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1. Why We (Still) Do Not Know the Educational Impact of Zoos and Aquariums: Assessing Current Evaluation Methods and Ways to Improve Them

Author: Spooner, Sarah Louise, Jensen, Eric Allen, Tracey, Louise, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Fraser, John, Series Editor, Heimlich, Joe E., editor, and Riedinger, Kelly, editor
Published: 2023
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2. Why We (Still) Do Not Know the Educational Impact of Zoos and Aquariums: Assessing Current Evaluation Methods and Ways to Improve Them

Author: Spooner, Sarah Louise, primary, Jensen, Eric Allen, additional, Tracey, Louise, additional, and Marshall, Andrew Robert, additional
Published: 2023
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3. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Live Animal Shows at Delivering Information to Zoo Audiences

Author: Spooner, Sarah Louise, Jensen, Eric Allen, Tracey, Louise, and Marshall, Andrew Robert
Abstract: Live animal shows, which combine animal facts with trained behaviours, are commonly used to engage zoo visitors globally. However, such shows have been criticised for portraying a potentially unhelpful image of 'performing animals' and have raised issues of animal welfare ethics. Little is known about the educational effectiveness of these shows. Furthermore, the impact of 'tricks', used as attention-grabbing hooks, has received limited research attention. We evaluated the impact of a sea lion and a mixed species bird show on audience knowledge of animal facts. Over a quarter of zoo visitors attended some form of live animal show, demonstrating quantitatively that they are a major potential source of knowledge transfer. Show audiences were questioned immediately before (n = 299) or after (n = 265) each performance about relevant show content knowledge. Additionally, a general zoo visitor survey (n = 160) investigated post-visit knowledge recall. Audiences demonstrated significantly higher animal knowledge post-show compared to pre-show. Conservation action awareness showed weak positive change post-show. Audience education levels and weather conditions also had a weak positive effect on correct responses. However, animals performing trick-type behaviours were found to cause confusion regarding natural adaptations. We conclude that live animal shows should prioritise natural behaviours with a focus on conservation action.
Published: 2021
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4. Dominance and rarity in tree communities across the globe : Patterns, predictors and threats

Author: Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., Crowther, Thomas W., Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., and Crowther, Thomas W.
Abstract: Aim: Ecological and anthropogenic factors shift the abundances of dominant and rare tree species within local forest communities, thus affecting species composition and ecosystem functioning. To inform forest and conservation management it is important to understand the drivers of dominance and rarity in local tree communities. We answer the following research questions: (1) What are the patterns of dominance and rarity in tree communities? (2) Which ecological and anthropogenic factors predict these patterns? And (3) what is the extinction risk of locally dominant and rare tree species?. Location: Global. Time period: 1990–2017. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We used 1.2 million forest plots and quantified local tree dominance as the relative plot basal area of the single most dominant species and local rarity as the percentage of species that contribute together to the least 10% of plot basal area. We mapped global community dominance and rarity using machine learning models and evaluated the ecological and anthropogenic predictors with linear models. Extinction risk, for example threatened status, of geographically widespread dominant and rare species was evaluated. Results: Community dominance and rarity show contrasting latitudinal trends, with boreal forests having high levels of dominance and tropical forests having high levels of rarity. Increasing annual precipitation reduces community dominance, probably because precipitation is related to an increase in tree density and richness. Additionally, stand age is positively related to community dominance, due to stem diameter increase of the most dominant species. Surprisingly, we find that locally dominant and rare species, which are geographically widespread in our data, have an equally high rate of elevated extinction due to declining populations through large-scale land degradation. Main conclusions: By linking patterns and predictors of community dominance and rarity to extinction risk, our results sug
Published: 2024

5. Evaluating the Impacts of Theatre-Based Wildlife and Conservation Education at the Zoo

Author: Spooner, Sarah Louise, Jensen, Eric Allen, Tracey, Louise, and Marshall, Andrew Robert
Abstract: The experience of visiting a zoo as a child can be remembered decades later and potentially influences future environmental attitudes. In light of steadily growing criticism of the ethics and value of live animal shows, some zoos are seeking alternative means of delivering 'edutainment' to a broad audience. One such alternative is through theatre. We examine whether a family-orientated zoo theatre performance achieved animal knowledge and conservation awareness impacts. Impact was demonstrated if individuals correctly stated more animal and conservation facts post-performance compared to pre-performance. The theatre production was seen to have a very strong positive effect on both children's (pre-performance s.d.=1.69, post-performance s.d.=1.79 effect size (d)=0.70, w = 4403.5, p = 0.001) and adults' (pre-performance s.d.=1.88, post-performance s.d.=2.14, effect size (d)=0.71, w = 1931.5, p = 0.001) learning. Significantly more correct answers were given post-performance compared to pre-performance. We conclude that educational, family theatre can effectively deliver animal information and raise awareness of conservation efforts within a leisure setting. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of theatre on conservation actions. Comparative studies between live animal shows and theatre could establish the best methods for conveying conservation information to zoo visitors.
Published: 2019
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6. Disturbance in the Udzungwas : responses of monkeys and trees to forest degradation

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert
Subjects: 333.751409678
Published: 2007

7. Examining the impact of forest protection status on firewood sufficiency in rural Africa

Author: LATHAM, JULIA EVELYN, SALLU, SUSANNAH MARY, LOVERIDGE, ROBIN, and MARSHALL, ANDREW ROBERT
Published: 2017

8. Are neotropical predictors of forest epiphyte–host relationships consistent in Indonesia?

Author: Hayward, Robin Martin, Martin, Thomas Edward, Utteridge, Timothy Michael Arthur, Mustari, Abdul Haris, and Marshall, Andrew Robert
Published: 2017

9. Evenness mediates the global relationship between forest productivity and richness

Author: Hordijk, Iris, primary, Maynard, Daniel S., additional, Hart, Simon P., additional, Lidong, Mo, additional, ter Steege, Hans, additional, Liang, Jingjing, additional, de‐Miguel, Sergio, additional, Nabuurs, Gert‐Jan, additional, Reich, Peter B., additional, Abegg, Meinrad, additional, Adou Yao, C. Yves, additional, Alberti, Giorgio, additional, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., additional, Alvarado, Braulio V., additional, Esteban, Alvarez‐Davila, additional, Alvarez‐Loayza, Patricia, additional, Alves, Luciana F., additional, Ammer, Christian, additional, Antón‐Fernández, Clara, additional, Araujo‐Murakami, Alejandro, additional, Arroyo, Luzmila, additional, Avitabile, Valerio, additional, Aymard C, Gerardo A., additional, Baker, Timothy, additional, Bałazy, Radomir, additional, Banki, Olaf, additional, Barroso, Jorcely, additional, Bastian, Meredith L., additional, Bastin, Jean‐Francois, additional, Birigazzi, Luca, additional, Birnbaum, Philippe, additional, Bitariho, Robert, additional, Boeckx, Pascal, additional, Bongers, Frans, additional, Bouriaud, Olivier, additional, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., additional, Brandl, Susanne, additional, Brienen, Roel, additional, Broadbent, Eben N., additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Bussotti, Filippo, additional, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, additional, César, Ricardo G., additional, Cesljar, Goran, additional, Chazdon, Robin, additional, Chen, Han Y. H., additional, Chisholm, Chelsea, additional, Cienciala, Emil, additional, Clark, Connie J., additional, Clark, David B., additional, Colletta, Gabriel, additional, Coomes, David, additional, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, additional, Corral‐Rivas, Jose J., additional, Crim, Philip, additional, Cumming, Jonathan, additional, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, additional, de Gasper, André L., additional, Decuyper, Mathieu, additional, Derroire, Géraldine, additional, DeVries, Ben, additional, Djordjevic, Ilija, additional, Iêda, Amaral, additional, Dourdain, Aurélie, additional, Nestor Laurier, Engone Obiang, additional, Enquist, Brian, additional, Eyre, Teresa, additional, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, additional, Fayle, Tom M., additional, Ferreira, Leandro V., additional, Feldpausch, Ted R., additional, Finér, Leena, additional, Fischer, Markus, additional, Fletcher, Christine, additional, Frizzera, Lorenzo, additional, Gamarra, Javier G. P., additional, Gianelle, Damiano, additional, Glick, Henry B., additional, Harris, David, additional, Hector, Andrew, additional, Hemp, Andreas, additional, Hengeveld, Geerten, additional, Hérault, Bruno, additional, Herbohn, John, additional, Hillers, Annika, additional, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., additional, Hui, Cang, additional, Cho, Hyunkook, additional, Ibanez, Thomas, additional, Bin Jung, Il, additional, Imai, Nobuo, additional, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., additional, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, additional, Johanssen, Vivian, additional, Joly, Carlos A., additional, Jucker, Tommaso, additional, Karminov, Viktor, additional, Kartawinata, Kuswata, additional, Kearsley, Elizabeth, additional, Kenfack, David, additional, Kennard, Deborah, additional, Kepfer‐Rojas, Sebastian, additional, Keppel, Gunnar, additional, Khan, Mohammed Latif, additional, Killeen, Timothy, additional, Kim, Hyun Seok, additional, Kitayama, Kanehiro, additional, Köhl, Michael, additional, Korjus, Henn, additional, Kraxner, Florian, additional, Laarmann, Diana, additional, Lang, Mait, additional, Lewis, Simon, additional, Lu, Huicui, additional, Lukina, Natalia, additional, Maitner, Brian, additional, Malhi, Yadvinder, additional, Marcon, Eric, additional, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, additional, Marimon‐Junior, Ben Hur, additional, Marshall, Andrew Robert, additional, Martin, Emanuel, additional, Martynenko, Olga, additional, Meave, Jorge A., additional, Melo‐Cruz, Omar, additional, Mendoza, Casimiro, additional, Merow, Cory, additional, Miscicki, Stanislaw, additional, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, additional, Moreno, Vanessa, additional, Mukul, Sharif A., additional, Mundhenk, Philip, additional, Nava‐Miranda, Maria G., additional, Neill, David, additional, Neldner, Victor, additional, Nevenic, Radovan, additional, Ngugi, Michael, additional, Niklaus, Pascal A., additional, Oleksyn, Jacek, additional, Ontikov, Petr, additional, Ortiz‐Malavasi, Edgar, additional, Pan, Yude, additional, Paquette, Alain, additional, Parada‐Gutierrez, Alexander, additional, Parfenova, Elena, additional, Park, Minjee, additional, Parren, Marc, additional, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, additional, Peri, Pablo L., additional, Pfautsch, Sebastian, additional, Phillips, Oliver L., additional, Picard, Nicolas, additional, Piedade, Maria Teresa, additional, Piotto, Daniel, additional, Pitman, Nigel C. A., additional, Polo, Irina, additional, Poorter, Lourens, additional, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, additional, Poulsen, John R., additional, Pretzsch, Hans, additional, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, additional, Restrepo‐Correa, Zorayda, additional, Rodeghiero, Mirco, additional, Rolim, Samir, additional, Roopsind, Anand, additional, Rovero, Francesco, additional, Rutishauser, Ervan, additional, Saikia, Purabi, additional, Salas‐Eljatib, Christian, additional, Schall, Peter, additional, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, additional, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Schmid, Bernhard, additional, Schöngart, Jochen, additional, Searle, Eric B., additional, Šebeň, Vladimír, additional, Serra‐Diaz, Josep M., additional, Sheil, Douglas, additional, Shvidenko, Anatoly, additional, Silva‐Espejo, Javier, additional, Silveira, Marcos, additional, Singh, James, additional, Sist, Plinio, additional, Slik, Ferry, additional, Sonké, Bonaventure, additional, Souza, Alexandre F., additional, Stereńczak, Krzysztof, additional, Svenning, Jens‐Christian, additional, Svoboda, Miroslav, additional, Swanepoel, Ben, additional, Targhetta, Natalia, additional, Tchebakova, Nadja, additional, Thomas, Raquel, additional, Tikhonova, Elena, additional, Umunay, Peter, additional, Usoltsev, Vladimir, additional, Valencia, Renato, additional, Valladares, Fernando, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Tran, Do Van, additional, Van Nuland, Michael E., additional, Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, additional, Verbeeck, Hans, additional, Viana, Helder, additional, Vibrans, Alexander C., additional, Vieira, Simone, additional, von Gadow, Klaus, additional, Wang, Hua‐Feng, additional, Watson, James, additional, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., additional, Wiser, Susan K., additional, Wittmann, Florian, additional, Wortel, Verginia, additional, Zagt, Roderick, additional, Zawila‐Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, additional, Zhang, Chunyu, additional, Zhao, Xiuhai, additional, Zhou, Mo, additional, Zhu, Zhi‐Xin, additional, Zo‐Bi, Irie Casimir, additional, and Crowther, Thomas W., additional
Published: 2023
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10. The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit

Author: Ma, Haozhi, Crowther, Thomas W., Mo, Lidong, Maynard, Daniel S., Renner, Susanne S., van den Hoogen, Johan, Zou, Yibiao, Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Reich, Peter B., Niinemets, Ulo, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben North, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, De Gasper, André Luis, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa J., Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas K., Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Amaral, Iêda Leão, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kvist Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Killeen, Timothy J., Seok Kim, Hyun, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Kucher, Dmitry, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Mendoza-Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, et al., Ma, Haozhi, Crowther, Thomas W., Mo, Lidong, Maynard, Daniel S., Renner, Susanne S., van den Hoogen, Johan, Zou, Yibiao, Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Reich, Peter B., Niinemets, Ulo, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben North, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, De Gasper, André Luis, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa J., Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas K., Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Amaral, Iêda Leão, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kvist Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Killeen, Timothy J., Seok Kim, Hyun, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Kucher, Dmitry, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Mendoza-Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, and et al.
Abstract: Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
Published: 2023

11. Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential

Author: Mo, Lidong, Zohner, Constantin M., Reich, Peter B., Liang, Jingjing, De Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Renner, Susanne S., van den Hoogen, Johan, Araza, Arnan, Herold, Martin, Mirzagholi, Leila, Ma, Haozhi, Averill, Colin, Phillips, Oliver L., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Hordijk, Iris, Routh, Devin, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, C.Y., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Amaral, Iêda Leão, Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben North, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, De Gasper, André Luis, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa J., Belarmain Fandohan, Adandé, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johansen, Kasper, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Killeen, Timothy J., Seok Kim, Hyun, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Kucher, Dmitry, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Mendoza-Polo, Irina, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Merow, Cory, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Dalberg Poulsen, Axel, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, et al., Mo, Lidong, Zohner, Constantin M., Reich, Peter B., Liang, Jingjing, De Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Renner, Susanne S., van den Hoogen, Johan, Araza, Arnan, Herold, Martin, Mirzagholi, Leila, Ma, Haozhi, Averill, Colin, Phillips, Oliver L., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Hordijk, Iris, Routh, Devin, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, C.Y., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Amaral, Iêda Leão, Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben North, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, De Gasper, André Luis, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa J., Belarmain Fandohan, Adandé, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johansen, Kasper, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Killeen, Timothy J., Seok Kim, Hyun, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Kucher, Dmitry, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Mendoza-Polo, Irina, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Merow, Cory, Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Dalberg Poulsen, Axel, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, and et al.
Abstract: Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced and satellite-derived approaches to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151–363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
Published: 2023

12. Evenness mediates the global relationship between forest productivity and richness

Author: Hordijk, Iris, Maynard, Daniel S., Hart, Simon P., Lidong, Mo, ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Reich, Peter B., Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Esteban, Alvarez Davila, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard C, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y.H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Nestor Laurier, Engone Obiang, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Hérault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Bin Jung, Il, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johanssen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Stanislaw, Miscicki, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Šebeň, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran, Do Van, Van Nuland, Michael E., Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wiser, Susan K., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhou, Mo, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Crowther, Thomas W., Hordijk, Iris, Maynard, Daniel S., Hart, Simon P., Lidong, Mo, ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Reich, Peter B., Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Esteban, Alvarez Davila, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard C, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y.H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Nestor Laurier, Engone Obiang, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Hérault, Bruno, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Bin Jung, Il, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johanssen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Stanislaw, Miscicki, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Šebeň, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran, Do Van, Van Nuland, Michael E., Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wiser, Susan K., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhou, Mo, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, and Crowther, Thomas W.
Abstract: 1. Biodiversity is an important component of natural ecosystems, with higher species richness often correlating with an increase in ecosystem productivity. Yet, this relationship varies substantially across environments, typically becoming less pronounced at high levels of species richness. However, species richness alone cannot reflect all important properties of a community, including community evenness, which may mediate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. If the evenness of a community correlates negatively with richness across forests globally, then a greater number of species may not always increase overall diversity and productivity of the system. Theoretical work and local empirical studies have shown that the effect of evenness on ecosystem functioning may be especially strong at high richness levels, yet the consistency of this remains untested at a global scale. 2. Here, we used a dataset of forests from across the globe, which includes composition, biomass accumulation and net primary productivity, to explore whether productivity correlates with community evenness and richness in a way that evenness appears to buffer the effect of richness. Specifically, we evaluated whether low levels of evenness in speciose communities correlate with the attenuation of the richness–productivity relationship. 3. We found that tree species richness and evenness are negatively correlated across forests globally, with highly speciose forests typically comprising a few dominant and many rare species. Furthermore, we found that the correlation between diversity and productivity changes with evenness: at low richness, uneven communities are more productive, while at high richness, even communities are more productive. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that evenness is an integral component of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and that the attenuating effect of richness on forest productivity might be partly expl
Published: 2023

13. The number of tree species on Earth

Author: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Crowther, Thomas W., Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean-François, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Christopher, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, Castro da Silva, Wendeson, Gomes César, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chen, Han Y. H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Kamdem Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Dordevic, Ilija D., Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Kumar Khare, Pramod, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labriere, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, et al., Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Reich, Peter B., Gamarra, Javier Garcia Perez, Crowther, Thomas W., Hui, Cang, Morera, Albert, Bastin, Jean-François, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Merow, Cory, Enquist, Brian, Kamenetsky, Maria, Lee, Junho, Zhu, Jun, Fang, Jinyun, Jacobs, Douglass F., Pijanowski, Bryan, Banerjee, Arindam, Giaquinto, Robert A., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Balazy, Radomir, Baraloto, Christopher, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Bogaert, Jan, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brearley, Francis Q., Broadbent, Eben North, Bussotti, Filippo, Castro da Silva, Wendeson, Gomes César, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chen, Han Y. H., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Coomes, David A., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Decuyper, Mathieu, Dee, Laura E., del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Kamdem Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Van Do, Tran, Dolezal, Jiri, Dordevic, Ilija D., Engel, Julien, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Fridman, Jonas K., Harris, David, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herault, Bruno, Herold, Martin, Ibanez, Thomas, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jeffery, Kathryn J., Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Jucker, Tommaso, Kangur, Ahto, Karminov, Victor N., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Latif Khan, Mohammed, Kumar Khare, Pramod, Kileen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Korjus, Henn, Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Ashwani, Laarmann, Diana, Labriere, Nicolas, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martynenko, Olga V., Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L., Ontikov, Petr V., Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Paquette, Alain, Park, Minjee, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Petronelli, Pascal, and et al.
Abstract: One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
Published: 2022

14. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses

Author: Steidinger, B. S., Crowther, T. W., Liang, J., Van Nuland, M. E., Werner, G. D. A., Reich, P. B., Nabuurs, G., de-Miguel, S., Zhou, M., Picard, N., Herault, B., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., Routh, D., Peay, K. G., Abegg, Meinrad, Yao, C. Yves Adou, Alberti, Giorgio, Zambrano, Angelica Almeyda, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Anton-Fernandez, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo, Baker, Timothy, Balazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel, Condit, Richard, Coomes, David, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, Andre L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Geraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Ieda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurelie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adande Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finer, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G. P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Euridice N., Huber, Markus, Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Kohl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal, Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver, Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schongart, Jochen, Searle, Eric, Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonke, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Sterenczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, ter Steege, Hans, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran Van Do, Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua-Feng, Watson, James, Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Valladares, Fernando, Stanford University, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Purdue University [West Lafayette], Beijing Forestry University, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Western Sydney University, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universitat de Lleida, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National Polytechnique Yamoussoukro, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Stanford University [Stanford], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Western Sydney University (UWS), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Organization, Forêts et Sociétés (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Steidinger B.S., Crowther T.W., Liang J., Van Nuland M.E., Werner G.D.A., Reich P.B., Nabuurs G., de-Miguel S., Zhou M., Picard N., Herault B., Zhao X., Zhang C., Routh D., Peay K.G., Abegg M., AdouYao C.Y., Alberti G., AlmeydaZambrano A., Alvarez-Davila E., Alvarez-Loayza P., Alves L.F., Ammer C., Anton-Fernandez C., Araujo-Murakami A., Arroyo L., Avitabile V., Aymard G., Baker T., Balazy R., Banki O., Barroso J., Bastian M., Bastin J.-F., Birigazzi L., Birnbaum P., Bitariho R., Boeckx P., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brandl S., Brearley F.Q., Brienen R., Broadbent E., Bruelheide H., Bussotti F., Cazzolla Gatti R., Cesar R., Cesljar G., Chazdon R., Chen H.Y.H., Chisholm C., Cienciala E., Clark C.J., Clark D., Colletta G., Condit R., Coomes D., CornejoValverde F., Corral-Rivas J.J., Crim P., Cumming J., Dayanandan S., de Gasper A.L., Decuyper M., Derroire G., DeVries B., Djordjevic I., Ieda A., Dourdain A., Obiang N.L.E., Enquist B., Eyre T., Fandohan A.B., Fayle T.M., Feldpausch T.R., Finer L., Fischer M., Fletcher C., Fridman J., Frizzera L., Gamarra J.G.P., Gianelle D., Glick H.B., Harris D., Hector A., Hemp A., Hengeveld G., Herbohn J., Herold M., Hillers A., Honorio Coronado E.N., Huber M., Hui C., Cho H., Ibanez T., Jung I., Imai N., Jagodzinski A.M., Jaroszewicz B., Johannsen V., Joly C.A., Jucker T., Karminov V., Kartawinata K., Kearsley E., Kenfack D., Kennard D., Kepfer-Rojas S., Keppel G., Khan M.L., Killeen T., Kim H.S., Kitayama K., Kohl M., Korjus H., Kraxner F., Laarmann D., Lang M., Lewis S., Lu H., Lukina N., Maitner B., Malhi Y., Marcon E., Marimon B.S., Marimon-Junior B.H., Marshall A.R., Martin E., Martynenko O., Meave J.A., Melo-Cruz O., Mendoza C., Merow C., MonteagudoMendoza A., Moreno V., Mukul S.A., Mundhenk P., Nava-Miranda M.G., Neill D., Neldner V., Nevenic R., Ngugi M., Niklaus P., Oleksyn J., Ontikov P., Ortiz-Malavasi E., Pan Y., Paquette A., Parada-Gutierrez A., Parfenova E., Park M., Parren M., Parthasarathy N., Peri P.L., Pfautsch S., Phillips O., Piedade M.T., Piotto D., Pitman N.C.A., Polo I., Poorter L., Poulsen A.D., Poulsen J.R., Pretzsch H., RamirezArevalo F., Restrepo-Correa Z., Rodeghiero M., Rolim S., Roopsind A., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Saikia P., Saner P., Schall P., Schelhaas M.-J., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Schongart J., Searle E., Seben V., Serra-Diaz J.M., Salas-Eljatib C., Sheil D., Shvidenko A., Silva-Espejo J., Silveira M., Singh J., Sist P., Slik F., Sonke B., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K., Svenning J.-C., Svoboda M., Targhetta N., Tchebakova N., Steege H., Thomas R., Tikhonova E., Umunay P., Usoltsev V., Valladares F., van der Plas F., Van Do T., VasquezMartinez R., Verbeeck H., Viana H., Vieira S., von Gadow K., Wang H.-F., Watson J., Westerlund B., Wiser S., Wittmann F., Wortel V., Zagt R., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Systems Ecology, Steidinger, BS, Crowther, TW, Liang, J, Van Nuland, ME, Werner, GDA, Reich, PB, Nabuurs, G, de-Miguel, S, Zhou, M, Picard, N, Herault, B, Zhao, X, Zhang, C, Routh, D, Peay, KG, Keppel, G, GFBI consortium, and Valladares, Fernando [0000-0002-5374-4682]
Subjects: symbiosi, 0106 biological sciences, Forest Ecology, SOM decomposition, biogeography, forest-tree symbioses, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biome, 01 natural sciences, forest-tree symbioses, Microbial ecology, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, forest ecosystems, PE&RC, séquestration du carbone, Biometris, Biogeography, Forêt, Écosystème forestier, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Climate control, Forest Ecology, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Symbiose, 010603 evolutionary biology, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Symbiosis, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Symbioses, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Forest, climate, Vegetatie, biogeography, Changement climatique, decomposition, Vegetation, Forest inventory, симбиозы, P34 - Biologie du sol, FUNGI, климат, 15. Life on land, Arid, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, SOM decomposition, forest inventory plots, лесные экосистемы, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [EN] The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools, sequester carbon and withstand the effects of climate change. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables—in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition—are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers—which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)—are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species., This work was made possible by the Global Forest Biodiversity Database, which represents the work of over 200 independent investigators and their public and private funding agencies (see Supplementary Acknowledgements), Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1128-0.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Author Correction: Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses (Nature, (2019), 569, 7756, (404-408), 10.1038/s41586-019-1128-0)

Author: Steidinger, Brian S., Crowther, Thomas Ward, Liang, Jingjing, van Nuland, Michael E., Werner, Gijsbert, Reich, Peter B., Nabuurs, Gert Jan, de-Miguel, Sergio, Zhou, Mo, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Searle, Eric B., Šebe?, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep Maria, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier Eduardo, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Sist, Plinio L.J., Slik, Ferry J.W., Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre Fadigas, Stere?czak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Targhetta, Natália, Tchebakova, Nadezhda M., Steege, Hans Ter, Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Álvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Thomas, Raquel S., Tikhonova, Elena V., Umunay, Peter M., Usoltsev, Vladimir Andreevich, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran, Van Do, Vásquez-Martínez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Viana, Hélder, Alves, Luciana Ferreira, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Huafeng, Watson, James E.M., Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan K., Wittmann, Florian Karl, Wortel, Verginia, Jucker, Tommaso, Zagt, Roderick J., Zawi?a-Nied?wiecki, Tomasz, Ammer, Christian, Zhu, Zhixin, Zo-Bi, Irié Casimir, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila P., Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo Antonio C., Karminov, Viktor N., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Bánki, Olaf S., Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean François, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier B., Brancalion, Pedro Henrique Santin, Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel J.W., Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Kearsley, Elizabeth, César, Ricardo Gomes, Češljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Han Y.H., Chisholm, Chelsea L., Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David B., Colletta, Gabriel Dalla, Condit, Richard S., Kenfack, David, Coomes, David Anthony, Cornejo-Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José Javier, Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan R., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, Gasper, André Luís de, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Kennard, Deborah K., Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian J., Eyre, Teresa J., Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom Maurice, Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine Dawn, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David J., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas J., Zhao, Xiuhai, Hengeveld, Geerten M., Herbohn, John L., Herold, M., Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Euridice N., Huber, Markus O., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Keppel, Gunnar, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzi?ski, Andrzej M., Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyunseok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Zhang, Chunyu, Lewis, Simon L., Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia Vasil’evna, Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder Singh, Marcon, Éric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon Júnior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel H., Routh, Devin, Martynenko, Olga V., Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Moreno, Vanessa Sousa, Mukul, Sharif Ahmed, Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria Guadalupe, Peay, Kabir G., Neill, David A., Neldner, Victor John, Neveni?, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal Alex, Oleksyn, Jacek K., Ontikov, Petr V., Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Abegg, Meinrad, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc P.E., Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo Luis, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez, Piotto, Daniel, Adou Yao, Constant Yves, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, L., Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Ramírez Arévalo, Freddy R., Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir Gonçalves, Alberti, Giorgio, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, F., Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry G., Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica M., and Schöngart, Jochen
Subjects: Sergio, Erratum, Error
Abstract: In this Letter, the middle initial of author G. J. Nabuurs was omitted, and he should have been associated with an additional affiliation: ‘Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands’ (now added as affiliation 182). In addition, the following two statements have been added to the Supplementary Acknowledgements. (1): ‘We would particularly like to thank The French NFI for the work of the many field teams and engineers, who have made extraordinary efforts to make forest inventory data publicly available.’ (1): ‘Sergio de Miguel benefited from a Serra- Húnter Fellowship provided by the Generalitat of Catalonia.’ Finally, the second sentence of the Methods section should have cited the French NFI, which provided a national forestry database used in our analysis, to read as follows: ‘The GFBi database consists of individual-based data that we compiled from all the regional and national GFBi forest-inventory datasets, including the French NFI (IGN—French National Forest Inventory, raw data, annual campaigns 2005 and following, https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159, site accessed on 01 January 2015)’. All of these errors have been corrected online. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Published: 2019

16. Low bandgap GaInAsSb thermophotovoltaic cells on GaAs substrate with advanced metamorphic buffer layer

Author: Lu, Qi, Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Carrington, Peter James, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, Beanland, Richard, Lu, Qi, Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Carrington, Peter James, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, and Beanland, Richard
Abstract: Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices based on GaInAsSb lattice matched to GaSb (100) substrates have demonstrated high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) in the mid-infrared spectral range, making them promising candidates for waste heat recovery from high temperature “blackbody” sources. In this work, the GaInAsSb alloy has been integrated onto more cost-effective GaAs (100) substrates by using advanced metamorphic buffer layer techniques in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which included an interfacial misfit (IMF) array at the GaSb/GaAs interface followed by GaInSb/GaSb dislocation filtering layers. The threading dislocations in the GaInAsSb region can be efficiently supressed, resulting in high quality materials for TPV applications. To determine the performance of the GaInAsSb TPV on GaAs it was compared with a cell grown lattice matched onto GaSb substrate having the same structure. The resulting TPV on GaAs exhibited similar dark current-voltage characteristics with that on GaSb. Under illumination from an 800 °C silicon nitride emitter, the short circuit current density (Jsc) from the GaInAsSb TPVs on GaAs reached more than 90% of the control cell on GaSb, and the open circuit voltage (Voc) exceeded 80% of the cell on GaSb. The EQE from the TPV on GaAs reached around 62%, the highest value reported from this type of TPV on GaAs. With improved TPV structure design, large area GaInAsSb TPV panels on GaAs substrates can be realized in the future for waste heat energy recovery applications.
Published: 2019

17. Hole capture and emission dynamics of type-II GaSb/GaAs quantum ring solar cells

Author: Wagener, Magnus C., Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Lu, Qi, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, Botha, Johannes Reinhardt, Carrington, Peter James, Wagener, Magnus C., Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Lu, Qi, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, Botha, Johannes Reinhardt, and Carrington, Peter James
Abstract: The capture cross-section, intersubband optical cross-section and non-radiative emission rates related to localized hole states are obtained for p-i-n solar cells containing GaSb/GaAs quantum rings embedded within the i-region of the device. The technique developed uses the intraband photoemission current to probe the charge state of the nanostructures during two-color excitation. Analysis of the excitation power dependence revealed a non-radiative hole capture lifetime of 12 ns under low excitation conditions, with high injection leading to the saturation of the hole occupancy within the quantum-rings. The decay characteristics of the optical hole emission current has also been exploited to determine the spectral and temperature dependence of the radiative and non-radiative hole escape mechanisms from the quantum-rings.
Published: 2019

18. An exploration into the efficacy of public warning signs : a zoo case study

Author: Parker, Ellie, Bramley, Lauren, Scott, Laura, Marshall, Andrew Robert, and Slocombe, Kathryn Elizabeth
Subjects: health care facilities, manpower, and services, education, health care economics and organizations
Abstract: Unauthorised feeding and touching of the animals by visitors to zoos and wildlife parks pose serious threats to the health of both animals and visitors alike. We tested the efficacy of four different “do not feed” signs designed to prevent zoo visitors from feeding a group of meerkats. Signs consisted of one of two different written messages and imagery of either a pair of watching human eyes, or meerkat pawprints as a control. Covert observation of visitor behaviour in the presence and absence of the signs was analysed. Visitors were significantly less likely to feed the meerkats when signs were present, than when they were absent. The effect of the signs was specific to the targeted behaviour in that feeding was reduced, but attempts to touch the meerkats increased with the presence of the signs. We did not find that the presence of watching eyes or the different wording on the signs affected the likelihood of visitors feeding the meerkats. We also examined factors that influenced the likelihood of visitors attending to the signs. We found that children were more likely to attend to signs than adults which has important implications for the design of such signs. Together our findings show that signs are effective in reducing the unwanted behaviours they target but may also result in displacement of these negative behaviours and that children are more likely to attend to these signs than adults.
Published: 2018

19. Coupling in type II GaSb/GaAs quantum ring solar cells

Author: Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Hodgson, Peter David, De La Mata, Maria, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Molina, S. I., Carrington, Peter James, Krier, Anthony, Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Hodgson, Peter David, De La Mata, Maria, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Molina, S. I., Carrington, Peter James, and Krier, Anthony
Published: 2018

20. Room temperature mid-infrared emission from faceted InAsSb multi quantum wells embedded in InAs nanowires

Author: Alhodaib, Aiyeshah, Noori, Yasir, Carrington, Peter James, Sanchez, Ana, Thompson, Michael Dermot, Young, Robert James, Krier, Anthony, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Alhodaib, Aiyeshah, Noori, Yasir, Carrington, Peter James, Sanchez, Ana, Thompson, Michael Dermot, Young, Robert James, Krier, Anthony, and Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian
Abstract: There is considerable interest in the development of InAsSb-based nanowires for infrared photonics due to their high tunability across the infrared spectral range, high mobility, and integration with silicon electronics. However, optical emission is currently limited to low temperatures due to strong nonradiative Auger and surface recombination. Here, we present a new structure based on conical type II InAsSb/InAs multiquantum wells within InAs nanowires which exhibit bright mid-infrared photoluminescence up to room temperature. The nanowires are grown by catalyst-free selective area epitaxy on silicon. This unique geometry confines the electron–hole recombination to within the quantum wells which alleviates the problems associated with recombination via surface states, while the quantum confinement of carriers increases the radiative recombination rate and suppresses Auger recombination. This demonstration will pave the way for the development of new integrated quantum light sources operating in the technologically important mid-infrared spectral range.
Published: 2018

21. InAs/InAsSb type-II strained-layer superlattices for mid-infrared LEDs

Author: Keen, James, Lane, Dominic, Kesaria, Manoj, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, Keen, James, Lane, Dominic, Kesaria, Manoj, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, and Krier, Anthony
Abstract: InAs/InAsSb type-II strained-layer superlattice (SLS) and multiple quantum well (MQW) structures have been studied for their suitability in the active region of mid-infrared LEDs operating at room temperature. A series of InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattices with low antimony content (x = 3.8 - 13.5 %) were grown by MBE on InAs substrates and characterised using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL). The SLS show superior temperature quenching behaviour compared with the MQW at the same wavelength, making them more attractive for use in the emitter active region. The 4 K PL spectra of these samples also exhibit the expected peak shift to longer wavelength and a reduction in intensity as the Sb content is increased. Band structure simulations highlight the effects of changing the superlattice, specifically the antimony content and the layer thicknesses, to tailor the overlap of the electron and hole wavefunctions and maximise the radiative recombination rate. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the PL emission spectra enabled the extraction of the quenching energies consistent with some suppression of Auger recombination in both the MQW and SLS structures. The MQW samples exhibit a changeover in the dominant radiative recombination above ~ 100 K associated with thermal emission of holes into the InAs barriers. This behaviour was not observed in the SLS. The resulting strained superlattices on InAs have potential for use as the active region in room temperature mid-infrared LEDs.
Published: 2018

22. Impact ionisation in Al0.9Ga0.1As0.08Sb0.92 for Sb-based avalanche photodiodes

Author: Collins, Xiao, Craig, Adam Patrick, Roblin, T., Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Collins, Xiao, Craig, Adam Patrick, Roblin, T., and Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian
Abstract: We report the impact ionisation coefficients of the quaternary alloy Al0.9Ga0.1As0.08Sb0.92 lattice matched to GaSb substrates within the field range of 150 to 550 kV cm-1 using p-i-n and n-i-p diodes of various intrinsic thicknesses. The coefficients were found with an evolutionary fitting algorithm using a non-local recurrence based multiplication model and a variable electric field profile. These coefficients not only indicate that an avalanche photodiode can be designed to be function in the mid-wave infrared, but also can be operated at lower voltages. This is due to the high magnitude of the impact ionisation coefficients at relatively low fields compared to other III-V materials typically used in avalanche multiplication regions.
Published: 2018

23. Transport of modulation-doped Al0.2Ga0.8Sb/GaSb heterojunctions

Author: Hanks, Laura, Hayne, Manus, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Ponomarenko, Leonid Alexandrovich, Hanks, Laura, Hayne, Manus, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, and Ponomarenko, Leonid Alexandrovich
Abstract: Mobilities and carrier densities of modulation doped Al0.2Ga0.8Sb/GaSb heterostructures are presented for the first time. The structures studied were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and consisted of a single heterojunction with Te compensation doping to reduce the intrinsic p-type background. Hall measurements were performed from 30–300 K, giving p-type mobilities peaking at 3240 cm2/Vs, a considerable improvement over previous reported bulk mobilities for samples with compensation doping. Growth trials on bulk material have also been carried out to investigate the optimum growth conditions for future structures, with the aim of minimising the occurrence of natural growth defects in GaSb, which act as acceptors. Together these measurements lay the ground work for (magneto)transport studies of two-dimensional charge-carriers in AlxGa1-xSb/GaSb heterostructures, which has not been previously reported.
Published: 2018

24. Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Author: Ferry Slik, J.W., Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard, Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., Van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George B., Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, Handanakere Shivaramai, Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Ronald D., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl A.O., Schmidt Eler, Eduardo, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Souza Garcia, Queila, Chandra Garkoti, Satish, Gillepsie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-François, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Rehman Hakeem, Khalid, Harris, David, Harrison, Rhett, Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon C., Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Bin Mahmud, Khairil, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto, Metali, Faizah, Medjibé, Vincent, Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, Lenza de Oliveira, Eddie, Onrizal, Onrizal, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-Garcia, Eudardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes Hamuraby, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Nizam Mohd Said, Mohd, Saiter, Felipe, Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio A., Dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, et al., Ferry Slik, J.W., Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard, Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., Van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George B., Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, Handanakere Shivaramai, Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Ronald D., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl A.O., Schmidt Eler, Eduardo, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Souza Garcia, Queila, Chandra Garkoti, Satish, Gillepsie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-François, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Rehman Hakeem, Khalid, Harris, David, Harrison, Rhett, Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon C., Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Bin Mahmud, Khairil, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto, Metali, Faizah, Medjibé, Vincent, Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, Lenza de Oliveira, Eddie, Onrizal, Onrizal, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-Garcia, Eudardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes Hamuraby, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Nizam Mohd Said, Mohd, Saiter, Felipe, Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio A., Dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, and et al.
Abstract: Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world's tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world's tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.
Published: 2018

25. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author: Sullivan, Martin J. P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jérôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, De Almeida, Everton Cristo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-François, Berry, Nicholas J., Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Cerón, Carlos, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chézeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Cogollo Pacheco, Álvaro, Comiskey, James A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Dargie, Greta C., Davies, Stuart J., De Cannière, Charles, Djuikouo Kamdem, Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry, Silva Espejo, Javier, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Khoon Kho, Lip, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Lovett, Jon C., Mpanya Lukasu, Faustin, Makana, Jean-Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Morandi, Paulo, Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Mukinzi, Jacques M., Nilus, Reuben, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Petronelli, Pascal, et al., Sullivan, Martin J. P., Talbot, Joey, Lewis, Simon L., Phillips, Oliver L., Qie, Lan, Begne, Serge K., Chave, Jérôme, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Hubau, Wannes, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Miles, Lera, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Ter Steege, Hans, White, Lee J.T., Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, De Almeida, Everton Cristo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Andrade, Ana, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Ashton, Peter, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Balinga, Michael, Banin, Lindsay F., Baraloto, Christopher, Bastin, Jean-François, Berry, Nicholas J., Bogaert, Jan, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Brienen, Roel, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Cerón, Carlos, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Chézeaux, Eric, Clark, Connie J., Cogollo Pacheco, Álvaro, Comiskey, James A., Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Dargie, Greta C., Davies, Stuart J., De Cannière, Charles, Djuikouo Kamdem, Marie Noel, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Erwin, Terry, Silva Espejo, Javier, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Herrera, Rafael, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Hall, Jefferson, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Khoon Kho, Lip, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Leal, Miguel, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Lovett, Jon C., Mpanya Lukasu, Faustin, Makana, Jean-Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Maracahipes, Leandro, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Morandi, Paulo, Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Mukinzi, Jacques M., Nilus, Reuben, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Petronelli, Pascal, and et al.
Abstract: Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.
Published: 2017

26. Integrating field and satellite data for spatially explicit inference on the density of threatened arboreal primates

Author: Cavada, Nathalie, Ciolli, Marco, Barelli, Claudia, Marshall, Andrew Robert, and Rovero, Francesco
Abstract: Spatially explicit models of animal abundance are a critical tool to inform conservation planning and management. However, they require the availability of spatially diffuse environmental predictors of abundance, which may be challenging, especially in complex and heterogeneous habitats. This is particularly the case for tropical mammals, such as nonhuman primates, that depend on multi-layered and species-rich tree canopy coverage, which is usually measured through a limited sample of ground plots. We developed an approach that calibrates remote-sensing imagery to ground measurements of tree density to derive basal area, in turn used as a predictor of primate density based on published models. We applied generalized linear models (GLM) to relate 9.8-ha ground samples of tree basal area to various metrics extracted from Landsat 8 imagery. We tested the potential of this approach for spatial inference of animal density by comparing the density predictions for an endangered colobus monkey, to previous estimates from field transect counts, measured basal area, and other predictors of abundance. The best GLM had high accuracy and showed no significant difference between predicted and observed values of basal area. Our species distribution model yielded predicted primate densities that matched those based on field measurements. Results show the potential of using open-access and global remote-sensing data to derive an important predictor of animal abundance in tropical forests and in turn to make spatially explicit inference on animal density. This approach has important, inherent applications as it greatly magnifies the relevance of abundance modeling for informing conservation. This is especially true for threatened species living in heterogeneous habitats where spatial patterns of abundance, in relation to habitat and/or human disturbance factors, are often complex and, management decisions, such as improving forest protection, may need to be focused on priority areas.
Published: 2016

27. Realising the potential of herbarium records for conservation biology

Author: Greve, Michelle, Lykke, Anne M., Marchant, Robert, Fagg, Christopher W., Gereau, Roy E., Lewis, Gwilym P., Marshall, Andrew Robert, Ndayishimiye, Joel, Bogaert, Jan, and Svenning, Jens-Christian
Abstract: One of the major challenges in ecosystem conservation is obtaining baseline data, particularly for regions that have been poorly inventoried, such as regions of the African continent. Here we use a database of African herbarium records and examples from the literature to show that, although herbarium records have traditionally been collected to build botanical reference "libraries" for taxonomic and inventory purposes, they provide valuable and useful information regarding species, their distribution in time and space, their traits, phenological characteristics, associated species and their physical environment. These data have the potential to provide invaluable information to feed into evidence-based conservation decisions.
Published: 2016

28. Udzungwa Red Colobus Piliocolobus gordonorum Matschie 1900

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert, Rovero, Francesco, Struhsaker, Thomas T., and Rowe, Noel
Published: 2016

29. Characterisation of Ga(1-x)In(x)Sb quantum wells (x~0.3) grown on GaAs using AlGaSb interface misfit buffer

Author: Hayton, Jonathan Paul, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Thompson, Michael Dermot, and Krier, Anthony
Abstract: GaInSb multiple quantum wells (MQW) grown on GaAs using an AlGaSb interface misfit (IMF) metamorphic buffer layer technique exhibit superior infrared photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature compared with MQW grown directly on GaSb. PL emission was obtained in the range from 1.7 μm (4 K) to 1.9 μm (300 K) from Ga1-xInxSb samples containing five compressively strained QW with In content x~0.3. Structural and optical characterisation confirms that the AlGaSb IMF growth technique is promising for the development of photonic devices operating at extended wavelengths based on GaAs substrates.
Published: 2015
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30. Low bandgap InAs-based thermophotovoltaic cells for heat-electricity conversion

Author: Krier, Anthony, Yin, Min, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Susan Elaine, Krier, Anthony, Yin, Min, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, and Krier, Susan Elaine
Abstract: The practical realization of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells, which can directly convert heat into electric power, is of considerable technological interest. However, most existing TPV cells require heat sources at temperatures of ∼1800°C. Here we report a low bandgap mid-infrared cell based on InAs and demonstrate TPV operation with heat sources at temperatures in the range 500–950°C. The maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) were measured as 0.06 V and 0.89 A cm−2 for a blackbody temperature of 950°C and an incident power density of 720 mW cm−2 without antireflection coating or electrode optimisation. TPV operation was obtained with heat sources at temperatures as low as 500°C, which represents progress towards energy scavenging and waste heat recovery applications.
Published: 2016

31. Type II GaSb/GaAs quantum rings with extended photoresponse for efficient solar cells

Author: Carrington, Peter James, Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Fujita, Hiromi, James Asirvatham, Juanita Saroj, Wagener, Magnus, Botha, Johannes Reinhardt, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Krier, Anthony, Carrington, Peter James, Montesdeoca Cardenes, Denise, Fujita, Hiromi, James Asirvatham, Juanita Saroj, Wagener, Magnus, Botha, Johannes Reinhardt, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, and Krier, Anthony
Abstract: The introduction of GaSb quantum dots (QDs) within a GaAs single junction solar cell is attracting increasing interest as a means of absorbing long wavelength photons to extend the photoresponse and increase the short-circuit current. The band alignment in this system is type-II, such that holes are localized within the GaSb QDs but there is no electron confinement. Compared to InAs QDs this produces a red-shift of the photoresponse which could increase the short-circuit current and improve carrier extraction. GaSb nanostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) tend to preferentially form quantum rings (QRs) which are less strained and contain fewer defects than the GaSb QDs, which means that they are more suitable for dense stacking in the active region of a solar cell to reduce the accumulation of internal strain and enhance light absorption. Here, we report the growth and fabrication of GaAs based p-i-n solar cells containing ten layers of GaSb QRs. They show extended long wavelength photoresponse into the near-IR up to 1400 nm and enhanced short-circuit current compared to the GaAs control cell due to absorption of low energy photons. Although enhancement of the short-circuit current was observed, the thermionic emission of holes was found to be insufficient for ideal operation at room temperature.
Published: 2016

32. Characterization of 6.1 Å III-V materials grown on GaAs and Si: a comparison of GaSb/GaAs epitaxy and GaSb/AlSb/Si epitaxy

Author: Craig, Adam, Carrington, Peter James, Liu, Huiyun, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Craig, Adam, Carrington, Peter James, Liu, Huiyun, and Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian
Abstract: GaSb p–i–n photodiodes were grown on GaAs and Si, using interfacial misfit arrays, and on native GaSb. For the samples grown on GaAs and Si, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed interface atomic periodicities in agreement with atomistic modeling. Surface defect densities of ~View the MathML source were measured for both samples. Atomic force microscopy scans revealed surface roughnesses of around 1.6 nm, compared with 0.5 nm for the sample grown on native GaSb. Dark current and spectral response measurements were used to study the electrical and optoelectronic properties of all three samples.
Published: 2016

33. Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

Author: Liang, Jingjing, Crowther, Thomas W., Picard, Nicolas, Wiser, Susan, Zhou, Mo, Alberti, Giorgio, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, McGuire, David, Bozzato, Fabio, Pretzsch, Hans, De Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, Alain, Herault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, Christopher B., Glick, Henry B., Hengeveld, Geerten M., Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Ammer, Christian, Schall, Peter, Verbyla, David, Tchebakova, Nadja, Fischer, Markus, Watson, James V., Chen, Han Y. H., Lei, Xiangdong, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Gianelle, Damiano, Parfenova, Elena I., Salas, Christian, Lee, Eungul, Lee, Boknam, Kim, Hyun Seok, Bruelheide, Helge, Coomes, David A., Piotto, Daniel, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Schmid, Bernhard, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Sonké, Bonaventure, Tavani, Rebecca, Zhu, Jun, Brandl, Susanne, Vayreda, Jordi, Kitahara, Fumiaki, Searle, Eric B., Neldner, Victor J., Ngugi, Michael R., Baraloto, Christopher, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Balazy, Radomir, Oleksyn, Jacek, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Bouriaud, Olivier, Bussotti, Filippo, Finér, Leena, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jucker, Tommaso, Valladares, Fernando, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Peri, Pablo Luis, Gonmadje, Christelle, Marthy, William, O'Brien, Timothy P., Martin, Emanuel, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Rovero, Francesco, Bitariho, Robert, Niklaus, Pascal A., Alvarez Loayza, Patricia, Chamuya, Nurdin, Valencia, Renato, Mortier, Frédéric, Wortel, Verginia, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Ferreira, Leandro V., Odeke, David E., Vasquez, Rodolfo, Lewis, Simon L., Reich, Peter B., Liang, Jingjing, Crowther, Thomas W., Picard, Nicolas, Wiser, Susan, Zhou, Mo, Alberti, Giorgio, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, McGuire, David, Bozzato, Fabio, Pretzsch, Hans, De Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, Alain, Herault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, Christopher B., Glick, Henry B., Hengeveld, Geerten M., Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Ammer, Christian, Schall, Peter, Verbyla, David, Tchebakova, Nadja, Fischer, Markus, Watson, James V., Chen, Han Y. H., Lei, Xiangdong, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Gianelle, Damiano, Parfenova, Elena I., Salas, Christian, Lee, Eungul, Lee, Boknam, Kim, Hyun Seok, Bruelheide, Helge, Coomes, David A., Piotto, Daniel, Sunderland, Terry C.H., Schmid, Bernhard, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Sonké, Bonaventure, Tavani, Rebecca, Zhu, Jun, Brandl, Susanne, Vayreda, Jordi, Kitahara, Fumiaki, Searle, Eric B., Neldner, Victor J., Ngugi, Michael R., Baraloto, Christopher, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Balazy, Radomir, Oleksyn, Jacek, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Bouriaud, Olivier, Bussotti, Filippo, Finér, Leena, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Jucker, Tommaso, Valladares, Fernando, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Peri, Pablo Luis, Gonmadje, Christelle, Marthy, William, O'Brien, Timothy P., Martin, Emanuel, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Rovero, Francesco, Bitariho, Robert, Niklaus, Pascal A., Alvarez Loayza, Patricia, Chamuya, Nurdin, Valencia, Renato, Mortier, Frédéric, Wortel, Verginia, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Ferreira, Leandro V., Odeke, David E., Vasquez, Rodolfo, Lewis, Simon L., and Reich, Peter B.
Abstract: The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone—US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation—is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.
Published: 2016

34. Reprint of 'mid-infrared InAsSb-based nBn photodetectors with AlGaAsSb barrier layers - Grown on GaAs, using an interfacial misfit array, and on native GaSb'

Author: Craig, Adam, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Tian, Z.-B., Krishna, S., Craig, Adam, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Tian, Z.-B., and Krishna, S.
Abstract: InAsSb-based nBn photodetectors were fabricated on GaAs, using the interfacial misfit (IMF) array growth mode, and on native GaSb. At −0.1 V operating bias, 200 K dark current densities of 1.4 × 10−5 A cm−2 (on GaAs) and 4.8 × 10−6 A cm−2 (on GaSb) were measured. At the same temperature, specific detectivity (D*) figures of 1.2 × 1010 Jones (on GaAs) and 7.2 × 1010 Jones (on GaSb) were calculated. Arrhenius plots of the dark current densities yielded activation energies of 0.37 eV (on GaAs) and 0.42 eV (on GaSb). These values are close to the 4 K bandgap of the absorption layers (0.32–0.35 eV) indicating diffusion limited dark currents and small valence band offsets. Significantly, these devices could be used for mid-infrared focal plane arrays operating within the temperature range of cost-effective thermoelectric coolers.
Published: 2015

35. Field conservation by BIAZA zoos : How well are we doing?

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert and Deere, Nicolas John
Published: 2011

36. Relative densities of mammals in response to different levels of bushmeat hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

Author: Topp-Jorgensen, J E, Nielsen, Martin R., Marshall, Andrew Robert, and Pedersen, Ulrik B.
Abstract: Bushmeat hunting constitutes the most immediate threat to wildlife populations in the Udzungwa Mountains of the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot. This study assesses the impact of hunting by comparing densities of mammalian species between the little hunted West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve (WKSFR), the medium-hunted Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (USFR) and the intensively hunted New Dabaga Ulangambi Forest Reserve (NDUFR). Of the 22 species recorded, 20 were present in WKSFR, 17 in USFR and 12 in NDUFR. Most large species (>40 kg.) were absent from hunted areas, while medium-sized species were reduced more than smaller species. Few traces of Abbot’s duiker were observed in hunted areas and bush pig was reduced below 85% in hunted areas. Hunting appears to have little effect on primates, blue duiker, Harvey’s duiker, aardvark, eastern tree hyrax, and giant pouched rat in USFR, while hunting in NDUFR only seems of less concern for primates and giant pouched rat. Thus, the effect of hunting appears to be proportional to the size of the species and the intensity of hunting, although effects of life history strategy, forest fragment size, isolation, and previous logging cannot be excluded. Reductions of hunting levels are paramount to the survival of large bodied species in USFR and for the continued presence of most species in NDUFR. This study furthermore constitutes an important baseline for monitoring the effect of current efforts to implement joint forest management in the Udzungwa Mountains.
Published: 2009

37. Taarifa ya Kiikolojia ya Msitu wa Magombera

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert and Mtoka, Samuel N.
Abstract: Muhutasari Mkuu Maelezo ya Awali Msitu wa Magombera ni eneo la misitu ya kitropiki ya nyanda za chini lililo katika tishio la kutoweka, lililojulikana kitambo kwa thamani kubwa ya bioanuai. Kati ya misitu yaTanzania ulijulikana kwa sababu ya savei za mwanzo na historia tata ya usimamizi wake. Savei ya kwanza ya kina ya mimea na wanyama pekee ilipelekea mamlaka zote za usimamizi kukubali kuwa eneo hilo liunganishwe katika pori la akiba la Selous lililo jirani. Hata hivyo baada ya kubadilisha umiliki wa Idara kuu ya misitu na nyuki mwaka 1981, mchakato wa kuunganishwa katika pori la akiba la Selous haukukamilika na hivyo kuacha msitu pasipo hadhi madhubuti ya ulinzi. Hadhi hii ya kutolindwa vyema kwa msitu wa Magombera ilisisitizwa katika warsha ya mwaka 2004 iliyojadili vipaumbele katika milima ya Udzungwa na maeneo jirani yake. Hii ilifuatia matishio ya uharibifu ya kupatiwa eneo watu waliokaa kiharamu katika mashamba ya miwa yaliyo jirani na dukuduku kutoka katika jamii ya wahifadhi mazingira kitaifa na kimataifa, ikijumuisha Mheshimiwa waziri wa maliasili na utalii na mkuu wa shirika la ‘Conservation International.’ Kutoka katika warsha hii mipango iliwekwa ili kuanzisha mradi mpya wa uhifadhi chini ya ofisi ya programu Tanzania ya WWF. Katika taarifa hii matokeo ya utafiti wa kiikolojia wa mradi mpya yanawasilishwa, pamoja na takwimu zilizokusanywa mwaka 2003-5. Matokeo haya yana ziada ya maelezo toka katika maandiko/machapisho mengine ya tafiti mbalimbali. Lengo na Dhumuni Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa utafiti kwa mika kumi iliyopita, sasa tuna taarifa za kutumainiwa za ikolojia ya msitu wa Magombera ikilinganishwa na misitu mingine Tanzania. Lengo la taarifa hii ni kutoa nguvu ya hoja ya uboreshaji usimamizi na ufuatiliaji wa kiikolojia wa msitu wa Magombera. Kuna makusudio makuu saba: 1) Kujulisha njia za kitafiti na matokeo ya savei mbili za kiikolojia; 2) Kutambua umuhimu wa kiikolojia wa msitu wa Magombera; 3) Kuweka kipaumbele katika matishio; 4) Kuangalia afya ya msitu; 5) Kuangalia hadhi ya spishi chache adimu na viashiria; 6) Kujaribisha njia za kurejesha msitu katika hali yake ya asili; 7) Kutoa mapendekezo kwa usimamizi, maisha ya jamii na ufuatiliaji kwa wakati ujao.
Published: 2008

38. Quantifying the response of tree hyraxes (Dendrohyrax validus) to human disturbance in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania

Author: Topp-Jorgensen, J E, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Brink, Henry, and Pedersen, Ulrik B.
Abstract: Quantifying the effects of human disturbance on rare species is crucial for conservation. The eastern tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax validus), restricted to East Africa, is one of the region’s least studied mammals. This study assesses the effect of hunting and logging on density and calling behavior. We evaluate three methods for estimating relative density: circular plot counts of calling individuals, latrine counts, and daytime transect counts. Circular plots show that the density of calling individuals within one forest is positively related to canopy cover. Furthermore we estimate densities of 17.3 calling individuals ha-1 in a little-disturbed forest, 12.1 in a lightly disturbed forest, and zero in an intensely hunted and formerly logged forest. Other methods support this trend, thus confirming that D. validus is dependent on intact forest. Estimation of hyrax density (and relative density) is however highly problematic and the magnitude of the trend varied between methods. Despite methodological problems, the results clearly highlight the discordance between Forest Reserve legislation and management, a conservation concern throughout the tropics.
Published: 2008

39. Tropical moist forests

Author: Lovett, Jon C., Marchant, Robert, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Barber, J., Hesler, R. E., and Harrison, R. M.
Published: 2007

40. Short-Wave Infrared GaInAsSb Photodiodes Grown on GaAs Substrate by Interfacial Misfit Array Technique

Author: Nunna, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Tan, Siew Li, Reyner, Charles J., Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Liang, Baolai, Jallipalli, Anitha, David, John P. R., Huffaker, Diana L., Nunna, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Tan, Siew Li, Reyner, Charles J., Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Liang, Baolai, Jallipalli, Anitha, David, John P. R., and Huffaker, Diana L.
Abstract: We report GaInAsSb-based p-i-n photodiodes operating in the 2-2.4-mu m wavelength range grown on GaAs (100) substrates using the interfacial misfit (IMF) array technique. A zero-bias dynamic-resistance-area product of 260 Omega cm(2) and a room temperature peak responsivity of 0.8 A/W (at 2 mu m) with an estimated maximum detectivity (D*) of similar to 3.8x10(10) cm Hz(1/2) W-1 is obtained in the photodiodes at -0.2 V. These preliminary results of the IMF-based GaInAsSb detectors are comparable to similar detectors grown on native GaSb substrates demonstrating the potential of the IMF array growth mode to realize high-quality Sb-based infrared detectors on GaAs substrates.
Published: 2012

41. Avalanche Multiplication and Excess Noise in InAs Electron Avalanche Photodiodes at 77 K

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Vines, Peter, Ker, Pin Jern, David, John P. R., Tan, Chee Hing, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, Vines, Peter, Ker, Pin Jern, David, John P. R., and Tan, Chee Hing
Abstract: The findings of a study of impact ionization, avalanche multiplication and excess noise in InAs avalanche photodiodes at 77 K are reported. It is shown that hole impact ionization is negligible in practical devices which continue to operate as electron avalanche photodiodes, as they do at room temperature. A new electron ionization coefficient capable of modeling multiplication at 77 K is presented and it is shown that significant multiplication can be achieved in practical devices without excessive tunneling currents. The characteristic changes observed between room temperature and 77 K are discussed. This paper helps to demonstrate the potential for practical InAs electron avalanche photodiodes, operating cooled.
Published: 2011

42. Short-Wave Infrared GaInAsSb Photodiodes Grown on GaAs Substrate by Interfacial Misfit Array Technique

Author: Nunna, Kalyan Chakravarthy, primary, Tan, Siew Li, additional, Reyner, Charles J., additional, Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, additional, Liang, Baolai, additional, Jallipalli, Anitha, additional, David, John P. R., additional, and Huffaker, Diana L., additional
Published: 2012
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43. Avalanche Multiplication and Excess Noise in InAs Electron Avalanche Photodiodes at 77 K

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert Julian, primary, Vines, Peter, additional, Ker, Pin Jern, additional, David, John P. R., additional, and Tan, Chee Hing, additional
Published: 2011
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Using The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to Forcast Probable Impacts, and Planning Implications, of a 500-year Tsunami in Cayucos, California

Author: Marshall, Andrew Robert, primary
Full Text: View/download PDF

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