregiving, perceived burden, stressors and depression. Results Depression had a direct and positive association with perceived burden, behavioural problems, and social pressure, and it was indirectly related through perceived burden to behavioural problems, independence for the activities of daily living and beliefs of obligation. Conclusions Our results support the multidimensional concept of obligation, suggesting the existence of both an external obligation (social pressure) and an internal obligation (beliefs of obligation); (b) our findings support the hypothesis that external obligation is related to negative caregiving consequences, while internal obligation protects from these consequences; and (c) our findings support the partial mediation of stressors on depression by perceived burden. The relevance of the research to clinical practice includes the importance of understanding the perceived obligation of caregiving related to both internal and external sources of obligation.

Objective To analyze the consequences of intimate partner violence, from the perspective of women, as an intervention proposal for nurses in health care. Methods Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. Theoretical framework supported by Levine’s Nursing Theory. Sixteen women who had experienced intimate partner violence participated in the study. The Collective Subject Discourse was used for the analysis. Results The consequences of violence against women were sleep disorders, improper diet, lack of energy, body aches, bruises, abrasions, panic attacks, sadness, loneliness and low self-esteem, constituting psycho-emotional and physical harm. Conclusion Assaults upon the integrity of women were evidenced, based on Levine’s conservational principles, in terms of conservation of energy and conservation of structural, personal and social integrity, where the intervention of the nurse is essential for support, promotion and rehabilitation of women’s health.

IntroductionArranged marriages are traditional in Africa, South-east Asia, The Middle East and Latin America. Due to migration the practice has been extended today to western world countries. Many families choose their daughters’ husbands according to wealth, so converting the woman into a tradable good.AimsTo explore the attitudes of a group of Moroccan women and men on the practice of arranged marriages in exchange for a dowry.MethodologyAn ethnographic qualitative methodology is used. The sample comprises five women and six men aged between 20 and 30 years and resident in the Oriental Morocco. Information was collected by semi-structured interview until data were complete.ResultsDowry. The argument is that it is a religious obligation to pay a dowry to the bride's family prior to matrimony and subjects were in favor of the practice. Arranged marriages for money. The dowry leads many families to arrange their daughters’ marriages and to trade with them as a means of improving their economic situation. Marriages are also arranged for reasons of honor. When the bride is still a girl or is opposed to the marriage, we are up against a forced marriage. The women interviewed were against these marriages for reasons of religion, love and women's rights.ConclusionsAlthough the men and women defended the payment of a dowry to the bride's family, the women were more sensitive to the problems of arranged marriages and expressed disagreement with this practice which infringes rights and endangers the health of the woman.

A descriptive study with ethnographic methodology. The data have been gathered by means of semi-structured interviews; the population is made by men who live in Spain and come from countries in favour of the A/FGM. 9 subjects compound the sample. The results show that the A/FGM is conceived as a system of traditional cares subtended by several sexual, hygienic and religious factors. It is concluded that dealing with the A/FGM from the male perspective is essential for its eradication, because it is a conceived practice in androcentric and patriarchal societies. The falsifiability of the cultural and gender reasoning that goes on with this tradition is evidenced.

A cross-sectional study was developed in Spain to analyse gender differences in intensity of care, care recipient needs and subjective burden, as well as the moderating effects of kinship on the relationship between gender and subjective burden. A probabilistic sample of 200 primary caregivers (100 male and 100 female) of older relatives was interviewed by expert nurses. Socio-demographic data and several scales regarding objective and subjective burden were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the data. There were gender differences in subjective burden, with female caregivers having more subjective burden than male caregivers, but not in objective burden (intensity of care and care recipients' needs). Kinship moderated the relationship between gender and subjective burden, as gender differences were found in spouses (wives had more subjective burden than husbands) but not in offspring.

RESUMEN Objetivo Relacionar la Mutilación Genital Femenina como factor negativo para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 1, 3, 4, 5 y 6. Métodos Se ha realizado la recogida de datos a través de una revisión integradora de la literatura en los años 2014 y 2015. Se consultaron las bases de datosMedline/PubMed, Web of Science , LILACS, SCIELO, Tesis Doctorales TESEO y en las webs de WOK, UNICEF, UNAF y WHO utilizando los descriptores: circuncisión femenina, objetivos de desarrollo del milenio y mutilación genital femenina. Se incluyeron artículos publicados entre los años de 2010 y 2015, y se seleccionaron finalmente 24 artículos. Resultados La Mutilación Genital Femenina es una práctica basada en discriminaciones de género que refuerza e incentiva el círculo de la pobreza. Provoca complicaciones físicas que pueden repercutir en la mortalidad y morbilidad infantil, así como en complicaciones en el embarazo y el parto y en la adquisición del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusión La lucha contra la Mutilación Genital Femenina contribuye a la consecución de cinco de los ocho Objetivos del Milenio. RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar a MGF como um fator negativo para a realização dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio 1, 3, 4, 5 e 6. Método Foi realizada a coleta de dados por meio da revisão da literatura nos anos de 2014 e 2015, nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCIELO, Tesis Doctorales TESEO e nos sites da UNICEF, UNAF e WHO utilizando-se os descritores: circuncisão feminina, objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio e mutilação genital feminina. Foram incluídos artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2015, e selecionados finalmente 24 artigos. Resultados A mutilação genital feminina é uma prática baseada na discriminação de género que reforça e estimula o ciclo da pobreza. Causa complicações físicas que podem afetar a mortalidade e morbidade infantil, bem como complicações na gravidez e no parto e na aquisição de HIV. Conclusão a luta contra a MGF contribui para a realização de cinco dos oito Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio ABSTRACT Objective To relate the Female Genital Mutilation as a negative factor for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Method Data collection was through review literature review between in the years 2014 and 2015 in the databases Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCIELO, Tesis Doctorales TESEO and in the webs of WOK, UNICEF, UNAF and WHO using the descriptors: female circumcision, millennium development goals, rights of women. Articles published between years 2010 y 2015, were included and finally 24 articles were selected. Results The Female Genital Mutilation is based on gender discrimination, and reinforces and encourages the circle of poverty. This practice causes physical complications that may affect the infant mortality and morbidity, complications in pregnancy and childbirth and there is a relationship between the practice and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusion The fight against Female Genital Mutilation contributes to the achievement of five of the eight Millennium Goals.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the multidimensional nature of obligation and the relations between each dimension of obligation and both anxiety and depression. A secondary analysis of data from two cross-sectional studies of primary home caregivers (N = 400; probabilistic sample) of older adult relatives in Spain was conducted. Data regarding obligation (four categories basing on beliefs of obligation and social pressure: low pressure and low beliefs, low pressure and high beliefs, high pressure and low beliefs and high pressure and high beliefs), stressors, anxiety and depression were collected by interview in 2013. The combination of high pressure and low beliefs had the highest levels of anxiety and depression, and the combination of low pressure and high beliefs had the lowest levels of anxiety and depression. When the relation of behavioural problems with anxiety and depression stratified by the previous four categories of obligation was analysed, behavioural problems were associated with anxiety and depression in the subgroups with low beliefs of obligation, whereas this association disappeared in the subgroups with high beliefs of obligation.

A case is presented of a premature newborn of 27 weeks gestation and weighing 420 grams who was delivered as a result of a maternal pre-eclampsia and retarded intra-uterine growth. During the 125 days of hospitalisation, an individual care plan based on the Virginia Henderson model was devised and applied to both the child and her parents using NANDA diagnostics, interventions according to the NIC classification, and the expected results according to the NOC classification. The Marjory Gordon functional patterns were used for the initial assessment. By applying the pre-term newborn (PTNB) plan, all their needs were provided and were modified throughout the hospital stay, with new needs that were added to the established ones. These required a continuous assessment with the subsequent adapting of the care plan. Likewise, the care required by the parents varied from the initial grief due to the possible loss of their child to learning the alarm signs and the home care that their child would need. The child was finally discharged weighing 2900 grams and with normal neurological and psychomotor development, although with a lower weight appropriate to her age. Currently, at 2 years old, the child has a normal neurological and psychomotor development, but with weight and size lower than the P3 percentile. She requires speech therapy treatment due to paralysis of the right vocal cord.

To explore men's knowledge of the negative consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM) to women's health in countries where this practice is performed.A qualitative methodology was used with an ethnomethodological approach. Both individual and group semi-structured interviews concerning FGM were conducted with 25 men, selected by triple sampling. A study presentation letter was provided to participants, together with an informed consent declaration. Permission was also procured to record the interviews in audio format. Data analysis was performed using the Atlas Ti7 software.Those participants against FGM are aware of the range of complications this practice can cause, being able to identify physical, obstetric, psychological, sexuality and social consequences in women subjected to FGM. However, those men who are in favour display a general ignorance of the problems resulting from this practice.Participants from countries where FGM is performed who are against this practice are more aware of the negative consequences than those who claim to be in favour. The design of awareness-raising programmes and other tools to combat female genital mutilation must highlight the implications for women's and girls' health, and include family-targeted campaigns which involve men in the process of eradicating this practice.

To relate the Female Genital Mutilation as a negative factor for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6.Data collection was through review literature review between in the years 2014 and 2015 in the databases Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCIELO, Tesis Doctorales TESEO and in the webs of WOK, UNICEF, UNAF and WHO using the descriptors: female circumcision, millennium development goals, rights of women. Articles published between years 2010 y 2015, were included and finally 24 articles were selected.The Female Genital Mutilation is based on gender discrimination, and reinforces and encourages the circle of poverty. This practice causes physical complications that may affect the infant mortality and morbidity, complications in pregnancy and childbirth and there is a relationship between the practice and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.The fight against Female Genital Mutilation contributes to the achievement of five of the eight Millennium Goals.

ResumenObjetivo: Conocer las creencias, actitudes y prácticas de los adolescentes en sus relaciones de noviazgo y caracterizar el perfil de los adolescentes que reproducen y que son más susceptibles de sufrir violencia de género.Método: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal y analítico a través de 3 cuestionarios a 131 hombres y 139 mujeres adolescentes de Educación Secundaria de la Región de Murcia (España).Resultados: Los adolescentes con padres de bajo nivel educativo y los hombres reconocen en menor medida las formas de violencia y justifican en mayor proporción los comportamientos violentos de control y poder sobre las mujeres. Tanto hombres como mujeres perpetúan la violencia, pero ellos ejercen más la violencia sexual mientras que ellas la verbal, que al mismo tiempo es más sufrida por las adolescentes.Conclusiones: Las adolescentes son más susceptibles de sufrir violencia verbal y violencia sexual por parte de sus parejas, conformando un grupo de riesgo de violencia de género sobre el que hay que implementar medidas de prevención, detección y protección. Es necesario sensibilizar y formar en igualdad de género, especialmente, a los adolescentes con padres de bajo nivel educativo y los de sexo masculinoAbstractObjective: To determine the beliefs, attitudes and practices of adolescents in their relationships and to characterize the profile of adolescents who reproduce and who are more susceptible to suffer gender violence.Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design through self-administered questionnaires to 131 men and 139 women adolescents from secondary education centers in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Results: Adolescents with parents of low educational level and adolescent men recognize forms of violence to a lesser extent than women and justify to a greater extent, violent behaviors of control and power over adolescent women. Both men and women perpetuate violence, but men exert more sexual violence while women exert more verbal violence. At the same time, adolescent women are most susceptible to verbal violence from their intimate partners.Conclusions: Female adolescents are more susceptible to verbal violence and sexual violence by their partners, forming a group at risk of gender violence for which prevention, detection and protection measures must be implemented.It is necessary to sensitize and train in gender equality, especially, to adolescents with parents of low educational level and males. Keywords intimate partner violence, adolescent, aggression, sexism, gender and health, interpersonal relations, sexual violence.

Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones de un grupo de mujeres sometidas a mutilacion genital femenina sobre el impacto de esta practica en su salud sexual y reproductiva. Material y metodo: Estudio cualitativo de tipo fenomenologico. La muestra esta formada por nueve mujeres, cuya media de edad es de 30 anos, residen en Espana entre 1 y 14 anos, y proceden de Africa subsahariana, que fueron sometidas a mutilacion genital en sus paises de origen. Para la recopilacion de datos se ha aplicado un cuestionario sociodemografico y una entrevista personal estructurada, en profundidad. Posteriormente se ha realizado un analisis tematico del discurso. Resultados: Los discursos se han agrupado en cuatro categorias relativas a la percepcion sobre la mutilacion genital femenina, las relaciones de pareja, el embarazo y el parto, y la repercusion social. Conclusiones: La mutilacion genital femenina es una practica que las mujeres mantienen debido a la presion sociofamiliar, que se transmite de generacion en generacion y que es silenciada por las propias mujeres. Esta practica afecta a su salud sexual y reproductiva, debido a la anorgasmia y la dispareunia que comporta. Se sienten satisfechas con la asistencia sanitaria recibida durante el embarazo y el parto, pero se identifica una planificacion familiar insatisfecha en la mayoria de ellas.

To explore the perceptions of a group of women who underwent female genital mutilation on the impact of this practice on their sexual and reproductive health.We performed a phenomenological qualitative study in a sample of 9 sub-Saharan Africa women, whose mean age was 30 years old and who had lived in Spain for 1 to 14 years. These women underwent genital mutilation in their countries of origin. Data was collected using a socio-demographic survey and an in-depth, structured personal interview. Subsequently, we performed a thematic discourse analysis.The discourses were grouped into four categories related to participants' perceptions of female genital mutilation. These categories were intimate relationships, pregnancy, childbirth, and social impact.The practice of female genital mutilation is maintained due to social and family pressure, transmitted from generation to generation and silenced by women themselves. This practice affects their sexual and reproductive health, as demonstrated by anorgasmia and dyspareunia. The women were satisfied with the healthcare received during pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, most of them were not satisfied with family planning.

Se presenta el caso clínico de un recién nacido con gastrosquisis, que es un defecto congénito caracterizado por el cierre incompleto de la pared abdominal, que ingresa en la UCI Neonatal para su estabilización y posterior cierre quirúrgico del defecto. Tras la intervención y durante su estancia se aplicó un plan de cuidados individualizado basado en los diagnósticos NANDA, las intervenciones según la clasificación NIC y los resultados esperados según la clasificación NOC. Gracias al plan aplicado fue dado de alta tomando alimentación por succión y con adecuado transito gastrointestinal. We are presented with the case report of a newborn baby with gastroschisis, which is a congenital handicap characterized by the incomplete closure of the abdominal wall. The newborn was admitted to the neonatal ICU for stabilization and ulterior surgical closure of the defect. After surgery and during the hospital stay, an individualized caring plan based on the NANDA diagnosis was applied, interventions according to NIC classification, and expected results according to NOC classification. Thanks to the applied plan the newborn was discharged from hospital being suction fed and with the proper gastrointestinal transit.

A case is presented of a premature newborn of 27 weeks gestation and weighing 420 grams who was delivered as a result of a maternal pre-eclampsia and retarded intra-uterine growth. During the 125 days of hospitalisation, an individual care plan based on the Virginia Henderson model was devised and applied to both the child and her parents using NANDA diagnostics, interventions according to the NIC classification, and the expected results according to the NOC classification. The Marjory Gordon functional patterns were used for the initial assessment. By applying the pre-term newborn (PTNB) plan, all their needs were provided and were modified throughout the hospital stay, with new needs that were added to the established ones. These required a continuous assessment with the subsequent adapting of the care plan. Likewise, the care required by the parents varied from the initial grief due to the possible loss of their child to learning the alarm signs and the home care that their child would need. The child was finally discharged weighing 2900 grams and with normal neurological and psychomotor development, although with a lower weight appropriate to her age. Currently, at 2 years old, the child has a normal neurological and psychomotor development, but with weight and size lower than the P(3) percentile. She requires speech therapy treatment due to paralysis of the right vocal cord.

Objetivo: Explorar el conocimiento de los hombres procedentes de países donde se realiza la mutilación genital femenina sobre las consecuencias negativas en la salud de las mujeres afectadas. Métodos: Metodología cualitativa con enfoque etnometodológico, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y grupales a 25 hombres, en relación con la mutilación genital femenina, seleccionados mediante triple muestreo. Se entregó una carta de presentación del estudio a los participantes y la declaración del consentimiento informado, y se les solicitó permiso para grabar la entrevista en audio. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el software informático Atlas. Ti7. Resultados: Los participantes contrarios al corte son conscientes de la diversidad de complicaciones físicas, obstétricas, psicológicas, sobre la sexualidad y sociales en las mujeres sometidas a mutilación. Sin embargo, los hombres que tienen un posicionamiento favorable muestran en general un desconocimiento de los problemas secundarios a esta práctica. Conclusiones: Los participantes procedentes de países donde se realiza la mutilación genital femenina, contrarios a mantener esta práctica, muestran un mayor conocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que los que se manifiestan a favor. El diseño de herramientas y programas de sensibilización destinados a la lucha contra la mutilación genital femenina debe visibilizar las complicaciones sobre la salud de las mujeres y las niñas, e incluir intervenciones familiares que impliquen a los hombres en el proceso de erradicación de esta práctica. Objective: To explore men's knowledge of the negative consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM) to women's health in countries where this practice is performed. Methods: A qualitative methodology was used with an ethnomethodological approach. Both individual and group semi-structured interviews concerning FGM were conducted with 25 men, selected by triple sampling. A study presentation letter was provided to participants, together with an informed consent declaration. Permission was also procured to record the interviews in audio format. Data analysis was performed using the Atlas Ti7 software. Results: Those participants against FGM are aware of the range of complications this practice can cause, being able to identify physical, obstetric, psychological, sexuality and social consequences in women subjected to FGM. However, those men who are in favour display a general ignorance of the problems resulting from this practice. Conclusions: Participants from countries where FGM is performed who are against this practice are more aware of the negative consequences than those who claim to be in favour. The design of awareness-raising programmes and other tools to combat female genital mutilation must highlight the implications for women's and girls’ health, and include family-targeted campaigns which involve men in the process of eradicating this practice.

Aim To know the quality of life perception of those patients who have a transplanted organ. Material and methodology: Bibliographic review of international and national database articles published since 2008. Results: Their expectations and their future quality of life are conditioned by the singular situation of each patient. The most important differences are: sexual activity, social isolation and psychological alterations. Conclusions: Transplants require an adaptation period and a sort of needs that should be solved by health professionals to ensure their complete welfare status