Search

Rearrangements and overexpression of CRLF2 are hallmarks of poor outcomes in BCR::ABL1 -like B-ALL, and CRLF2 overexpression is a high-risk marker in T-ALL. However, CRLF2 alterations in pediatric hematologic malignancies other than B-ALL have not been reported. In this study, we analyzed the CRLF2 overexpression, rearrangements ( P2RY8::CRLF2 and IGH::CRLF2 ), activation (pSTAT5 and pERK), and the expression of dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms (Ik6 and Ik8), implied in CRLF2 dysregulation, in 16 pediatric patients (AML, n  = 9; T-ALL, n  = 3; LBL, n  = 2; HL, n  = 1; cytopenia, n  = 1). A high frequency of CRLF2 rearrangements and overexpression was found in the 16 patients: 28.6% (4/14) showed CRLF2 overexpression, 93.8% (15/16) were positive for CRLF2 total protein (cell-surface and/or cytoplasmic), while 62.5% (10/16) were positive for P2RY8::CRLF2 and 12.6% (2/16) for IGH::CRLF2 . In addition, 43.8% (7/16) expressed Ik6 and Ik8 isoforms. However, only a few patients were positive for the surrogate markers pSTAT5 (14.3%; 2/14) and pERK (21.4%; 3/14).

Ph-like subtypes with CRLF2 abnormalities are frequent among Hispano-Latino children with pre-B ALL. Therefore, there is solid ground to suggest that this subtype is frequent in Mexican patients. The genomic complexity of Ph-like subtype constitutes a challenge for diagnosis, as it requires diverse genomic methodologies that are not widely available in diagnostic centers in Mexico. Here, we propose a diagnostic strategy for Ph-like ALL in accordance with our local capacity. Pre-B ALL patients without recurrent gene fusions (104) were classified using a gene-expression profile based on Ph-like signature genes analyzed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of the CRLF2 transcript and protein were determined by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. The P2RY8::CRLF2 , IGH::CRLF2, ABL1/2 rearrangements, and Ik6 isoform were screened using RT-PCR and FISH. Surrogate markers of Jak2-Stat5/Abl/Ras pathways were analyzed by phosphoflow. Mutations in relevant kinases/transcription factors genes in Ph-like were assessed by target-specific NGS. A total of 40 patients (38.5%) were classified as Ph-like; of these, 36 had abnormalities associated with Jak2-Stat5 and 4 had Abl. The rearrangements IGH::CRLF2, P2RY8::CRLF2 , and iAMP21 were particularly frequent. We propose a strategy for the detection of Ph-like patients, by analyzing the overexpression/genetic lesions of CRLF2 , the Abl phosphorylation of surrogate markers confirmed by gene rearrangements, and Sanger sequencing.

The gene fusions BCR-ABL1, TCF3-PBX1, and ETV6-RUNX1 are recurrent in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and are found with low frequency in coexistence with CRLF2 (cytokine receptor-like factor 2) rearrangements and overexpression. There is limited information regarding the CRLF2 abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms associated with surrogate markers of Jak2, ABL, and Ras signaling pathways. To assess this, we evaluated 24 Mexican children with B-ALL positive for recurrent gene fusions at diagnosis. We found CRLF2 rearrangements and/or overexpression, dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, and surrogate phosphorylated markers of signaling pathways coexisting with recurrent gene fusions. All the BCR-ABL1 patients expressed CRLF2 and were positive for pCrkl (ABL); most of them were also positive for pStat5 (Jak2/Stat5) and negative for pErk (Ras). TCF3-PBX1 patients with CRLF2 abnormalities were positive for pStat5, most of them were also positive for pCrkl, and two patients were also positive for pErk. One patient with ETV6-RUNX1 and intracellular CRLF2 protein expressed pCrkl. In some cases, the activated signaling pathways were reverted in vitro by specific inhibitors. We further analyzed a TCF3-PBX1 patient at relapse, identifying a clone with the recurrent gene fusion, P2RY8-CRLF2, rearrangement, and phosphorylation of the three surrogate markers that we studied. These results agree with the previous reports regarding resistance to treatment observed in patients with recurrent gene fusions and coexisting CRLF2 gene abnormalities. A marker phosphorylation signature was identified in BCR-ABL1 and TCF3-PBX1 patients. To obtain useful information for the assessment of treatment in B-ALL patients with recurrent gene fusions, we suggest that they should be evaluated at diagnosis for CRLF2 gene abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, in addition to the analyses of activation and inhibition of signaling pathways., (© 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research published by The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland & John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Nonmosaic trisomy involving 19p13.3p13.2 is a very uncommon abnormality. At present, only 12 cases with this genetic condition have been reported in the literature. However, the size of the trisomic fragment is heterogeneous and thus, the clinical spectrum is variable. Herein, we report the clinical and cytogenetic characterization of a 5-year-old boy with nonmosaic trisomy 19p13.3p13.2 (7.38 Mb), generated by a derivative Y chromosome resulting from a de novo unbalanced translocation t(Y;19)(q12;p13.2). We demonstrated the integrity of the euchromatic regions in the abnormal Y chromosome to confirm the pure trisomy 19p. Our patient shares some clinical features described in other reported patients with pure trisomy 19p, such as craniofacial anomalies, developmental delay, and heart defects. Different to previous reports, our case exhibits frontal pachygyria and polymicrogyria. These additional features contribute to further delineate the clinical spectrum of trisomy 19p13.3p13.2., (© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.)