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Un criterio para estimar la dosis de aplicación de biosólidos en suelos agrícolas es el nitrógeno disponible y el requerimiento del cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la disponibilidad de nitrógeno de dos biosólidos generados a partir de sistemas de tratamiento diferente y su efecto sobre el rendimiento de aceite a partir de semilla de Ricinus communis L. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres fuentes de nitrógeno (N) y tres dosis, además de un testigo sin N. Las fuentes de N fueron: sulfato de amonio (SA), biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA). El SA se consideró como un testigo comercial. Las dosis de N fueron de 0, 3.79, 5.65 y 7.52 g maceta-1, que corresponden a 67%, 100% y 133% del requerimiento de N del cultivo (RNC), respectivamente. Se estableció el experimento en invernadero bajo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones, donde la unidad experimental fue una planta por maceta. La disponibilidad de nitrógeno se estimó mediante el método de equivalencia de fertilizante (EF). La materia seca (MS) fue estadísticamente similar entre los tratamientos, siendo diferentes del testigo (p< 0.05). La MS y la extracción de N mostraron una respuesta cuadrática en función a las dosis de N aplicado. La disponibilidad de N fue de 40.4 y 34.8% para los BLA y BLO, respectivamente.

Biofertigation was generated with three areas of agricultural knowledge involved: soil fertility, soil microbiology, and irrigation. Bioliquids have evaluated sheep manure vermicompost with Bacillus subtilis and applied as biofertigation on apple yield and nutrition. The application efficiency of the water was 90.2% and the deficiency 9.8%. The vermicompost period had 59 days, the mesophyll with 4 days, the thermophilic with 31 days, the cooling of 15 days, and the maturation of 9 days. The salinity was 16.51 dS/m in the liquid of vermicompost; the level of 3 L/ha presented the highest concentration of elements. The maximum population of B. subtilis was 28.3 × 106 CFU/mL; in the root, it was 1.07 × 104 CFU/g; and the highest yield was 12.17 t/ha with 3 L/ha and maximum response. The foliar concentration was sufficient in N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Si and deficient in P, Fe, Zn, B, and Se.

The aim was to conduct a residual analysis of the main cationic elements, heavy metals and arsenic in irrigated maize fodder production. Four soil and maize plant samplings were conducted in eight sites in April, May, June and July, 2014. Ca, Na, As, and Pb concentrations were higher in the soil. The As concentration was higher in June and July. La Purísima had a higher As concentration, while Bermejillo, La Galicia and La Rosita had a higher Ca concentration. K, Ca, Pb and Zn had higher concentrations in the maize plant, with Ca, Na and K having highervalues in July and Mg, Pb and Zn being higher in May and July. The content of Ca, Mg, Na and K did not dier among regions; arsenic was higher in Leon Guzmán and La Rosita.

Los suelos alcalinos y calcáreos, típicos de las zonas áridas, limitan la disponibilidad de micronutrientes en el suelo para algunos cultivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los contenidos de elementos menores en suelo y plantas de higuerilla cuando se usaron sulfato de amonio y dos tipos de biosólidos como fertilizantes. Los tratamientos se definieron al considerar tres fuentes (fertilizantes) y tres dosis de N, así como un testigo (sin fertilización). Las fuentes de N fueron sulfato de amonio (SA), biosólidos de plantas de tratamiento de agua residual con lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y con lodos activados (BLA). Las dosis de N fueron de 0 (testigo), 134, 200 y 260 kg∙ha-1. El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. El rendimiento de materia seca y el contenido de aceite en semillas se incrementaron al aumentar las dosis de N. Las concentraciones mayores de Cu y Fe en el suelo después de la cosecha correspondieron a los tratamientos con BLO, con medias de 0.98 mg∙kg-1 de Cu y 5.20 mg∙kg-1 de Fe. Los resultados indican que los biosólidos utilizados en el presente trabajo aportaron los micronutrientes necesarios para un desarrollo adecuado de plantas de higuerilla, sin riesgo de toxicidad y contaminación.

Ethnopharmacological importance Medicinal plants have been a source of medicinal compounds since ancient times. This study documented the use of plant species in traditional medicine in the municipality of Aquismon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Materials and methods Direct interviews were performed with inhabitants from Aquismon. The interviews were analyzed with two quantitative tools: (a) the informant consensus factor (ICF) that estimates the level of agreement about which medicinal plants may be used for each category and (b) the relative importance (RI) that determines the extent of potential utilization of each species. Results A total of 73 plant species with medicinal purposes, belonging to 37 families and used to treat 52 illnesses and 2 cultural filiations were reported by interviewees. Nineteen mixtures with medicinal plants were reported by the interviewers. Matricaria recutita was the most used plant for combinations (five mixtures). The results of the ICF showed that diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems had the greatest agreement. The most versatile species according to their RI are Ruta graveolens , Tagetes erecta , Ocimum basilicum and Erigeron karwinskianus. Conclusion This study demonstrates that plant species play an important role in healing practices and magical–religious rituals among inhabitants from Huasteca Potosina. Further studies with medicinal flora, including mixtures, from Aquismon are required for the experimental validation of their traditional uses.

Aim of the study To document the use of animal species in traditional medicine from the municipality of Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. Materials and methods Direct interviews were performed in several short visits with inhabitants from the municipality of Mapimi, Durango. The interviews were analyzed with two quantitative tools. The informant consensus factor that estimates the level of agreement between interviewees over which animals to use for each category and the fidelity level which indicates the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain animal species for the same medicinal purpose. Results A total of 18 animal species, belonging to 17 families and four taxonomic categories, were reported by interviewees as used for medicinal purposes. Thirteen medicinal species were identified not previously reported. The results of the informant consensus factor showed that the dermatological, diabetes and reproductive categories had the greatest agreement. The most important species according to their fidelity level are: Mephitis macroura and Crotalus atrox . Conclusion This study demonstrates that many animal species play an important role in healing practices among inhabitants from Mapimi, Durango. Further experiments with medicinal fauna from Mapimi are needed to be carried out to obtain experimental information about their traditional uses, especially with C. atrox .

The antimicrobial effects of the Mexican medicinal plants Guazuma ulmifolia, Justicia spicigera, Opuntia joconostle, O. leucotricha, Parkinsonia aculeata, Phoradendron longifolium, P. serotinum, Psittacanthus calyculatus, Tecoma stans and Teucrium cubense were tested against several human multi-drug resistant pathogens, including three Gram (+) and five Gram (-) bacterial species and three fungal species using the disk-diffusion assay. The cytotoxicity of plant extracts on human cancer cell lines and human normal non-cancerous cells was also evaluated using the MTT assay. Phoradendron longifolium, Teucrium cubense, Opuntia joconostle, Tecoma stans and Guazuma ulmifolia showed potent antimicrobial effects against at least one multidrug-resistant microorganism (inhibition zone > 15 mm). Only Justicia spicigera and Phoradendron serotinum extracts exerted active cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cells (IC50≤30 μg/mL). The results showed that Guazuma ulmifolia produced potent antimicrobial effects against Candida albicans and Acinetobacter lwoffii, whereas Justicia spicigera and Phoradendron serotinum exerted the highest toxic effects on MCF-7 and HeLa, respectively, which are human cancer cell lines. These three plant species may be important sources of antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.