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In this paper various complex signal constellations are considered in the context of Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) based on a higher-order normalized cumulants value. Most of the constellations have been addressed so far with fourth-order cumulants as AMC features only. The goal of this paper is to provide comparable values of sixth-order cumulants' statistics for complex signal constellations as well, while resolving ambiguity in constellation shapes addressed at the same time and directing towards the criterion for estimation of expected classification performance.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative bedding materials on broiler production performances and litter quality in plant production. A 40-day experiment was carried out on 6885 broilers of ROSS 308 provenience. The broilers were reared on bedding material which consisted of cellulose pellets, wood chips, peat moss, and pH stabilizers. Feeding, zoohygienic and zootechnical measures met technological normative for this provenience. During the experiment, health status and mortality of broilers were observed. Litter pH, moisture, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content in litter were determined at the end of experiment. Average live weight of broilers at the end of the trial was 2620 g. Mortality of chickens was 1.52%. The results of the study indicated that use of specified bedding material was beneficial for broilers production parameters. The results of investigation of litter quality indicate that it can provide similar benefits to inorganic fertilizers in terms of plant growth.

The contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem in the animal husbandry, but it also represents a serious threat for the whole food chain. The health of both animals and humans is potentially endangered. From this point of view aflatoxins are a class of mycotoxins especially well known. Therefore, new strategies to combat these natural contaminants are constantly being developed. The most applied method to protect animals against aflatoxicosis is the utilization of feed additives aimed to adsorb aflatoxins. In order to estimate adsorbing potential of feed additive “MycoStop DUPLO”, designed for the prevention and/or alleviation of adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in animal nutrition, in vitro trial was conducted. As a result of the experiment, conducted at pH 5 during 120 minutes of incubation at 37°C, the optimal formulation of the adsorbent was revealed. This product, in low concentration and in the presence of high amounts of toxin, met the stringent European regulation requirements for minimum 90% aflatoxin binding efficiency (90.1% achieved with 0.02% adsorbent and 4 mg/L toxin concentration). In higher adsorbent (0.2%), and lower toxin (0.2 mg/L) conditions, adsorption was 99.6%. Such outcome indicated the validity of in vitro experimental approach which can serve as a reliable fast tool for triage of adsorbents and preselect them for in vivo tests.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) or poultry clostridiosis is a disease which poses enormous health problems and makes tremendous economic losses to intensive poultry production worldwide. Despite having been targeted in extensive research for decades, a number of aspects of its pathogenesis remain unknown. For more than 30 years alfa-toxin has been considered to be the main virulence factor of the causative agent, but experimental research using a mutant Clostridium perfringens strain lacking the gene coding for this confirmed that alpha-toxin is not necessary for pathogenesis. Since the 1980s, NetB toxin has been the main suspected virulence factor. However, recently it has been discovered that the large clostridial cytotoxin named TpeL also contributes to the pathogenesis of NE. In spite of that, the prevalence of the genes which code for these toxins vary between the isolates of C. perfringens from the intestines of diseased poultry, which made clear that further investigation into their roles is necessary. It has been agreed that specific intestinal environmental conditions, which favour the growth and multiplication of C. perfringens, are key factors to the emergence of disease. Given that a battery of non-specific factors contributes to pathogenesis, as well as that it is impossible to eliminate them in intensive poultry production, not much hope remains that NE can be controlled. In this short review, the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of NE has been summarized. Nekrotični enteritis (NE) ili klostridioza živine, predstavlja veliki zdravstveni problem i nanosi ogromne ekonomske gubitke intenzivnoj živinarskoj proizvodnji širom sveta. Brojni aspekti patogeneze NE su i danas nepoznati, uprkos tome što su decenijama predmet intenzivnih izučavanja. Više od 30 godina je alfa-toksin razmatran kao glavni faktor virulencije uzročnika, ali su eksperimentalna istraživanja primenom mutantnog soja Clostridium perfringens, koji nema gen koji kodira sintezu alfa-toksina, pot-vrdila da ovaj toksin nije neophodan za nastanak bolesti. Od osamdesetih godina prošlog veka, NetB toksin je “glavni osumnjičeni” faktor virulencije, a od nedavno se smatra da i veliki klostridijalni ekstracelularni citotoksin, koji je nazvan TpeL, doprinosi patogenezi NE. Međutim, prevalencija gena koji kodiraju ove toksine, veoma varira kod izolata C. perfringens iz creva obolele živine i jasno je da su neophodna dodatna ispitivanja njihove ul-oge. Saglasnost postoji da su za pojavu bolesti ključni specifi čni uslovi u crevima koji pogoduju rastu i umnožavanju C. perfringens. Ako uzmemo u obzir da niz nespecifi čnih faktora tome doprinosi, kao i da ih je praktično nemoguće u potpunosti otkloniti u intenzivnoj živinarskoj proizvodnji, ne ostaje mnogo nade da je nekrotični enteritis moguće staviti pod kontrolu. U radu ukratko sumiramo trenutna stanovišta o patogenezi NE živine.

The results of the research into the microbiological contamination of litter used by broiler chickens are presented. Litter samples were taken prior to the introduction of chicks (day 0) and in 7-day intervals until the end of the fattening period. The total numbers of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, moulds and Clostridium perfringens spores, and the presence of bacteria of the Salmonella genus were determined. The total microbial count in newly laid litter was 7 log10 CFU/g, which increased to 9 log10 CFU/g by the 4th week. However, at the end of the 5th week, it was at the same level as in newly laid litter. C. perfringens spores, presumably originating from chicks' faeces, were first detected on day 7. In the next 7 days their number increased, reaching 3-4 log10 CFU/g, and remained at approximately same levels until the end of the research. The initial mould contamination was 5-6 log10 CFU/g. However, from day 21 moulds were not isolated, but only yeasts of the Saccharomyces genus. It is supposed that these were deposited with chicks' faeces, due to their presence in complete broiler feed. No bacteria of the Salmonella genus were ever isolated from the litter. In conclusion, the total numbers of microorganisms in deep litter reach their peak in approximately a month, which is followed by their decrease. Deep litter is a favourable environment for probiotic yeast cultures. Added to feed intended for broilers, they can positively influence the microbial composition of litter, providing healthier environment to fattening broilers. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja mikrobiološke kontaminacije prostirke korišćene u tovu pilića. Prostirka je uzorkovana pre naseljavanja objekata i u nedeljnim intervalima tokom 35 dana tova pilića. Uzorci su ispitani na ukupan broj aerobnih mezofilnih mikroorganizama, kvasaca, plesni i spora Clostridium perfringens, kao i prisustvo bakterija roda Salmonella. Ukupan broj mikroorganizama u svežoj prostirci iznosio je 7 log10 CFU/g, a do 4 nedelje tova pilića povećao se do 9 log10 CFU/g. Međutim, na kraju pete nedelje tova, ukupan broj mikroorganizama u prostirci bio je na nivou vrednosti ustanovljenih u svežoj prostirci. Spore C. perfringens su ustanovljene tek sedmog dana od naseljavanja objekta, što ukazuje da u prostirku dospevaju fecesom pilića. Za 14 dana broj spora C. perfringens se povećao do 3-4 log10 CFU/g i na približno istim vrednostima zadržao do kraja ispitivanja. Sveža prostirka bila je kontaminirana plesnima u nivou od 5-6 log10 CFU/g, ali od 21. dana iz uzoraka prostirke nisu izolovane plesni, već samo kvasci roda Saccharomyces. Pretpostavka je da su kvasci u prostirku dospeli fecesom pilića, jer se koriste kao probiotske kulture u smešama za njihov tov. Bakterije roda Salmonella nisu izolovane iz prostirke. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da ukupan broj mikroorganizama u prostirci dostiže svoj pik za oko mesec dana, nakon čega se smanjuje. Prostirka je pogodna sredina za život probiotskih kultura kvasaca i njihovo dodavanje u smeše za tov brojlera može imati povoljan uticaj na sastav mikroorganizama u prostirci, a time i obezbeđenje zdravije životne sredine u podnom sistemu uzgoja brojlera.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of housing system and the age of hens on welfare parameters and the prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens. In this study two housing systems were evaluated: aviary system and enriched cages. From each system and age, we used 50 randomly selected hens from different cages and tiers. The results showed significant differences between systems in the type of keel bone damage. There was no significant difference in keel deviation between systems, but the higher prevalence of keel fractures was found in aviary system. In addition, significant effect of the age of hens was found on the occurrence of keel fractures. Footpad dermatitis had statistically higher occurrence in enriched cages at 62 weeks of age. Hens from aviary system had significantly better plumage score compared to hens from enriched cages but only at 42 weeks of age.

In the Northern part of Serbia, which is part of Pannonian Basin, mute swan (Cygnus olor) population has notably increased over the last few decades. Like other birds from Anatidae family, mute swans are a host of numerous endoparasite species. The aim of this study was to acquire the data on identification and prevalence of endoparasites in mute swans in the Republic of Serbia, as that information is lacking. Individual faecal samples of sixty-eight adult mute swans were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Coprological examination was performed using flotation and sedimentation technique with saturated ZnSO4 solution. The samples were collected from December 2016 to March 2017, during epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in the Republic of Serbia. Dead mute swans were collected from twelve different locations in the Northern part of Serbia. Altogether, 39.7% of the examined fecal samples contained different parasites. The endoparasitic fauna was divers and included 3 species of nematodes, 2 cestodes species, one trematode and one protozoan species. Nematodes were the most prevalent helminthes and among these the most frequent nematode species found was Heterakis dispar (17.6%), followed by Echinuria uncinata (5,8%) and Ascaridia spp. (4,4%). Four mixed infections were found, where double infection was the most prevalent. No endoparasites were found in faecal samples of mute swans collected from the locations Sombor and Titel. As this study covers a small population of mute swans, more detailed studies need to be carried out on a larger population in order to gain an insight into the diversity and prevalence of endoparasites in the Republic of Serbia.

Međunarodna trgovina zahteva bezbednu hranu zasnovanu na posebnim higijenskim standardima, transpartentnim procedurama i programima. Meso, zbog visokog sadržaja vode i hranljivih materija, predstavlja idealnu sredinu za rast i razmnožavanje mikroorganizama. Salmonella, kao jedan od najčešćih patogena, koji se putem hrane prenose sa životinja na ljude, izaziva velike zdravstvene problem širom sveta. Iako je mortalitet nizak, ovo oboljenje nosi ozbiljne socijalne i ekonomske posledice. U Republici Srbiji se, prema važećoj zakonskoj regulativi, vrši kontrola prisustva Salmonella u mesu. U periodu od januara do decembra 2017. godine 193 uzorka svinjskog, goveđeg, jagnjećeg, jarećeg i živinskog sirovog mesa iz uvoza ispitanа su na prisustvo Salmonella spp. Ova bakterija je izolovana u jednom uzorku (0,52%) zamrznutih pilećih zadnjih četvrti poreklom iz Poljske, što predstavlja 6,67% od ukupno ispitanog živinskog mesa. Inficirana živina predstavlja najvažniji izvor Salmonella kod ljudi inficiranih putem lanca hrane. Biohemijskim i serološkim ispitivanjem utvrđeno je da pozitivan izolat pripada serotipu Salmonella Infantis. Ovaj patogen se poslednjih godina u Evropi nalazi na četvrtom mestu kao uzročnik salmoneloze kod ljudi, dok je prijavljen kao najčešći serotip izolovan iz pilećeg mesa. U cilju smanjenja prevalence Salmonella spp. potrebno je na pravilan način sprovoditi standarde bezbednosti hrane kroz ceo lanac, od farme do trpeze.

International trade requires food safety guarantees based on specialized hygiene standards, transparency procedures, and programs. Meat, because of its high water content and nutrition, can be an ideal medium for microorganism growth and multiplication. Salmonella, as one of the most common pathogens that can be transmitted from animals to humans, causes major public health problems worldwide. Although mortality is low, the disease has important social and economic consequences. Based on governmental regulation, Serbia runs an active, official control of Salmonella in meat. From January to December 2017, 193 samples of imported pork, beef, lamb, kid, and poultry meat were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. Only one (0.52%) of all analyzed samples was positive to Salmonella spp. The positive sample was frozen chicken drumsticks together with thighs originated from Poland, which makes 6.67% of the total examined poultry meat samples. Infected poultry is one of the most important reservoirs of Salmonella that are transmitted to humans through the food chain. The identity of the isolated strain was biochemically and serologically confirmed to be Salmonella Infantis. This pathogen is in the 4th place of most common Salmonella serovar among human isolates in Europe and the most common serovar isolated from poultry meat. In order to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella spp. it is necessary to maintain all the food safety standards through the whole food chain, from farm to fork.

Plum pox virus (PPV) is economically the most important virus of stone fruits. In sensitive plum (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars, PPV causes foliar symptoms, fruits deformation, changes in the chemical composition of fruits and premature fruit drop.

Cases of deliberate, illegal animal poisoning are widely documented in the literature. Recently, there has been an increase in number of cases of poisoning of domestic and wild animals with highly toxic pesticides in the Republic of Serbia. During the two-year period (2016-2017), in total 40 autopsies of dogs and 2 cats from the territory of the South Bačka District were performed at the Department of Pathology at Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad” to determine the cause of death. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning in 13 dogs and 2 cats was made based on anamnestic data. The expertises were performed on request of the Republic veterinary inspector in 5 cases, and on the request of the owner in 8 cases. After autopsy, liver, kidneys and stomach content were sampled for toxicological analysis. The presence of carbofuran was determined in three dogs and one cat and the presence of 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol in one dog by method of gas-mass chromatography. In these cases of poisoning, on the basis of anamnestic data, clinical picture and autopsy finding it was concluded that poisonings were deliberate. Although the number of confirmed cases of domestic carnivores poisoning during the two-year period is relatively low, it is assumed that the number of undetected and undiagnosed poisoning cases is much higher. Abuse of highly toxic pesticides can have severe consequences for both public health and the overall biodiversity.

Introduction: Novel molecular techniques applied in biotechnology research have provided sound evidence on clonal persistence of distinct serovars of Salmonella in feed factory environments, over long periods of time (months, even years), which can be responsible for repeated in-house contamination of final products. In this study, we examined the possibility of clonal persistence of isolates of three Salmonella serovars that have been repeatedly identified in animal feed samples from three feed factories throughout a two-year period. Methodology: The isolates Salmonella enterica serovars Tennessee (n = 7), Montevideo (n = 8), and Infantis (n = 4) were tested for genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multicellular behavior patterns by applying the Congo red agar test. Results: SpeI and XbaI macro-restriction profiles indicated that isolates S. Montevideo and S. Infantis were identical, whereas isolates of S. Tennessee demonstrated greater genetic diversity, although the genetic differences did not exceed 10%. All Salmonella serovars demonstrated the ability to produce predominant matrix compounds essential for biofilm formation, curli fimbriae and cellulose. Conclusions: The identification of identical clones of S. Montevideo and S. Infantis, as well as the minor genetic diversity of S. Tennessee, which have been repeatedly isolated from animal feed in three production plants throughout a two-year period, indirectly suggests the possibility of their persistence in feed factory environments. Their ability to express the key biofilm matrix components further supports this hypothesis.

Labudovi su divlje ptice vodenih staništa i pripadaju familiji Anatidae, roduAnseriformes. S obzirom na stanište, način života i ishranu, labudovi predstavljajuznačajnu bioindikatorsku vrstu za monitoring zagađivača u prirodi. Hrane seuglavnom vodenim biljkama i zelenim algama koje predstavljaju direktan pokazateljzagađenja životne sredine i vodenih staništa. Poznato je da se pasticidi kao i toksičnielementi akumuliraju i perzistiraju u vodenim ekosistemima i vodenim organizmima(alge, ribe, beskičmenjaci itd.) i preko lanca ishrane dospevaju i u kopnene biljke,životinje i čoveka. Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrđivanje stepena ugroženosti labudovakao zaštićene vrste, usled štetnog dejstva pesticida i toksičnih elemenata. Pripremauzoraka za određivanje pesticida je urađena u skladu sa multirezidualnom metodomQuEChERS. Ova metoda pripreme se zasniva na ekstrakciji sa acetonitrilom u prisustvusoli. Za kvantifikaciju rezidua pesticida korišćen je gasni hromatograf sa masenimdetektorom, Agilent Technology GCMSD 7890B/5977A sa elektronskom jonizacijomi kvadropolnim detektorom. Uzorci za merenje toksičnih elemenata pripremljeni sumetodom mikrotalasne digestije u sistemu Ethos, Microwave Labstation, Milestone,a određivanje je izvršeno tehnikom Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometryna instrumentu Agilent ICP-MS 7700 preko izotopa: 75As, 111Cd, 201Hg, 208Pb, 56Fe, 63Cu i66Zn. Rezultati ispitivanja pesticida pokazuju da je u svim analiziranim uzorcima njihovsadržaj veoma nizak i nalazi se ispod granice kvantifikacije upotrebljene metode. Naosnovu izmerenih vrednosti toksičnih elemenata, može se zaključiti, da se njihovsadržaj kretao u intervalu, i to: za arsen 0.004 – 0.027 mg/kg; za kadmijum 0.023 –0.473 mg/kg; za živu 0.007 – 0.188 mg/kg; za olovo 0.108 – 0.248 mg/kg; za bakar 81– 810 mg/kg; za gvožđe 362 – 3288 mg/kg i za cink 21 – 127 mg/kg. Dobijeni rezultatiispitivanja ukazuju da je lokalitet prirodnog rezervata „Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit“nezagađen pesticidima ali da treba u daljim ispitivanjima, na većem broju uzoraka,utvrditi uzroke značajno povećanog sadržaja nekih toksičnih elemenata (Cd, Hg, Cu,Fe) u ispitivanim uzorcima jetre labudova.

Dermanyssus gallinae or the poultry red mite is currently the most im-portant ectoparasite aff ecting egg-laying hens in several countries causing reduced poultry welfare, mortality and even allergic reactions in poultry farms workers. Its short life cycle, which in optimal conditions can be com-pleted within 7 days, and ability to survive in extreme circumstances with-out a blood meal up to 13 months, and the ability to infest new fl ock, makes it even more diffi cult to eradicate. Dermanyssus gallinae prevalence rates in diff erent European countries, including Serbia, can reach up to 80-90%. Also, the poultry red mite is responsible in vector transmission of several bacterial and viral avian diseases, including Salmonella spp, Chlamydia spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Newcas-tle disease and Fowl poxvirus. Besides that, the poultry red mite can also transfer antimicrobial resistance genes by carrying pathogenic bacterial fl ora. Control of Dermanyssus gallinae can be divided into conventional and alternative methods. Conventional methods are mostly focused on pre-venting infestations and/or killing Dermanyssus gallinae, while alternative methods include the use of essential oils, vaccines, light, odors, predatory mites, fungi, nematodes and bacterial endosymbionts, and temperature in order to eliminate the poultry red mite. Nevertheless, this small ectopara-site still makes millions worth damage to global poultry industry.

Intramammary infections change the composition of milk and increase electrical conductivity of milk and decrease milk electrical resistance. Electrical conductivity has been used to detect mastitis during last four decades. The aim of this research was to examine the reliability of the milk electrical conductivity measuring in detection of subclinical mastitis. The experiment was conducted on a dairy farm of Holstein-Friesian breed. A total of 113 quarter milk samples were examined, 55 samples from cows in first stage of lactation and 58 from cows in third stage of lactation. Electrical conductivity (EC) of milk samples was detected by Hand-held EC meter (Draminski mastitis detector). Quarter milk samples for bacteriological analysis were taken aseptically during the morning milking in sterile test tubes. Bacteria growth was not detected in 60 quarter milk samples (53.1%), while in the other 53 samples bacteria was found (46.9%). The most common isolated bacteria in first and third stage of lactation was Corynebacterium spp. (38.9%) and coagulase - negative staphylococci (3.54%). High quality and healthy milk with Draminski mastitis detector was observed in 59.29% of the samples (67/113). Cows with mastitis may not always show an increased EC of milk from the infected quarter. Electrical conductivity of milk can give useful informations about udder health status, but hand-held EC meters, such as Draminski mastitis detector, cannot be used alone in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31034]

The aim of this study was to compare pathological lesions and viral antigen expression in the organs of mute swans (Cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H5N8. The examination was conducted on the carcasses of 22 mute swans which died during the avian influenza outbreaks in Serbia in 2006 and 2016-2017. Avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 isolated from mute swans in 2016-2017 was clustered within the 2.3.4.4 clade group B. After necropsy, lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney and brain tissues were sampled for histopathology and immunohistochemical examination. Avian influenza virus nucleoprotein polyclonal antibodies were used for detecting the viral antigen in the examined tissues. The most significant gross lesions were necrosis and haemorrhages in the pancreas. Major histological lesions were multifocal necroses in the pancreas, spleen and liver, non-purulent encephalitis, lung congestion and oedema. Immunohistochemical demonstration of HPAIV nucleoprotein in pancreas and brain was strongly consistent with histological lesions in both infected groups. Our findings showed that pancreas was the most affected organ in all examined mute swans. In addition to increased mortality rate, similar pathological findings were detected in mute swans naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H5N8.

Od 2014 godine nekoliko epizootija izazvanih visoko patogenim virusom avijarne infl uence podtipa H5N8, izbilo je u Aziji, Evropi i severnoj Americi. Ovaj tip virusa infl uence uzrokovao je infekcije domaće živine i divljih ptica. Globalnom širenju virusa doprinele su intrakontinentalne i interkontinentalne migracije ptica. Prvi slučaj visoko patogene avijarne influence podtipa H5N8 u Srbiji detektovan je kod labudova (Cygnus olor),lociranih na rukavcu Dunava (područje Koviljskog-Petrovaradinskog rita) u novembru 2016.godine. Tokom ove epizootije, veći broj bolesnih i uginulih labudova pronađen je oko staništa migratornih ptica. Pokazalo se da su labudovi tokom epizootije bili visoko osetljiva i najviše pogođena vrsta ptica virusom infl uence podtipa H5N8. Oboleli labudovi su ispoljavali neurološke simptome, uključujući tortikolis, inkoordinaciju i ataksiju. Uovom radu su predstavljeni rezultati postmortalnog pregleda labudova inficiranih virusom infl uence. Ispitivanje je rađeno na leševima deset uginulih labudova. Najdominantnije patološke promene izazvane virusom influence podtipa H5N8 bile su nekroze pankreasa, petehijalna krvarenja u subepikardijumu i masnom tkivu mezenterijuma. Kod većine uginulih labudova bila je prisutna kongestija pluća.

Salmonella causes local and systemic infections of poultry, which may lead to substantial direct and indirect economic losses, presenting also significant risk to human health. The aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of certain serotypes of Salmonella spp. isolated on poultry farms in Southern Bačka and Srem regions in the period from 2010 to 2014, as recommended by the Book of rules of early detection, diagnostic, prevention of spreading and eradication of Salmonella spp. We analyzed the results obtained from the laboratory for clinical bacteriology to determine number of salmonella cases. From all samples that have been submitted for bacteriology analysis, salmonellas were isolated from 7.3% samples. Salmonella infantis was isolated from 50.3% of all salmonella-positive samples, mostly from materials supplied from broiler farms. Salmonella enteritidis was most frequently isolated in broiler chickens at the rate of 48.2%. There is an increasing trend in the occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella infantis on poultry farms from year to year. Our research revealed the highest incidence of salmonella isolates in broilers that died during transportation or within the first three days upon arrival of chickens. During the five-year research period, 65 samples from parent flocks (63 from broiler breeders and 2 from parent flocks of layers) were salmonella positive, which makes 8.03% of all positive isolates. It is most likely that salmonella infection occurs due to infection of parent flocks and young chickens are infected trough both vertical and horizontal transmission. . Salmonele kod živine izazivaju infekcije lokalnog i sistemskog karaktera, dovodeći do značajnih kako direktnih tako i indirektnih ekonomskih gubitaka u industrijskom živinarstvu i predstavljaju opasnost po zdravlje ljudi. Cilj ovog rada bio je monitoring određenih sojeva Salmonella spp. propisanih Pravilnikom o utvrđivanju mera za rano otkrivanje, dijagnostiku, sprečavanje širenja, suzbijanje i iskorenjivanje infekcija živine određenim serotipovima salmonella, na teritoriji Sremskog i Južnobačkog okruga u periodu od 2010. do 2014. godine. Analizirali smo rezultate ispitivanja laboratorije za kliničku bakteriologiju. Od ukupno ispitanih bakterijskih infekcija iz kliničkog materijala u ovom petogodišnjem periodu, salmonele su izolovane u 7,3% slučajeva. Ustanovljeno je da je Salmonella infantis izolovana u 50,3% svih pozitivnih uzoraka, najčešće iz materijala dostavljenih sa farmi brojlerskih pilića. Salmonella enteritidis izolovana je u 48,2%, takođe najčešće kod brojlerskih pilića. Prisutan je trend porasta izolata Salmonella enteritidis i Salmonella infantis iz godine u godinu. Našim istraživanjem ustanovili smo da je najviše pozitivnih uzoraka bilo kod brojlera, u transportnim uginućima i uginućima iz prva tri dana starosti. Kod roditeljskih jata bilo je pozitivno 65 uzoraka u ovom petogodišnjem periodu (63 kod teške linije i 2 kod lake linije), što iznosi 8,03 % od svih pozitivnih izolata. Pretpostavlja se da je do infekcije salmonelama moglo doći usled horizontalne i vertikalne infekcije preko roditeljskih jata. .

The resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to fluoroquinolones has become a serious issue on large pig farms worldwide, since these antimicrobial agents are widely used in the control of various diseases such as neonatal diarrhea, post weaning diarrhea, the edema disease as well as others. Being a frequent inhabitant of the digestive tract, E.coli is oft en exposed to antimicrobial agents, which are used to treat various infections. Uncontrolled application of fluoroquinolones has led to the emergence of resistant pathogenic strains as well as commensals. The spread of resistant strains is mostly found in animal and human food production chains, which are potentially huge threat for the general population. The resistance to fluoroquinolones may very oft en be combined with the resistance to other classes of antibiotics. Therefore, the use of fluoroquinolones for treating uncomplicated infections in pigs must be under strict control or completely banned. In this paper, we compared the results from available literature addressing the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to fl uoroquinolones in E. coli strains both worldwide and in countries from the nearby region.

The two corpses of police dogs, of Labrador retriever breed used for fi nding narcotics, were sent to the Scientific Veterinary Institute 'Novi Sad', and examined post-mortem, in order to determine the cause of death. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence of neoplastic changes in the mandibular region, pulmonary parenchyma and axillary region. The samples of neoplastic changes were sent to the Laboratory of Patohistology within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, in order to specify the diagnosis. Histopathology examination revealed an adenocarcinoma in lungs and haemangioendothelioma in axillary region. Is there any role of drug sniffing on the occurrence of neoplasia in Labrador retriever breed is still unknown, but it could be an important factor in the development of neoplasia in these dogs. Dva leša policijskih službenih pasa, rase Labrador retriver koji se koriste za pronalaženje narkotika, dostavljeni su u Naučni institut za veterinarstvo 'Novi Sad', kako bi se na osnovu patomorfološkog pregleda utvrdio uzrok smrti. Tokom obdukcije utvrđeno je prisustvo neoplastičnih promena u mandibularnoj regiji, plućnom parenhimu i aksilarnoj regiji. Uzorci promenjenog tkiva dostavljeni su na Fakultet veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu, u laboratoriju za patohistologiju kako bi se odredila tačna dijagnoza. Patohistološkim nalazom utvrđeno je prisustvo adenokarcinoma u plućima i hemangioendotelioma u predelu aksilarne regije. Kakvu ulogu može imati udisanje narkotika na pojavu neoplazmi kod Labrador retrivera još uvek nije poznato, ali se pretpostavlja da to može biti jedan od faktora u nastanku neoplastičnih promena kod ovih službenih pasa.

One of the most important problems in milk production, causing great economic loses is certainly mastitis. In order to minimize economic losses from mastitis dairy farms introduce different mastitis management programs. These programs include mastitis therapy and prevention. In mastitis control prevention is most important and when mastitis occurs cost of therapy and milk discharge is very important. In our study we examined cost of mastitis treatment and milk loss in different mastitis management programs. We concluded that most costly are mastitis caused by specific pathogens. Cost of milk loss is 2.4 times bigger than cost of drug consumption. Applying of tit-dipping has great importance in reduction of mastitis caused by specific pathogens and less importance for conditional saprophytes. In total, cost of mastitis treatment on whole farm was almost the same for all mastitis management programs, while the effect of the program on farm C was the most expensive in the cows with the finding of specific pathogens.