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Summary: A robust model predictive control scheme for a class of constrained norm‐bounded uncertain discrete‐time linear systems is developed under the hypothesis that only partial state measurements are available for feedback. The proposed strategy involves a two‐phase procedure. Initialization phase is devoted to determining an admissible, though not optimal, linear memoryless controller capable to formally address the input rate constraint; then, during on‐line phase, predictive capabilities complement the designed controller by means of N steps free control actions in a receding horizon fashion. These additive control actions are obtained by solving semidefinite programming problems subject to linear matrix inequalities constraints. As computational burden grows linearly with the control horizon length, an example is developed to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for realistic control problems: the design of a flight control law for a flexible unmanned over‐actuated aircraft, where the states of the flexibility dynamics are not measurable, is discussed, and a numerical implementation of the controller within a nonlinear simulation environment testifies the validity of the proposed approach and the possibility to implement the algorithm on an onboard computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community has recognized that almost 99% of the microbial life on earth is represented by biofilms. Considering the impacts of their sessile lifestyle on both natural and human activities, extensive experimental activity has been carried out to understand how biofilms grow and interact with the environment. Many mathematical models have also been developed to simulate and elucidate the main processes characterizing the biofilm growth. Two main mathematical approaches for biomass representation can be distinguished: continuum and discrete. This review is aimed at exploring the main characteristics of each approach. Continuum models can simulate the biofilm processes in a quantitative and deterministic way. However, they require a multidimensional formulation to take into account the biofilm spatial heterogeneity, which makes the models quite complicated, requiring significant computational effort. Discrete models are more recent and can represent the typical multidimensional structural heterogeneity of biofilm reflecting the experimental expectations, but they generate computational results including elements of randomness and introduce stochastic effects into the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new algorithm to design voltage waveforms for plasma Breakdown in Tokamaks. • Takes into account quadratic constraints as force and power in an efficient way. • Includes switching network resistors an BD time via a Genetic Algorithm approach. • The procedure is proved to be effective on DEMO. Plasma initiation is an important phase in a tokamak discharge. The main objective of magnetic control in this phase is to first obtain sufficiently high electric field and connection length (implying a low poloidal magnetic field) in the breakdown region, and then, once plasma is formed, to force the plasma current to increase, guaranteeing force balance equilibrium. The problem is dominated by the presence of significant eddy currents induced in the passive structures and by the many constraints due to the coil system and power supplies. The present paper shows how, with minor simplifying hypotheses, the magnetic control design problem can be converted into a Quadratic Programming problem with both linear and quadratic constraints that can be solved with an ad hoc iterative algorithm. On the other hand, the full design problem, including the choice of possible Switching Network resistors, becomes nonlinear and an evolutionary Genetic Algorithm solver is proposed. The algorithms are tested on DEMO breakdown and early ramp-up design which is a quite challenging problem because of the large distance between active coils and vacuum chamber, the presence of shielding passive structures with large time constants, and the active constraints on the CS/PF coil system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the application of the task priority null-space behavioural technique to the coordinated control of a team of flying vehicles with hovering capabilities, such as helicopters or quadrotors, in the presence of obstacles and no-fly zones. Once a flight mission is assigned to the team in terms of a target region to reach, each flying vehicle is required to accomplish four tasks with assigned priorities. Formation flight and collisions avoidance with other vehicles and unknown or moving obstacles tasks are formulated via analytical expressions as required by the classical null-space behavioural approach. Move to target and a priori known obstacle avoidance behaviours are obtained by solving a partial differential equation problem within the flight domain. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is discussed with regards to two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the results of combined geological, structural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies carried out on Quaternary deposits in the Picentini Mountains, southern Apennines (Italy). The study concerns four small continental basins, Acerno, Tizzano, Iumaiano, and Piano del Gaudo, related to fluvial-lacustrine depositional environments, ranging in altitude from 600 to 1,200 m a.s.l. and strongly incised during recent time. Stratigraphic and structural analyses, integrated by low- and high-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), show that the formation of these basins has been controlled by extensional and transtensional tectonics. Most of the AMS sites exhibit a well-defined magnetic foliation parallel to the bedding planes. A well-defined magnetic lineation has also been measured within the foliation planes. In the Iumaiano, Tizzano, and Piano del Gaudo basins, magnetic lineations cluster around NNE-SSW trend and are parallel to the stretching directions inferred by structural analysis of faults and fractures. On the basis of structural, sedimentological, and high-field AMS data, we suggest a tectonic origin for the magnetic lineation, analogously to what has been observed in other weakly deformed sediments from Neogene and Quaternary extensional basins of the Mediterranean region. Our results demonstrate that onset and the evolution of the investigated basins have been mainly controlled since lower Pleistocene by NW-SE normal and transtensional faults. This deformation pattern is consistent with a prevalent NE-SW extensional tectonic regime, still active in southern Apennines, as revealed by seismological and geodetic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern Apennines is characterized by active extensional tectonics with NE–SW stretching direction. The seismicity of the region is very well understood and continuously monitored. In contrast, the onset of extensional tectonics is chronologically poorly constrained. The aim of this study is that to give important constraints on the development of extensional regime and the onset of the continental deposition during Quaternary in Southern Apennines. We report the results of palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses from four Quaternary small intramontane basins in the Picentini Mountains (Southern Apennines). The sedimentary sequences are located at different altitudes, from 600 to 1200 m a.s.l., and were deposited in fluvial-lacustrine environments. We sampled 29 sites in clays and lacustrine limestones from Tizzano, Piano del Gaudo and Acerno basins and in red palaeosoils and matrix-supported conglomerates from the Iumaiano basins. In the clay and limestones samples magnetite, titano-magnetite, hematite and iron-sulphide have been recognized as the main magnetic carriers, whereas magnetite and hematite characterize the Iumaiano conglomerates and red soils. Palaeomagnetic results have been integrated with published radiometric data in order to constrain the age of each sedimentary basins. Sites from the Iumaiano basin, which represents the substrate of the Tizzano and Piano del Gaudo basins, show a reverse polarity and therefore have been attributed to the lower Matuyama chron. In contrast, palaeomagnetic data from Tizzano basin show a transition from reversed to normal polarity along the exposed section, which has been interpreted as the Matuyama/Brunhes transition. Sites from Acerno and Piano del Gaudo basins show a normal polarity, which, according to radiometric and pollen data, have been correlated to the Brunhes epoch. On the base of such results we discuss the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the basins and the role of extensional tectonics in this portion of the Southern Apennine during the Quaternary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study we analyse the magnetic and mineral fabric of clay sediments that appear homogeneous and not deformed at the outcrop scale. We integrate low-field, high-field and low-temperature AMS analyses with neutron diffraction pole figures analysis as an alternative approach to studying the deformation mechanisms that drive the development of the magnetic lineation in these sediments. The studied sediments are Neogene claystones sampled from the Rif Chain (Morocco). High-field AMS measurements carried out on a large number of samples show that the relative percentage of the ferrimagnetic contribution is not significant (generally <5%) and paramagnetic contribution prevails (generally >95%). The principal axes of both components coincide with those of the low-field AMS at room and low temperatures. These results indicate that the magnetic anisotropy of the studied samples is predominantly carried by the paramagnetic phyllosilicates, i.e. chlorite, as deduced by X-ray diffraction. Neutron texture analysis confirms that the different AMS ellipsoids obtained with different magnetic methods reflect the spatial distribution of the basal planes of chlorite, demonstrating the great potential of the AMS to determine the mineral orientation fabric. The combination of these different approaches enables to establish a more accurate qualitative and quantitative correlation between the chlorite fabric and magnetic anisotropy and yields valuable information about the tectonic meaning of the magnetic fabric. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sensitivity studies performed as part of the ITER IO design review highlighted a very stiff dependence of the maximum Q attainable on the machine parameters. In particular, in the considered range, the achievable Q scales with I p ^4. As a consequence, the achievement of the ITER objective of Q =10 requires the machine to be routinely operated at a nominal current I p of 15MA, and at full toroidal field BT of 5.3T. This paper analyses the capabilities of the poloidal field (PF) system (including the central solenoid) of ITER against realistic full current plasma scenarios. An exploration of the ITER operational space for the 15 and 17MA inductive scenario is carried out. An extensive analysis includes the evaluation of margins for the closed loop shape control action. The overall results of this analysis indicate that the control of a 15MA plasma in ITER is likely to be adequate in the range of li 0.7–0.9 whereas, for a 17MA plasma, control capabilities are strongly reduced. The ITER operational space, provided by the reference pre-2008 PF system, was rather limited if compared to the range of parameters normally observed in present experiment. Proposals for increasing the current and field limits on PF2, PF5 and PF6, adjustment on the number of turns in some of the PF coils, changes to the divertor dome geometry, to the conductor of PF6 to Nb3Sn, moving PF6 radially and/or vertically are described and evaluated in the paper. Some of them have been included in 2008 ITER revised configuration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present-day arcuate shape of the Calabrian Arc has been accomplished during Neogene and Early Pleistocene by large and opposite vertical axis rotations along the two arms of the Arc. Clockwise (CW) rotations have been systematically registered in Sicily and Calabria, whereas counterclockwise (CCW) rotations were measured in Southern Apennines. Such opposite vertical axis rotations ceased in the uppermost part of the Lower Pleistocene (about 1 Ma ago) along almost the entire Calabrian Arc and are not observed in the present-day GPS velocity field. The end of the Calabrian Arc bending during the Quaternary marks a decrease in the efficiency of the tectonic processes related to the long-lived subduction of the Ionian slab, which caused the halting of the back-arc opening in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present some new tools used to review the capability of the ITER Poloidal Field (PF) system in controlling the broad range of plasma configurations presently forecasted during ITER operation. The attention is focused on the axi-symmetric aspects of plasma magnetic configuration control since they pose the greatest challenges in terms of control power and they have the largest impact on machine capital cost. Some preliminary results obtained during ongoing activities in collaboration between ENEA/CREATE and EFDA are presented. The paper is divided in two main parts devoted, respectively, to the presentation of a procedure for the PF current optimisation during the scenario, and of a software environment for the study of the PF system capabilities using the plasma linearized response. The proposed PF current optimisation procedure is then used to assess Scenario 2 design, also taking into account the presence of axisymmetric eddy currents and possible variations of poloidal beta and internal inductance. The numerical linear model based tool derived from the JET oriented eXtreme Shape Controller (XSC) tools is finally used to obtain results on the strike point sweeping in ITER. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New paleomagnetic results from Neogene sedimentary sequences from the Betic chain (Spain) are here presented. Sedimentary basins located in different areas were selected in order to obtain paleomagnetic data from structural domains that experienced different tectonic evolution during the Neogene. Whereas no rotations have been evidenced in the Late Tortonian sediments in the Guadalquivir foreland basin, clockwise vertical axis rotations have been measured in sedimentary basins located in the central part of the Betics: the Aquitanian to Messinian sediments in the Alcalà la Real basin and the Tortonian and Messinian sediments in the Granada basin. Moreover, counterclockwise vertical axis rotations, associated to left lateral strike-slip faults have been locally measured from sedimetary basins in the eastern Betics: the Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene sites from the Lorca and Vera basins and, locally, the Tortonian units of the Huercal-Overa basin. Our results show that, conversely from what was believed up to now, paleomagnetic rotations continued in the Betics after Late Miocene, enhancing the role of vertical axis rotations in the recent tectonic evolution of the Gibraltar Arc. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The performance of a photovoltaic module is studied versus environmental variables such as solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed. Two types of simplified models are studied in this paper: a PV module temperature model and a PV module electrical efficiency model. These models have been validated utilizing experimental data from two experiments: a 850Wp grid connected photovoltaic system and a p-Si module with eight temperature sensors integrated into the module. Both models have been coupled to determine the PV array output power versus the three meteorological parameters. This simple model using a simple energy balance and neglecting the radiation effects is in good agreement with the experimental data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In extensional sedimentary basins fine-grained sediments that appear undeformed at the outcrop scale can carry a magnetic fabric consistent with the regional deformation pattern. The origin of the magnetic lineation, which is often found in extensional basins, is not yet well understood. In clays from extensional basins in southern Italy, the magnetic lineation is tectonically controlled and oriented perpendicular to the main normal faults. A combined analysis of magnetic and mineral fabrics was made to gain insight into the processes that lead to a lineation in extensional settings. Low-field, high-field and low-temperature susceptibility measurements were used to distinguish the ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions to the magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. The magnetic anisotropy of the sediments is predominantly carried by paramagnetic phyllosilicates. Neutron texture analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of chlorite basal planes. Results demonstrate that the orientation of the magnetic lineation is related to the spatial distribution of chlorite, lying parallel to the common axis of differently oriented basal planes. A quantitative correlation between the magnetic and rock fabric was made comparing the low- and high-field magnetic anisotropy (AMS, HFA) to the theoretical anisotropy calculated from the chlorite-preferred orientation. A good linear correlation is found between the degree of theoretical anisotropy and the AMS and HFA. Results show that the integrated approach of magnetic and mineral fabric investigations represents a valid alternative tool for detecting grain scale and regional deformation patterns in weakly deformed extensional basins, where macroscopic evidence of deformation is often not visible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have studied the effect of small molecular weight inhibitors of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on the induction and effector phase of the contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHR) in a mouse model. Identification of nonsteroid small molecules is very important for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. The compounds that we tested were synthetically modified tripeptides (peptidomimetic compounds) POL-257, POL-509, POL-443, POL-491, and POL-647, with structures based on natural occurring peptides in snake venom. A well-known hydroxamate-based inhibitor of the MMPs, Batimastat (BB-94), was also used. We have shown that these peptidomimetics possess in vitro inhibitory activity against the MMP-2 (gelatinase-A), MMP-9 (gelatinase-B), and MMP-3 (stromelysin). They also inhibit metalloproteinases purified from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus and C. atrox snakes, which are very similar to the so-called A Desintegrine, A Metalloproteinase (ADAMs) enzymes. When injected intraperitonealy before the topical application of the contact sensitizer (picryl chloride) or before the challenge, these compounds significantly inhibited the development of CHR. BB-94 at doses 0.4 and 4 mg/kg before the sensitization or before the challenge almost completely abrogated the reaction. POL-257 and POL-443 were among the most active peptidomimetics tested. They inhibited the inflammatory reaction up to 70–80%, when applied either immediately before sensitization or before challenge. POL-509, a methylated derivative of POL-257, inhibited the CHR to 40–50% when administered at either challenge or sensitization. However, when applied 24 h before the challenge, it completely abrogated the inflammatory reaction. The results show that these small molecular weight peptidomimetic compounds, as well as BB-94, are able to significantly inhibit the CHR. This finding opens possibilities for using metalloproteinase inhibitors in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis and other inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the design of closed loop strategies for a class of two players zero-sum linear quadratic differential games, where each player does not know exactly the state equation and model it through a system subject to norm-bounded uncertainties. The finite horizon and the infinite horizon problems are both solved: it turns out that the optimal strategies, guaranteeing to each player a given level of performance, require, to be evaluated, the solution of two scaled differential (algebraic in the infinite horizon case) Riccati equations. A numerical example illustrates an application of the proposed technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A multiscale mathematical model is presented to describe de novo granulation, and the evolution of multispecies granular biofilms, in a continuously fed bioreactor. The granule is modelled as a spherical free boundary domain with radial symmetry. The equation governing the free boundary is derived from global mass balance considerations and takes into account the growth of sessile biomass as well as exchange fluxes with the bulk liquid. Starting from a vanishing initial value, the expansion of the free boundary is initiated by the attachment process, which depends on the microbial species concentrations within the bulk liquid and their specific attachment velocity. Nonlinear hyperbolic PDEs model the growth of the sessile microbial species, while quasi-linear parabolic PDEs govern the dynamics of substrates and invading species within the granular biofilm. Nonlinear ODEs govern the evolution of soluble substrates and planktonic biomass within the bulk liquid. The model is applied to an anaerobic, granular-based bioreactor system, and solved numerically to test its qualitative behaviour and explore the main aspects of de novo anaerobic granulation: ecology, biomass distribution, relative abundance, dimensional evolution of the granules and soluble substrates, and planktonic biomass dynamics within the bioreactor. The numerical results confirm that the model accurately describes the ecology and the concentrically layered structure of anaerobic granules observed experimentally, and that it can predict the effects on the process of significant factors, such as influent wastewater composition; granulation properties of planktonic biomass; biomass density; detachment intensity; and number of granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the identification of a mouse cDNA Tpd52l1 (tumor protein D52-like 1), which represents the first demonstrated orthologue of the human TPD52L1 (alias D53) gene, a member of the breast carcinoma-associated TPD52 (alias D52) gene family. In situ hybridization mapping located the Tpd52l1 gene to chromosome 10A4–10B2. Since the TPD52L1 gene is found at human chromosome 6q22→q23, the mouse and human TPD52L1 loci are syntenically conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A local sensitivity analysis was performed for a chemically synthesized elemental sulfur (S0)-based two-step denitrification model, accounting for nitrite (NO2-) accumulation, biomass growth and S0 hydrolysis. The sensitivity analysis was aimed at verifying the model stability, understanding the model structure and individuating the model parameters to be further optimized. The mass specific area of the sulfur particles (a*) and hydrolysis kinetic constant (k1) were identified as the dominant parameters on the model outputs, i.e. nitrate (NO3-), NO2- and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations, confirming that the microbially catalyzed S0 hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step during S0-driven denitrification. Additionally, the maximum growth rates of the denitrifying biomass on NO3- and NO2- were detected as the most sensitive kinetic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassaemia intermedia is a moderate form of thalassaemia resulting from various genetic defects. We report an undescribed mechanism leading to this condition: a somatic deletion of the beta-globin gene in the haemopoietic lineage of a heterozygous beta-thalassaemic patient. We did molecular studies and haemoglobin analysis of the patient and his parents. We found that the deletion gives rise to a mosaic of cells with either one or no functional beta-globin gene and it extends to a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity called LOH11A, which is located close to the beta-globin locus. Thus, loss of heterozygosity can be a cause of non-malignant genetic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the trajectory control strategies for the de-orbiting and re-entry phases of a micro satellite equipped with a deployable and controlled aero-brake. They are framed in the design of the Italian space mission MISTRAL (MIcro-SaTellite with Air-Launchable Re-entry capabilities) developed under the supervision of the DAC-Campanian Aerospace District. The proposed control approach makes use of two different control strategies for the de-orbiting and re-entry phases, respectively. The former is based on a linear quadratic optimal control, whereas the latter is based on a model predictive control approach. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach which guarantees a good compromise between stability and performance during the mission phases of interest. • A control strategy for the de-orbiting and re-entry phase of a micro-satellite using a deployable aero-brake is proposed. • An LQR-based approach with state feedback is used for the de-orbiting phase. • An MPC approach with a terminal cost on the prediction time horizon is used for the re-entry phase. • Performance is assessed numerically by modelling both the entire GNC system and the satellite dynamics. • The achieved tracking error is compatible with the required landing accuracy of 250 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction and operation of the JT-60SA tokamak is the main project currently carried out jointly by Japan and the European Union under the Broader Approach agreement. Within the Integrated Project Team, Japanese and European scientists are developing and testing a number of tools to support preliminary studies and future operations of JT-60SA. Within this collaborative framework, European scientists are using a set of assessed modeling tools to design and validate possible solutions for the plasma magnetic control system of JT-60SA. This paper introduces these tools and describes a possible control architecture to be used on the JT-60SA tokamak. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture is shown by means of numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plasma Control System (PCS) is in charge of robustly controlling the evolution of plasma parameters against model uncertainties and disturbances, with the aim of achieving the envisaged goals and performance. The PCS design process follows a System-Engineering approach to support all the design phases, from control algorithms specifications to the verification and validation tests for various components. A case study concerning the design of the Correction Coils Current Controllers is presented in this paper. The aim is to show on a smaller scale the approach that is applied to the entire design of the PCS, by highlighting its effectiveness, from the refinement of the requirements, up to their validation in the simulation environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We report on new stratigraphic, palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results from the Amantea basin, located on-shore along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Calabrian Arc (Italy). The Miocene Amantea Basin formed on the top of a brittlely extended upper plate, separated from a blueschist lower plate by a low-angle top-to-the-west extensional detachment fault. The stratigraphic architecture of the basin is mainly controlled by the geometry of the detachment fault and is organized in several depositional sequences, separated by major unconformities. The first sequence (DS1) directly overlaps the basement units, and is constituted by Serravallian coarse-grained conglomerates and sandstones. The upper boundary of this sequence is a major angular unconformity locally marked by a thick palaeosol (type 1 sequence boundary). The second depositional sequence DS2 (middle Tortonian-early Messinian) is mainly formed by conglomerates, passing upwards to calcarenites, sandstones, claystones and diatomites. Finally, Messinian limestones and evaporites form the third depositional sequence (DS3). Our new biostratigraphic data on the Neogene deposits of the Amantea basin indicate a hiatus of 3 Ma separating sequences DS1 and DS2. The structural architecture of the basin is characterized by faulted homoclines, generally westward dipping, dissected by eastward dipping normal faults. Strike-slip faults are also present along the margins of the intrabasinal structural highs. Several episodes of syn-depositional tectonic activity are marked by well-exposed progressive unconformities, folds and capped normal faults. Three main stages of extensional tectonics affected the area during Neogene-Quaternary times: (1) Serravallian low-angle normal faulting; (2) middle Tortonian high-angle syn-sedimentary normal faulting; (3) Messinian-Quaternary high-angle normal faulting. Extensional tectonics controlled the exhumation of high-P/low-T metamorphic rocks and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CREATE-NL+ is a FEM (Finite Elements Method) solver of the free boundary dynamic plasma equilibrium problem, i.e. the MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics) time evolution of 2D axisymmetric plasmas in toroidal nuclear fusion devices, including eddy currents in the passive structures, and feedback control laws for current, position and shape control. This is an improved version of the CREATE-NL code developed in 2002 which was validated on JET and used for the design of the XSC (eXtreme Shape Controller), and for simulation studies on many existing and future tokamaks. A significant improvement was the use of a robust numerical scheme for the calculation of the Jacobian matrix within the Newton based scheme for the solution of the FEM nonlinear algebraic equations. The improved capability of interfacing with other codes, and a general decrease of the computational burden for the simulation of long pulses with small time steps makes this code a flexible tool for the design and testing of magnetic control in a tokamak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the design of snowflake (SF) plasma configurations in tokamaks. The SF configuration represents a promising solution for the power exhaust and divertor design problem due to its ability to flare the scrape-off layer in the vicinity of the SF point. SF plasma configurations have been successfully achieved in tokamaks like Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV), DIII-D and National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), and are under investigation for future tokamaks such as DEMO. The first attempts to determine such new plasma configurations have picked out the inherent difficulties in obtaining them with low coil currents and in controlling the associated equilibria against external disturbances and modeling errors. This paper presents a novel procedure based on the linearized model of the plasma for the design of an SF divertor configuration. Moreover, a procedure for the optimization of the poloidial field coil system is proposed. The effectiveness of the techniques is demonstrated with an application to DEMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volcanism of the Arasbaran region, northwest Iran, is characterized by multiple magmatic pulses from Cretaceous to Quaternary related to the consumption of the Neotethys oceanic basin and the subsequent continental collision between the Arabia and the Eurasian plates. In this paper we focus on the Eocene igneous products, which show wide compositional variations, ranging from shoshonite to tephrite and phonolite. They may be further grouped into leucite (analcime)-bearing and leucite-free rock types on the basis of their rock-forming minerals. Leucite-bearing and leucite-free Eocene magmatic rocks are geographically separate outcropping in the WNW and ESE part of the Ahar-Arasbaran region, respectively. K Ar dating show leucite-bearing rocks (39.4–39.6 +/− 1.0 Ma) being slightly younger with respect to leucite-free rocks (41.0–41.9 +/− 1.0 Ma). The two rock types are differentiated by each other in terms of silica saturation degrees but display similar incompatible trace elements distributions, typical of subduction-related volcanic rocks. Indeed, clear depletions in HFSE (e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr) and enrichments in LILE (e.g., Ba, K) and Pb are shown. The leucite-bearing volcanic rocks are strongly silica-undersaturated (Δq ca. -35) and show higher LILE/HFSE, LILE/REE, Ba/La (30–90) and Ba/Th (up to 520) values with respect to leucite-free rocks (Δ q from 0 to −15; Ba/La up to 30). Leucite-bearing and -free groups also show distinct Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions, with the former having less radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr 0.704424–0.704634) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb 18.58–18.65, 207Pb/204Pb 15.57–15.60, 208Pb/204Pb 38.63–38.71) and more radiogenic Nd (143Nd/144Nd 0.512695–0.512791), with respect to the latter ones (87Sr/86Sr 0.704481–0.705669, 206Pb/204Pb 18.65–18.75, 207Pb/204Pb 15.61–15.64, 208Pb/204Pb 38.65–38.87, 143Nd/144Nd 0.512572–0.512623). Geochemical and isotopic compositions, coupled with the strong silica-undersaturated character, of leucite-bearingrocks suggest in their mantle source the involvement of metasomatizing partial melts from subducted altered oceanic crust and subordinate carbonate-bearing sediments. On the other hand, the compositions of leucite-free igneous rocks are compatible with the involvement of a relatively higher contribution of partial melts from terrigenous (carbonate-poor) subducted sediments. The close spatial association and the relative geographical/stratigraphic position of these products indicate diachronous metasomatic events in the mantle wedge underlying the Arasbaran area that could have been originated by the late arrival of carbonate-rich sediments at depth during slab steepening and incipient roll-back preceding the continental collision. K Ar dating indicates that the Arasbaran magmatism was triggered by a late geodynamic event, during middle Eocene, plausibly consisting of re-adjusting of isotherms that heated the veined mantle wedge following the slab migration after roll-back. The slightly younger age of leucite-bearing rocks with respect to leucite-free rocks, coupled with the lower melting degree of the former may suggest an evolution of the local thermal regime with the progressive involvement of portions of the mantle wedge closer to the subducted plate. • A subduction-related magmatic pulse occurred in NW Iran at ca. 40 Ma. • Shoshonite leucite-free slightly preceded UK leucite-bearing volcanism. • Leucite-free magma source was metasomatised by dominant LC-sediment melts. • Leucite-bearing magmas was metasomatised by dominant HC-sediment melts. • Leucite-bearing rocks share similarities with Neapolitan Roman-type UK rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As the ITER project moves forward in the procurement phase of major components, the baseline design is subject to a series of modifications due to the finalization of the design and interaction with industry. Some modifications have a potential impact on the performance and operation of the machine. A substantial activity is being carried out in EU in support to the design, aimed at assessing such impact. The effect of the 2010 design of the central solenoid on the operational space was assessed. A detailed analysis of the plasma breakdown and start-up phases was performed to assess the impact of withdrawing the booster converters from the baseline design and of the modifications to the power supply voltage ratings. In order to reach a clear conclusion, a review of the start-up strategy was also carried out starting from an analysis of the avalanche and breakdown conditions in ITER. The controllability of the null quality and position was verified in presence of uncertainties and measurement errors. The advantages of higher voltage rating were also quantified. General aim of the paper is to present an overview of the analyses performed and of the issues identified providing an assessment of the impact of some of the proposed changes on ITER operation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

M. Viganò, T. Dengler, M.F. Mattei, A. Poncelet, J. Vanhaecke, E. Vermes, R. Kleinloog, Y. Li, Y. Gezahegen, J.F. Delgado, on behalf of the RAD A2411 Study Investigators. Lower incidence of cytomegalovirus infection with everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo cardiac transplant recipients: a randomized, multicenter study. Transpl Infect Dis 2010: 12: 23–30. All rights reserved Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of infectious complications following cardiac transplantation, severely affecting short- and long-term outcomes. A 12-month, multicenter, randomized, open-label study in de novo cardiac transplant patients was undertaken to compare the efficacy, renal function, and safety of everolimus plus reduced cyclosporine versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus standard cyclosporine (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00150046). CMV-specific data was prospectively collected on infections, laboratory evidence, CMV syndrome, and CMV disease. In total, 176 patients were randomized (everolimus 92; MMF 84). Use of CMV prophylaxis was similar between groups (everolimus 20.8%; MMF 24.0%). Patients in the everolimus arm had a significantly lower incidence of any CMV event (8.8% versus 32.5% with MMF, P<0.001), CMV infection as an adverse event (4.4% versus 16.9%, P=0.011), laboratory evidence of CMV (antigenemia 7.7% versus 27.7%, P<0.001; polymerase chain reaction assay 2.2% versus 12.0%, P=0.015), and CMV syndrome (1.1% versus 8.4%, P=0.028). In the donor (D)+/recipient (R)+and D−/R+ subgroups, even after adjusting for use of prophylaxis, the CMV event rate remained significantly lower with everolimus than with MMF ( P=0.0015 and P=0.0381, respectively). In conclusion, de novo cardiac transplant recipients experienced lower rates of CMV infection, CMV syndrome, or organ involvement on an everolimus-based immunosuppressant regimen compared with MMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyse and compare the microbiological quality of the water in rehabilitation and recreational swimming pools in Naples, Italy. Study design: A 2-year survey investigated the microbiological quality of the water in seven recreational and rehabilitation pools, and the findings were compared with local guidelines. Methods: For each facility, water was sampled at the intake point and at two points inside the pool. Total microbial contamination and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination were evaluated. Results: Microbial mesophilic contamination and P. aeruginosa contamination were found in all seven pools. Microbial mesophilic contamination was more common in recreational pools (3-4.2% samples were above threshold values), probably due to the greater number of bathers. P. aeruginosa was more common in intake water than water inside the pool [mean values of 19.3 and 22.5 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml in recreational and rehabilitation pools, respectively]. A longer period of contact with chlorine and the dilution process may have led to lower levels of P. aeruginosa in the pool water (range 2-15 cfu/ml). Conclusions: There is a need to improve disinfection and cleaning procedures, with consideration given to the different uses and daily bather loads of each pool type. There is also a need to monitor water quality and to increase users' knowledge and awareness of the risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study conducted by the Cartilage Repair and Electrical Stimulation (CRES) about the clinical use of pulsed electromagnetic fields as a chondroprotector in the U.S. It is inferred that articular cartilage is a hypocellular, avascular, alymphatic tissue which provides a low-friction and highly durable wear-resistant surface to both shear and comprassive stress. According to the study, degenerative disease is the main aggrecanase responsible for cartilage degradation.

This paper deals with the problem of the equilibrium reconstruction in a tokamak. We firstly describe two approaches for the shape reconstruction: the former based on a nonlinear least square minimization with Finite Element Method modelling taking into account the Grad Shafranov equilibrium equation; the latter based on linear multifilament models accounting for the presence of iron, eddy currents in the passive structures, and plasma. A possible unified treatment for shape and current profile reconstruction using both internal and external measurements is then discussed: the nonlinear least square minimization procedure used for shape identification is modified to account for internal measurements and profile shape fitting. A linearized approach is finally analysed making use of Singular Value Decomposition theory. Some results on the JET tokamak are shown and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of biofilm lifecycle are deeply influenced by the surrounding environment and the interactions between sessile and planktonic phenotypes. Bacterial biofilms typically develop in three distinct stages: attachment of cells to a surface, growth of cells into colonies, and detachment of cells from the colony into the surrounding medium. The attachment of planktonic cells from the surrounding environment plays a prominent role in the initial phase of biofilm lifecycle as it initiates the colony formation. During the maturation stage, biofilms harbor numerous microenvironments which lead to metabolic heterogeneity. Such microniches provide conditions suitable for the growth of new species, which are present in the bulk liquid as planktonic cells and can penetrate the porous biofilm matrix. We present a 1D continuum model on the interaction of sessile and planktonic phenotypes in biofilm lifestyle. Such a model is able to reproduce the key role of planktonic cells in the formation and development of biofilms by considering the initial attachment and colonization phenomena. The model is formulated as a hyperbolic–elliptic free boundary value problem with vanishing initial value which considers the concentrations of planktonic and sessile cells as state variables. Hyperbolic equations reproduce the transport and growth of sessile species, while elliptic equations model the diffusion and conversion of planktonic cells and dissolved substrates. The attachment is modeled as a continuous, deterministic process which depends on the concentrations of the attaching species. The growth of new species is modeled through a reaction term in the hyperbolic equations which depends on the concentration of planktonic species within the biofilm. Existence and uniqueness of solutions are discussed and proved for the attachment regime. Finally, some numerical examples show that the proposed model correctly reproduces the growth of new species within the biofilm and overcomes the ecological restrictions characterizing the Wanner–Gujer-type models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report evidences that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-induced apoptosis in macrophages is reduced by a broad-spectrum hydroxamic acid-based matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, Batimastat (BB-94). In particular, we show that BB-94 administration to MTB-infected macrophages inhibits apoptosis and the downmodulation of membrane CD14 expression. Moreover, the addition of broad spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor to cell culture, during MTB infection, decreases the release of soluble TNF-α and leads to a simultaneous increase of membrane TNF-α. These results show that MTB-induced apoptosis in macrophages is reduced by a MMP inhibitor and most probably is related to TNF-α release. This identifies BB-94 as a simultaneous anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory molecule during MTB infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the features and the performance of the Joint European Torus (JET) plasma response models based on an upgraded version of the CREATE-L code. It takes into account a number of aspects, including an equivalent axisymmetric model of the iron core and the eddy currents induced in the passive structures. The input quantities are the poloidal field circuit currents (or voltages) and two parameters related to the plasma current density profile. The output quantities include the signals provided by the magnetic diagnostic system of JET (fields, fluxes and flux differences) as well as plasma current and shape. The equivalent axisymmetric model of JET and the plasma response models have been assessed on a set of JET pulses, by comparing the simulated open loop response of the magnetic measurements and the plasma shape to the experimental measurements. The electromagnetic analysis shows that the axisymmetric model of the iron is satisfactory. The linearized plasma response model provides a reliable base for the design and the assessment of a new current, shape and position control system in JET, and accurately predicts the growth rate of the vertical instability of an elongated JET plasma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper the mathematical model of a modern arc heated Plasma Wind Tunnel used to test parts of space vehicles during the re-entry phase is presented. Due to the complexity of the physical processes arising during the operating of the plant, a number of simplification is proposed to obtain a control design oriented fast and efficient simulation software. Such a software was successfully used during the design phase to become confident with the dynamic behavior of the facility and to achieve a process-control integrated design. During the operating life of the wind tunnel it will be used to support the test engineers in the design of the control laws for the tracking of the desired trajectories in temperature and pressure on the test article. A short description of the test control algorithm which is based on the above model is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral beam injection (NBI) is one of the auxiliary power systems considered for the EU DEMO pulsed plasma ('DEMO1'). In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of optimized NBI in terms of the DEMO1 requirements, relating physics and engineering contexts in a novel parameter range compared to current NBI systems and in a larger plasma volume than ITER. Different injection options are investigated to account for various concepts discussed in the literature. The investigation is carried out using a wide range of sensitivity studies by means of the METIS 0.5D transport code and ASCOT Monte Carlo simulations of injected neutral-beam particles. This investigation has generated a series of recommendations for the NBI design, contributing to the system optimization process. We show how tangential injection aimed at the plasma core, with an energy 800 keV, is recommended to maintain high fusion power performance and fulfill the requirements for bulk heating. Compliance with engineering constraints on the NBI design, e.g., the least interference with breeding blanket modules or compatibility with solutions for the beamline components, imposes some restrictions when discussing the beam geometry. The minimum density at which an NBI can be safely operated without harmful shine-through losses is investigated for different injection energies and compared to the ITER case. The NBI operational window for DEMO is shown to be significantly extended to transient, low-density phases, also highlighting the importance of NBI systems designed for modular energy and power output. NBI can therefore sustain the plasma during a considerable portion of the transient phases, i.e., the current ramp-up and ramp-down phases. The final decision on the DEMO heating mix will be made on the basis of system operability and performance: the optimized NBI is shown to be a suitable and effective option for the EU DEMO inductive scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A fast, data-driven algorithm for plasma equilibrium reconstruction based on PCA. • Application to the ITER case. • Analysis of the performance, improvement of the algorithm for critical cases. In this paper, the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition approach is exploited to obtain a Reduced Order Model for the plasma magnetic equilibrium problem, described by the Grad-Shafranov equation. The proposed method is applied over a dataset consisting of a few hundred ITER plasma equilibria, and is applied to the problem of plasma equilibrium reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P-EFIT, a GPU parallel equilibrium reconstruction code, is based on the EFIT framework, but built with the CUDA™ (Compute Unified Device Architecture) to take advantage of massively parallel Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) cores to significantly accelerate the computation. With the parallelized Grad-Shafranov solver and middle-scale matrix calculation modules, P-EFIT can accurately reproduce the EFIT reconstruction algorithms at a fraction of the EFIT computational time. Integrated into EAST plasma control system, P-EFIT not only provides control signal results but also enhances EAST plasma control capacity with unique designed function modules. Using the synthetic magnetic diagnostic signals from ITER plasma equilibria obtained by the CREATE-L and CREATE-NL codes in standalone and streaming mode, P-EFIT has good enough accuracy and time latency performance in most of the considered cases. P-EFIT achieves full kinetic equilibrium reconstruction algorithms and repeats the EFIT results with the DIII-D internal plasma current and kinetic profile measurements in one-percent cost time of EFIT. All these works suggest that P-EFIT can provide quality magnetic equilibrium reconstruction in real-time, offer full kinetic equilibrium reconstruction with high spatial resolution and high speed, support more detailed, better plasma control and data analysis for tokamak devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure optimal plasma performance at high Qfus for the baseline scenario foreseen for ITER, the fuelling requirements, in particular for non-stationary phases, need to be assessed by means of integrated modelling to address the special additional challenges facing plasma fuelling on ITER. The fuelling scheme needs to be adjusted to ensure robust divertor heat load control, avoiding complete detachment while still maintaining low divertor temperatures and heat fluxes to minimise W sputtering and contamination of the plasma by impurities. At the same time, the core density needs to be controlled to fulfil requirements for: the application of neutral beam heating with acceptable shine-through losses; a robust transition from L-mode to stationary fusion burn; the maximisation of the fusion yield; and a fast reduction in core particle content in the termination phase. Coupled core-edge-SOL transport calculations have been performed, simulating for the first time the entire ITER plasma evolution from just after the X-point formation until the late termination phase. These calculations are being exploited to find the most effective ways of fuelling and heating DT plasmas without exceeding ITER operational limits (e.g. divertor power density). The most efficient ways to fuel ITER with gas and/or pellet injection have been investigated self-consistently with the integrated core + edge + SOL transport suite of codes, JINTRAC, developed at JET (Romanelli et al 2014 Plasma Fusion Res. 9 3403023). Our modelling is exploited to study schemes for gas and pellet fuelling for main ion SOL and core density control, respectively, and for impurity seeding by Ne for the control of SOL radiation, that allow ITER to approach Qfus 10, with plasma evolution successfully controlled to respect major operational limits through all transients from the early ramp-up until the late ramp down phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessment of the plasma shape control for JT60-SA through a selection of an optimal set of gaps. • Approach based on the eXtreme Shape Controller (XSC) permits to control a number of gaps lager than the number of poloidal field coils. • Selection of other configurations for the set of gaps revealed a greater RMSE value. This paper deals with the plasma shape control problem in JT-60SA. An assessment of the plasma shape control performance is presented, aimed at the definition of an optimal set of gaps to be controlled. Indeed, JT-60SA represents a relevant benchmark to further validate this control approach given the high beta regimes that are envisaged during its operation. Moreover, such regimes represent a challenge from the plasma magnetic control perspective. The control approach considered for the assessment is based on the eXtreme Shape Controller (XSC), since such an approach permits to control, in a least mean square sense, a number of shape descriptors that is larger than the number of poloidal field coils. Considering that the design of the XSC is model-based , the CREATE linear model for the plasma-circuit response has been used for the design. In the presented analysis, the capability of tracking different plasma shapes, as well as the one of rejecting disturbances has been considered. The result of this analysis suggests that a set of about 20 gaps equally spaced along the plasma boundary permits to control the shape with a steady-state root-mean square error of less than 1 cm during the flattop of JT-60SA Scenario 2, in the presence of a set of relevant disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Preliminary results on the magnetic control of the plasma shape on DEMO. • Current, position and shape control performed at the same time. • Controller performance tested in the presence of an H-L transition. About 85% of the primary energy is currently obtained from fossil sources. In the next future, nuclear fusion can significantly contribute to energy production: the fuel is in principle unlimited and radioactive waste are short lived. Next steps in fusion research are represented by the two tokamaks ITER, which is under construction, and DEMO, which is in its conceptual design phase. In this paper we focus on a specific aspect of DEMO design, that is indeed crucial for tokamak safe operation: plasma vertical and shape control. It is well known that a plasma with elongated cross-section exhibits a vertical instability that needs to be feedback controlled. Typically on operating tokamaks, and in ITER, this task is accomplished using in-vessel actuator coils. Since in the present DEMO design these coils are not foreseen, hereafter we assumed that all the actuator coils, located outside the vessel, are used at the same time to guarantee both vertical stabilization and shape control, resorting to a suitable geometric decoupling. The performance of the controller is shown in simulation using a nonlinear evolution code during a plasma H-L back-transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presents the analysis of the free boundary value problem related to the one-dimensional invasion model of new species in biofilm reactors. In the framework of continuum approach to mathematical modelling of biofilm growth, the problem consists of a system of non-linear hyperbolic partial differential equations governing the microbial species growth and a system of semi-linear elliptic partial differential equations describing the substrate trends. The model is completed with a system of elliptic partial differential equations governing the diffusion and reaction of planktonic cells, which are able to switch their mode of growth from planktonic to sessile when specific environmental conditions are found. Two systems of non-linear differential equations for the substrate and planktonic cells mass balance within the bulk liquid are also considered. The free boundary evolution is governed by a differential equation that accounts for detachment. The qualitative analysis is performed and a uniqueness and existence result is presented. Furthermore, two special models of biological and engineering interest are discussed numerically. The invasion of Anammox bacteria in a constituted biofilm inhabiting the deammonification units of the wastewater treatment plants is simulated. Numerical simulations are run to evaluate the influence of the colonization process on biofilm structure and activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Preliminary design of DEMO first wall 3D surface is presented. • Steady state and controllable perturbations are preented,evaluating the radiated HF density on the wall and the charged particle power. • Different plasma-wall contact phases have been analysed for a list of foresseable and unforeseeable transients. • 3D field line tracing codes were employed to analyse and design discrete high heat flux components surfaces. Abstract The present DEMO breeding blanked design heat load capability is limited to ≈1 MW/m2 for steady state plasma loading, due to the specific requirements on high neutron irradiation capable materials, and high coolant temperature for efficient energy conversion. While this limit is achievable in nominal conditions in the present DEMO blanket concept designs, the greatest challenges arise from the occurrence of plasma transients. The results of simulations of a number of plasma transients are presented in this paper. 3D field-line tracing codes have been used to analyses the maximum heat flux and energy density for a specific first wall shape design, and optimize it. A scoping study has been performed with the thermal analysis code RACLETTE, using a broad range of transient input heat fluxes, on a series of high heat flux (HF) components concepts with tungsten armor, Eurofer steel or copper alloy as heat sink materials, and helium or water as coolant. The results permit the identification of the operational space of the peak HF density that can be tolerated by different plasma facing components, for the different transient models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use trace element discrimination diagrams to provide a geochemical fingerprint for Tufo Lionato, the volcanic rock most commonly used in the ancient Roman dimension stone technique. Based on the comparison of their geochemical signatures, we identify different rock facies of Tufo Lionato employed since the fourth to third centuries and through the second century bce in the construction of the temples of the Area Sacra di Largo Argentina. These rock facies correspond to two previously identified building stones: Aniene Tuff and Monteverde Tuff, named after their supposed source areas located in the Aniene River Valley and in the homonymous locality of the Tiber River Valley, respectively. However, the results of our study demonstrate previous misidentification of these volcanic rocks in the different construction phases of Temple C, providing a revision of the dating system currently accepted for the diffusion of Tufo Lionato architecture. We show that the Aniene facies has been exploited since the end of the fourth century bce and that it was employed along with Tufo Giallo della Via Tiberina in the podium and staircase of Temple C, whereas observations at Largo Argentina suggest that the ‘Monteverde Tuff’ was only sporadically used in the early phases of the dimension stone construction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultra long‐acting β2‐adrenoceptor agonist olodaterol plus the ultra long‐acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium bromide are known to relax equine airways. In human bronchi combining these drugs elicits a positive interaction, thus we aimed to characterize this information further in equine isolated airways stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and using the Concentration‐Reduction Index (CRI) and Combination Index (CI) equations. The drugs were administered alone and together by reproducing ex vivo the concentration‐ratio delivered by the currently available fixed‐dose combination (1:1). The single agents elicited a significant (p < .05) concentration‐dependent reduction in the EFS‐induced contractility, that was synergistically improved (CI 0.18) when administered in combination (0.9 logarithms more potent, 24% more effective than the monocomponents). The drugs mixture allowed a reduction in the concentration of olodaterol from ≃1 to ≃2.3 logarithms. A favorable CRI was detected also for tiotropium bromide, whose concentration can be reduced ≃1 logarithm at medium effect levels, remaining positive up to submaximal relaxant effect in the presence of olodaterol. The combination of tiotropium bromide/olodaterol allows the reduction in the concentration of the monocomponents to achieve airway smooth muscle relaxation, thus potentially decreases the risk of adverse events when these drugs are used to treat severe asthmatic horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pets can act as sentinels for human health and thus surveillance of pet dogs has the potential to improve awareness of emerging risks for animal and public health. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with the risk of canine poisoning. In a large population-based epidemiological investigation in Italy performed from January 2015 to January 2016 and April 2016 to April 2017, descriptive statistics were acquired and analysed to determine variables associated with poisoning events in pet dogs. Results were validated in a test population and forecast analysis of risk was performed. The cumulative incidence of poisoning events was low (10.2/1000 dogs/year). Anticoagulant rodenticides, organophosphate pesticides, metaldehyde and strychnine were the most frequent causes of intoxications. Territory characteristics significantly modulated both the frequency and the nature of the involved substances. The seashore area was associated with poisoning by rodenticides (odds ratio, OR, 1.81, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.54–2.13) and metaldehyde (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.16–2.28). The hill country area was associated with poisoning by organophosphate pesticides (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.38–2.15), metaldehyde (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.53–3.25) and strychnine (OR 1.86, 95% CI, 1.34–2.57). The mountain area was associated with strychnine poisoning (OR 3.79, 95% CI 2.84–5.06). The prospective cumulative incidence of poisoning over 10 years was 9.74% (95% CI 9.57–9.91). These results may be useful for predicting the risk of poisoning and for estimating the risk index related to specific toxic compounds in specific territories. This study suggests that poisoning events in dogs may represent a problem of public health with the potential to affect wildlife and human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evaluate effects of maternal immunization in a mouse model of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal colonization using clinical isolates.Materials and Methods: Female pregnant mice were immunized with heat-killed GBS 21 days before pregnancy and were inoculated intravaginally with GBS cultures (5 × 107 CFU twice a day for three days) from the 16th day of pregnancy. Gestation period and mice survival were monitored. Maternal anti-GBS IgG levels have been determined by ELISA analysis in vaccinated, unvaccinated mothers and newborns.Results: Maternal immunization before pregnancy provided protection to newborns for three of the four GBS strains used. Evaluation of the immunogenicity showed that this vaccination induced higher levels of IgG in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated dams and the presence of antibodies in the offspring at embryonic and postnatal age, and a Th1 response and high levels of IgG2a subclass antibody and IFN-γ were detected. A significant reduction of preterm births was observed in vaccinated mothers (p< 0.05).Conclusions: Our finding suggest that vaccinated mothers could protect their progeny from GBS infection and preterm birth through passive immunization. The proposed mouse model may represent a noninvasive and effective tool to investigate pathogenetic mechanisms of GBS ascending infection and for vaccine protection studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pre-conceptual design for a European pulsed fusion reactor (DEMO1) is ongoing and one of the most challenging activities within scenario modeling studies deals with numerical investigations of DEMO1 transient phases. This paper presents an investigation on both ramp-up and ramp-down phases by selected plasma trajectories. Plasma evolution has a clear impact on the engineering design of the reactor, e.g. on auxiliary power systems, current ramp-rates and requirements on the coil system. Studies on ramp-up have been carried out with the fast tokamak simulator METIS to highlight the effects of different ramp-up options in terms of robustness of access to the desired flat-top scenario. Particular attention has been paid to requirements on heating systems and plasma position controllability. A dedicated heating power during ramp-up, in addition to the one required during flat-top, appears to be necessary for reliable access to H-mode. The ramp-down phase poses specific issues on vertical stability due to the complex plasma evolution. Ramp-down trajectories with controllable plasma boundaries generated by the CREATE NL code have been coupled to 1.5D transport simulations by means of the JINTRAC transport suite of codes. The results show the necessity of additional ramp-down heating power to avoid a radiative plasma collapse and to control the current density profile. Reducing the current ramp-rate in the ramp-down phase can help the controllability of the plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]