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The special position of Malays and Natives of Sabah and Sarawak remains a national debate despite the fact that its position has been lawfully accorded according to Article 153, Federal Constitution. Those who had significantly benefitted from the implementation of policies under Article 153 among non-Malays and non-Natives of Sabah and Sarawak, especially from an economic policy have yet turned up to defend many allegations thrown at the Government. As a matter of fact, many Malays themselves admitted that the Government had introduced many good programs to elevate the living standard of their community but yet to see much improvement across the country. On the contrary, the wealth accumulated by non-Malays as well as non-Natives of Sabah and Sarawak beyond RM1 billion personal net worth as shown in many popular magazines has proven to increase both in the number of individuals and its value. Hence, this paper aims to examine Article 153 and its governance on policies for affirmative action against social injustice using historical and legal analysis methods. The findings in this study could justify the position of Article 153 and evaluate the truth of so many allegations against it.

This chapter reviews philosophical perspectives on creativity. It includes summaries of key philosophers, some ancient (Plato, Aristotle), some dated but still relevant (Kant, Nietzsche), and some contemporary, or close to it (e.g., Wittgenstein), each having something to say about creative behavior. It might be most accurate to say that this chapter reviews philosophies rather than the views of philosophers. It is of course never a good thing to categorize people in terms of career (or to categorize them in any way!), and as a matter of fact the views summarized in this chapter have often been proposed by people who are not typically viewed as philosophers. Some of the philosophies outlined herein were proposed by artists or scientists, not philosophers.

The overall aim of this paper will be to stick to the previous researchers to get valid and impartial data from the most international city of Germany: Frankfurt on the Main. However, this research paper will try to provide answers by comparing war situations (object) where curfews are at daily basis impact on lives of people, who become gradually refugees (subject). In the recent years many refugees found their way to the global city of Frankfurt and its region of Rhine-Main. In these days if talking about the situation of the visible shutdown, lockdown and the strictly forbidden laws for an overall betterment of life, refugees have a tendency to explain to the native people about their crisis-laden past: “Resilience for Survival”. Their recent past in the war-torn countries of Afghanistan, Syria, and Iraq in West-Asia, Libya in Africa or the many wars in the Balkans in the 1990s in Europe, are a case in point. Given that as a matter of fact, when individuals are leading conversations about the outbreak to the recent lockdown, especially, fugitives try to explain to the ordinary dweller of Frankfurt through what life-threatening circumstances they experienced. This described social encounter despite the imposed social distancing is the proof how our glocalized planet (global and local) effects the everyday life and every human being lives in each and every corner of the confined nation-states.

For some customers, the corona pandemic has turned e-shopping into a fine alternative to shopping in brick-and-mortar shops. For other customers in quarantine e-shopping is the only alternative. The long-lasting pandemic, however, has reminded us of the importance of social contacts and interactions – even if it’s just to go the supermarket to ‘mingle’. This paper investigates what ‘mingle’ means when shopping in physical self-service shops amongst unacquainted others in Denmark. It describes customers’ practice of doing self-service by organizing interaction to minimize social involvement. It shows how they, as a matter of fact, co-ordinate their conduct in ways that hampers possibilities for engaging in even small ‘ritual’ exchanges of talk. The paper draws upon a corpus of video recordings of customers’ self-service practices in shops in Denmark. In addition, the customers’ gaze was recorded with the mobile Tobii Pro X3 eye tracker. The study falls within the realm of ethnomethodological and conversation analytic studies of multimodal interaction. It concludes that self-service is achieved through co-present customers’ tacit coordination of multimodal actions in social interaction and that their practices work to achieve ‘effortlessly’ and ‘spontaneously’ being, getting, and staying out of the way, which seems to be an ideal for self-service shopping. Talk and moreover having a conversation seems to be an impediment to it. © The Author(s) 2021.

The main aim of this article is to provide an example of reproducible research in robotics. Despite the fact that a large number of researchers agree on the need of reproducibility in robotics and artificial intelligence, the practice of reproducible research is still in an embryonic phase. As a matter of fact, IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine is, at the date of this article submission, the only top-tier robotics publication accepting "reproducible" articles. To this end, we have chosen a very common and traditional problem and approached it with a "first principles" attitude.

Background: The phenomenon of COVID-19 has remained a mystery to mankind. It is not just about the disease but has also multiple ripple effects on every aspect of life. It has completely changed the course of living in a short period. The entry of Covid-19 has taken a heavy toll on human beings in particular and on every government and institution in general. Hence, for the survival and safeguard of the human race, various governments came up with protocols and measures against the spread of Covid19. Apparently, lockdown is one of the strategies widely adopted by the governments as a means to overcome the Covid-19 issue. Although, being under the same umbrella, there are countries that are worst affected by Covid-19 while some countries do not face as much. No doubt that the virus has reached every nook and corner of the globe, as a matter of fact Mizoram which is situated at the corner of most of North-East India has also been under the distress of Covid-19 Aim: The study examined and understand governance on Covid19 in Mizoram. It stresses how the government and various organizations had given efforts in this situation and how the policy being adopted by them has had an impact on the people so far. It also emphasises the issues and challenges of governance policy on Covid-19 for further references. Methods and Materials: The study was descriptive while data is collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources was based on empirical analysis and questionnaire collected through online survey method while secondary sources include articles, journals, newspapers and internet. Findings are based on an online survey method that was conducted with a sample size of 500 and the universe of the study is Aizawl, Mizoram. Results: Findings of the study have suggested that there is a lack of efficiency in carrying out the governance policy on COVID-19. Although, studies have shown that the setting up of Task Force initiated by the government and their contribution and involvement in the governance is considered remarkable. Conclusion: After all, COVID-19 is assumed to exist long enough along with human beings, therefore, for the survival of an individual, one needs to work and function daily. Thus, by keeping that in mind, Mizoram in particular where the economy is weak and not self-sufficient, the State government and official experts have to adopt new methods and strategies besides “lockdown” for the well-being of the people. Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown, Government, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Task Force, Governance, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

In the present research we propose a methodology—to our knowledge, the first attempt in this sense—that considers information asymmetries when the degree of privacy concerning individuals is detected. Such filtering (“privacy concerns” degree as a function of “data awareness” level) allows to highlight the individuals’ desired level of privacy—and related privacy concerns—analyzing whether individuals’ data disclosure decisions are taken consciously or as the result of a “blind” (unaware) choice, considering data gathering practices—related level of consciousness. Previous works may have been biased due to the lack of such observation. Our measurement has been conducted taking into account the individuals’ awareness with respect to data collection techniques performed by mobile applications in Italy. As a matter of fact, if individuals’ privacy preferences among consumers are not distributed in a uniform way, this results in socially regressive outcomes.

Siza’s mastery in freehand drawing is well known, as is his ability to use the sketch to ideate new spaces. Perhaps what is less known is that for him neither drawing nor modelling, nor any other single design tool, including digital ones, is enough, as his methodology depends on the combination and integration of all of them. To watch a creative mind in action is fascinating, and it is not easy to disclose which is the precise role of each tool at a precise moment, but we know, as Siza says, that all these means are mutually supportive, and that architecture emerges from their interaction. To the observer they seem randomly used although they are not. As a matter of fact, it’s a complex process, where the main objective is the production of a qualified space for living, that is, architecture with a capital A. Models are only a piece of this mysterious puzzle. Indispensable, though.

This article has three aims, all of them related to the theory and practice of intertextuality. Firstly, the article makes an attempt to reconstruct the Augustinian-Lutheran type of discourse. A number of modern theologians and historians of philosophy have observed that the main currents within Christian theology have their basis in a specific discourse organiza-tion of textual utterances. With reference to these observations, the article maps out some dominant features of Augustine’s and Luther’s discoursive practices. The type of discourse thus reconstructed contains grammatical, logical-argumentative, narrative and rhetoric-figurative characteristics, and – as a matter of fact – it manifests a high degree of applicability in the field of literary studies. Secondly, the article applies the reconstructed type of discourse to analyze a masterpiece of Swedish twentieth-century literature, the novel Dykungens dotter (The Marsh King’s Daughter, 1985) by Birgitta Trotzig (1929–2013). In several interviews, Trotzig makes evidently contradictory remarks on Augustine and Luther. She dissociates herself from their anthropology at the same time as she hints that their view of human conditions has made a deep impression on her. The article’s application intends to throw light on this precarious hermeneutic situation. The intense presence of the Augustinian-Lutheran type of discourse in the novel made apparent through the application indicates that an interpretation of Trotzig’s writings by means of Augustinian-Lutheran intertexts is hermeneutically motivated in spite of her own negative declarations. Thirdly, the article makes use of the reconstructed type of discourse in order to examin Gérard Genette’s notion of architextuality. There is a theoretical incongruence in his notion. On an explicit definitory level, architextuality includes all types of discourse and modes of enunciation. On a conteptual level, however, the notion of architextuality is constructed on the pattern of literary genres. The article’s application demonstrates that Genette’s notion requires some corrections to live up to its definitory commitments. The Augustinian-Lutheran architext comes into conflict with some of Genette’s linguisticly construed structuralistic categories and demands a more discoursive and hermeneutic way of thinking. Titel på engelska:Towards a Broader Notion of Architextuality. The Augustinian- Lutheran Type of Discourse in Birgitta Trotzig’s Dykungens dotter (The Marsh King’s Daughter)

The time-lag argument seems to put some pressure on naive realism to agree that seeing must happen simultaneously with what is seen; meanwhile, a wide-accepted empirical fact suggests that light takes time to transmit from objects at a distance to perceivers—which implies what is seen happened before seeing, and, accordingly, naive realism must be false. In this paper, I will, first of all, show that the time-lag argument has in fact involves a misunderstanding concept of simultaneity: according to Special Relativity, simultaneity is a matter of convention rather than a matter of fact, so, in principle, we can stipulate a perceptual conception of simultaneity, according to which what is seen is simultaneous with seeing. Secondly, the generalized time-lag argument has a mistaken view on the perceived events and perceiving; it has a doubtful assumption that these events are momentary in the mathematical sense. Such idealization is the main reason why we have the intuition that the time-lag effect of perceiving is in conflict with our ordinary perceptual experiences. Finally, I argue that the naive realist account of the perceptual relation is a nontemporal constitutive relation; and hence naive realism is compatible with the claim that we can perceive things as they were, and it should not be weakened by the time-lag argument.

This article concerns the role of teachers as street level bureaucrats in Swedish vocational healthcare education for adult students. At the centre of the analysis are the challenges related to policy implementation when many of the students are second language speakers and language and communication play a role. Policy documents provide the analysis with a normative framework. Interviews with teachers give the analysis its standpoint. As a societal context, the field of elderly care suffers from labour shortages with difficulties recruiting trained staff. Policy stakeholders place high expectation on adult care education to both supply the labour market with trained staff, and to contribute to a smooth integration of migrants into society. As a matter of fact, half of the students in Swedish adult vocational healthcare education are migrants and the majority of those who complete the education get employment within elderly care. Thus, healthcare teachers are incremental to the implementation of policies. In their role as street level bureaucrats, they use different strategies to handle the press transferring sometimes contradictory policies into practice in the direct encounters with students. The results stress the importance of communication and language in healthcare education – and in elderly care practice.

The current world has some central factors that lead us to constant innovations in all human activity fields and the way we communicate is no exception to this rule. Decades of globalization, the disruptive technological emergence and the recent COVID 19 acute epidemic crisis are examples of this situation; as a matter of fact this is leading toward a Tipping Point where the so called Digital Era and the ICT Revolution have come globally and with full strength in our daily life. Thus, an opportunity for academic research emerged so that the Global and Remote Communication theme could be explored, with the objective to understand, in basic terms, what the variables would be to interfere in an increasingly frequent and necessary way of our day to day interaction. Within that context, this exploratory and descriptive analysis was developed, aimed at the academic public in Brazil, composed by professors and university students, there included undergraduate, master, MSc and PhD through a set of 28 guiding questions that dealt to digital communication tools, communication barriers, individual behaviors and enterprise internal culture and proceedings. The results of our research allowed us to reach some interesting findings that qualified the Global and Remote Communication and, we hope, will be helpful for new defined studies in the future, with several and different approaches.

The article scrutinizes academic and methodological support of preparation of future primary school teachers to employment of innovative pedagogical technologies in the capacity of the factor of realization of educational tasks of higher pedagogical education.It is emphasized that resulting from modernization of academic and methodological support of vocational training of future teachers the educator of new generation has to take place of a traditional pedagogue and possess an important characteristic of employment innovative pedagogical technologies in educational activity. Correspondently, a modern teacher must be free of stereotypes in other words has to be capable of providing educational environment for effective studying and revealing of child’s talent. Innovative pedagogical activity is directed towardsto employment of educator’s presentational skills, provision of their efficiency as a communicator and facilitator, capability to use and combine different methods and techniques of presenting material, introduction of ICT in learning and teaching process. Formation of professional readiness of a modern pedagogue capable of implementation of ideas of personality-oriented education, ingenious solving of pressing educational and socio-cultural issues demands peculiar organization of their educational activity. As a matter of fact, readiness to innovative activity is stipulated by organization of optimal innovation environment and orientation of pedagogical activity to innovation in the conditions of educational process of higher educational establishments.The important direction of primary school teacher preparation to employment of innovative pedagogical technologies is defined in the article as formation of innovative pedagogical thinking of future primary school teachers which takes place in the higher educational establishments in the process of studying the subjects of psychological cycle. Mastering of knowledge, abilities and skills in pedagogical subjects by future educators provides in its turn knowledge of curriculum and textbook contents; insight into innovation approaches; knowledge of the essence, capabilities and practicability of employment of innovative pedagogical technologies in the primary school educational process.Educational and methodological support of preparation of future primary school teachers to employment of innovative pedagogical technologies is rationalized to be an important structural element of their professional and educational training in the establishments of higher education. Reformation of modern higher pedagogical education considers European standards and makes provision for training a professional with innovative pedagogical thinking capable of performing professional obligations in the renovated educational environment of a primary school. Contents, forms and methods of preparation of future primary school teachers for employment of innovative technologies are directed to formation of students’ abilities to overcome anti-innovation barriers, identify pedagogical aims and successfully gain them, apply innovative studying technologies, work over personal and professional improvement.

The Lettres Portugaises (1669) have always been at the heart of many debates, especially concerning the first line of the text: “Considere, mon amour”. Many critics state that the vocative “mon amour” refers to the male receiver of the letters, whereas others believe that the female writer is addressing her personified feeling. Currently, the problem remains unsolved, because there are valid arguments in support of both positions, even if none of them is entirely convincing. The article claims that the text could actually be incorrect and that the term “mon amour” could be replaced by “mon cœur”. If we make this replacement, all the contradictions that characterize the other interpretations seem resolved. Moreover, the presence of “cœur” in the first line would be more coherent with how the word is used in the rest of the text. The article seeks therefore to explain how the current version of the first line has come about: probably an error occurred, due to a printer’s distraction or it could be the free translation of a Portuguese text beginning with “Meu coracao”. As a matter of fact, the Lettres Portugaises were published as if they had been translated from authentic correspondence, even if their origin was quickly called into question: the debate over the first line is therefore linked to the intricate discussion about the genesis of the text and the article suggests a possible solution.

Köroğlu, Özlem (Balikesir Author), Turizm sektörünün çok yönlü mesleklerinden biri olan turist rehberliğinin temelinde insan ilişkileri yer almaktadır. Turist rehberleri, ziyaret edilen bölgeyi sadece tanıtmakla kalmamakta, sunduğu hizmetle misafirlerinin tur deneyimine dair birtakım duygular hissetmelerini sağlamaktadır. Nitekim rehberli turların tercih edilmesindeki önemli etkenler arasında keyifli zaman geçirme imkânının olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu sayede insanlar aldığı hizmete dair memnuniyet ve mutluluk duymaktadırlar. Turizm de insanların mutluluk arayışı için başlattığı sosyal ve boş zaman olgusu olarak nitelendirildiği için pozitif psikoloji ile yakından ilgilidir. Bu araştırmada, rehberli turlarda algılanan değer, akış deneyimi ve davranışsal niyet ilişkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Çanakkale Savaşları Gelibolu Tarihi Alanı’nı turist rehberi eşliğinde ziyaret eden 396 yerli turistten anket yoluyla veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, turdaki misafirlerin algıladıkları değerin, akış deneyimlerinin ve davranışsal niyetlerinin birbirini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Misafirlerin yaşadıkları deneyime dair algıladıkları değerlerle akış deneyimlerinin şekillendiği ve mutlu bir deneyim neticesinde bu deneyime dair olumlu davranışsal niyetler sergiledikleri gözlemlenmiştir., Tourist guidance is one of the multi-faceted professions of the sector and it is based on human relations. The tour guides not only introduce the visited region, but also provide their guests with some feelings about the tour experience with the service they provide. As a matter of fact, it is known that the opportunity to have a pleasant time is among the important factors in the preference of guided tours. In this way, people are satisfied and feel happy about the service they receive. Tourism is also closely related to positive psychology as it is defined as a social and leisurely phenomenon that people initiated in search of happiness. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived value, flow experience and behavioral intention in guided tours. In this context, data were collected from 396 local tourists who visited The Gallipoli Historic Site accompanied with a tour guide. In line with the analysis of the data obtained from the participants, it was determined that the perceived value, flow experience and behavioral intentions of the guests in the guided tour affected one another. It was observed that the flow experience of the guests was shaped by the values they perceived regarding their experience and that they exhibited positive behavioral intentions regarding this experience as a result of a happy experience.

The article endeavours to consider possible responses of a society confronted with a pandemic disease, not curable with reachable medication or treatments. In this context the article describes the peculiarities of diseases like plague, and also in a comparable scale influenza in history, more particularly the “Spanish flu” of 1918–1919. As a matter of fact, the society before finding a usable and accessible vaccine must rely on a kind of seclusion either on the side of the ill person/people or on the side of the society itself. © 2021 The Author.

Since Antiquity, the meaning and purpose of Aristotle’s sea-battle argument have been highly controversial. On the so-called traditional interpretation of De Interpretatione 9, the argument is intended to prove that not every statement is always true or false on the assumption deemed evident that facts may occur contingently in our sublunar world. In this paper I argue that this interpretation is for many reasons much more plausible than any of its competitors, so that its correctness is worthy at least of moral certainty. In particular, I contend that it can coexist in perfect logical harmony with a moderately charitable reading of Aristotle’s texts that at first glance it seems to confute. As a matter of fact, I contend that it is faithful to Aristotle’s view of logical laws as consequent upon the metaphysical structure of reality.

Mankind has experienced numerous disasters throughout history. Especially events with uncertain effects and duration, such as outbreaks, have been much more devastating. The current COVID 19 pandemic is one of the most striking examples of these disasters. However, the pandemic significantly changes social life behaviors. This change has different dimensions such as psychology, economy, society and environment. The concept of behavior with sociological andpsychological depth is also an important starting point for fields that are not independent of sociallife dynamics such as tourism. As a matter of fact, it is possible that changing behavior patternsdepending on the pandemic conditions will also affect tourism behavior. In this study, firstly, theresults of the research in the literature on pandemic and behavioral changes were examined.Secondly, research results on changes in tourism behavior were evaluated. Finally, a comparisonwas made between the results and inferences were made regarding current tourism behavior. Inthis context, the results of relevant studies show that the changes in social life behavior causedby the pandemic are also reflected in tourism behavior. While the negative consequences of thepandemic will be more effective on the psychological dimension, it is predicted that this situationwill cause a change in holiday, transportation and accommodation preferences.

This study aimed at exploring the philosophy of digital minimalism, and put forward its importance for an effective online learning in higher education during the lockdown. The long quarantine that the COVID 19 pandemic imposed on most countries of the world has brought radical changes in the way schools, colleges and universities operate. In Algerian higher education, creating online platforms for students was the only solution to move on. However, ignoring that most Algerian students often go online for self-entertainment may lead to a failure or an incomplete success of online teaching during this critical period. To investigate this issue, a questionnaire with only open-ended questions was designed and distributed to 35 students of Language and Communication master, at the English department of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University. The 35 participants were the researcher’s students in the classes of e-learning. Results showed that most participants were distracted by social media notifications. Also, it turned out that the 35 students had no idea of what digital minimalism or digital maximalism is. As a matter of fact, it is suggested that before launching online lectures and webinars for our students, it is of paramount importance to guide them during their online existence and to show them how to be digital minimalists.

This study examines the issue of spouses' joint ownership, where a spouse claims certain portion of the other's wealth in cases of divorce, death or husband's second marriage. This is different from other rights entailed by the marriage contract like nafaqah (alimony), mut‘ah (post-divorce gift) and both prompt and deferred parts of the dower (muqaddam al-ṣadaq wa mu'akharuh). I studied this issue in light of ‘urf (customs), al-masalih al-mursalah (unrestricted interests) and al-m'ālāt (consequences). It is clear that these evidences or Ijtihad tools do not establish this financial right for any one of the spouses. As a matter of fact, the financial rights secured by Shari‘ah during spouses' life through the marriage contract, or after they pass away through inheritance, have no counterpart in any positive law. Therefore, Muslims do not need such legislations that do not realize any real interest for spouses but rather result in numerous harms.

Entrepreneurship is one of the factors affecting the growth of economies worldwide. Hence, the growth of the entrepreneurship rate will be one of the concerns of policymakers in today’s societies. In order to study the factors affecting the growth of entrepreneurship rate, this fact that the attitude of individuals and the method they consider for launching a business varies from person to person is obvious. Since the opportunity-based and necessity-based entrepreneurial activities are two different attitudes in the business initiation, so, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the existence of a significant difference in these indicators across developed and underdeveloped societies. Hence, using the dataset gathered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2015, this article tried to analyze the difference in the opportunity-based and necessity-based entrepreneurship rates in the factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven economies across the GEM member countries. As well as, with respect to the type and size of samples, the appropriate methods have been applied to reach reliable results. To compare the mean values of different groups, depending on sample size and parametric or nonparametric conditions, the ANOVA methods are being used. To this end, the Least Significant Difference (LSD), and the Wilcoxon method were the statistical ways to demonstrate the significant difference between the subgroups made by the GEM member countries. As a matter of fact, this study methodically showed that the opportunity-based entrepreneurship, as opposed to the necessity-driven entrepreneurship, in innovation-driven economies is more than in factor-driven economies. As a result, this study refers to the importance of motivation in launching efficient businesses.

The analysis of the written sources allowed to follow the gradual development of every new technique in the field of rhinoplasty but also to understand the value of this surgery in those ancient times, highlighting a deep connection between traumatologic surgery of the nose and the development of modern “aesthetic and reconstructive” Rhinosurgery. Specifically, we analyzed the techniques described by less known surgeons to emphasize their cultural and surgical value. As a matter of fact, the descriptions offered by these authors clearly show the importance of rhinoplasty as a cardinal and autonomous practice since Antiquity, also clarifying the persistence and development of specific techniques for this surgical practice in the History of medicine. In the manuscript, the contributions of the Italian surgeons, such as Brancas and Vianeos families, are highlighted, demonstrating their influence on the progress of this surgical specialty in the Early Modern Age. Finally, we deepen the description of Gaspare Tagliacozzi’s work, pointing out the topics and controversial debates arising from his techniques and innovations in “rhinosurgery” and also in the field of tissue transplantation, laying the foundations of modern Plastic Surgery.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

There is a strong relationship between language and culture. Because every society preserves its history and culture in its own language and transfers it to the future generations. The proverbs that have been formed in the historical process with a wide consensus and which protect the integrity of the language are among the busiest elements of the system. As a matter of fact, the proverbs provide very important information about the religion, history and culture of a certain society, as the findings of archaeological research. The religious structure of a society is an important factor that affects its culture, thought structure, worldview and lifestyle, especially its language. In the same way, the language of a society, especially religion, is a natural expression of the culture and thought structure of that society. Therefore, it is prudent to examine the proverbs that are an important part of culture in order to learn about the values of society. Because in one aspect, proverbs are considered cultural biographies of societies. When the proverbs used in Siirt Arabic dialect are examined carefully, it will be seen that the phenomenon of religion has an important influence on these literary crops. As a result of this influence, religious resources such as the Qur'an, Hadith and Tafsir were extensively included in the proverbs in the dialect. When the proverbs are approached as a way of expressing cultures in a succinctly manner, it will be possible to find the traces of all the elements that make up that culture in these literary products. Therefore, in this study, religious motifs in the proverbs of Arabic dialect, spoken by the Turkish citizens of Arabic origin living in the Siirt Center and Ristaq region, were discussed. Thus, the language of the beliefs structures of the Arabs living in this region has been tried to be revealed to the extent. In addition, based on the proverbs of the Siirt Arab faith structures and religious knowledge about the clues were sought. As a result, the proverbs used by Siirt Arabs have found important information about faith structures and religious cultures.

In this article, the science of the maqāsid which is one of the most important issues of fiqh method is discussed. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s (d. 751/1350) views about the maqāsid are taken into the center. For this reason, the main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze his views. He made evaluations about the science of maqāsid in many of his works, especially in I‘lām al-Muwaqqi‘īn ‘an Rabb al-‘Ālamīn. However, he did not touch the classical theory of maqāsid, which was shaped within the framework of the necessity. Instead, he adopted an applied understanding of maqāsid. By emphasizing the benefits often, he mentioned that the shari’ah is based on wisdom and the servants’ benefits in the world and the hereafter. He clarified various fiqh sciences by means of the maqāsid. The qiyas, justification of provisions (ta‘līl), ijtihad, means (wasa’il) and change of judgment were among these sciences. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya stated that there is a very close relationship between the maqāsid and qiyas. He emphasized the appropriate qualification that expresses the relationship among ‘illah (reason-cause). He said that the word of qiyas includes both valid and invalid qiyas. He used many phrases to express the qiyas that he deemed valid. He described the valid qiyas as a tool of measurement. Instead of invalid qiyas, he mentioned many words, especially invalid qiyas. He mentioned three different groups against the qiyas. According to his statements, the views of these three groups are inconsistent and criticized these views from various perspectives. The fourth view, which he mentioned and described as balanced, should be taken as the basis. Because the leading scholars are united in this view. He stated that the ‘illah in religious texts are clearly stated. The ‘illah in the verses are determined by Allah; the ‘illah in the hadiths are determined by Prophet. In this context, he has made feel the importance of the inductive method (istiqrā) to achieve the goals of religion. He attached great importance to the justification of the provisions. The provisions are handled in three groups: comprehensible with the reason, incomprehensible with the reason and those between the two. In fact, he stated that some defected provisions were considered as ritual. According to him, some issues such as iddah (period of waiting) are not rituals, because it is possible to understand the wisdom of iddah. It is seen that he pioneered scholars in the contemporary period on this issue. He has established a close connection between the maqāsid and ijtihad. According to his statement, the claims that the door of ijtihad was closed do not reflect the truth. Because to accept that these claims are true would mean the disappearance of science. Therefore, it is not possible to take these claims into account. He stated that the problems of fiqh should be solved with a vivid and effective understanding of ijtihad within the framework of maqāsid. In the context of the maqāsid, he also attached great importance to the issue of means. Because the means depend on the maqāsid, it follows its footsteps. According to him, both the aim and the means have become the purpose. For this reason, paths leading to haram are prohibited. If the paths leading to the haram are not prohibited, a situation such as encouragement to haram occurs. He stated that the words and actions that cause harm are combined under four groups. He said that changing the provisions is necessary for the benefit of people. In terms of changing the provisions, he has determined five elements as time, place, situation, intention and custom. According to him, the idea of changing the provisions has great benefits. Those who do not understand this benefit properly caused the people to have problems. Hence, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya attached great importance to meaning and purpose besides the literal meanings of religious texts. As a result of this, he adopted the idea of changing the fatwa practically. On the other hand, he was generally opposed to cheating. In conclusion, it can be easily said that he made valuable contributions to the science of maqāsid. As a matter of fact, frequent reference to his views in today’s works confirms this claim.

As a matter of fact, few, if any, theists have been expressivists about morality. This is probably because expressivism is thought to have unacceptable theological implications. That is, it is thought to imply (1) that God’s goodness depends on our desire-like states, (2) that God’s goodness is not a real property, (3) that it is not true that God is good, and (4) that God’s moral thoughts have no explanation. I argue that expressivism has no such implications and conclude that expressivism is theologically acceptable.

Purpose The informal segment compared to the formal segment is developing rapidly in urban areas of many developing Muslim countries. However, matter of fact, the contribution factor of the food cart business to the economic outline of the country has been vastly overlooked or neglected. The authority, policymakers, social organisations, vendors and the customers together need to play a contributing role based on intervention tactics regarding the major focus areas related to the development of this business segment. As a result, this study aims to explore concerns or issues that are hampering future business prospects considering the philosophy of halalan tayyiba. Design/methodology/approach The study has organised 16 semi-structured interview procedures with relevant food cart vendors of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The study selected participants (food cart vendors) from lower- to medium-income areas occupying at least one high school, one college in relation to several commercial premises (ex-mini shopping malls, offices and small factories) considering 6 out of 41 wards of Chittagong city corporation. All meetings with reflected participants were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim and transcripts were loaded into NVivo for coding and analysis procedure. Findings This investigation revealed that issues with food security, weather, lack of proper legislation, lack of awareness related with halalan tayyiba and erratic policies are the major challenges for the development of the food cart business in Chittagong. This study also advances how street food security well-being and hygiene practices are a piece of the halal idea and should in this way be adjusted by the halal food segment to accomplish halalan tayyiba affirmation. The outcomes also indicate an agenda for future research in this area. Research limitations/implications More reflections from the different stakeholders do have both pertinence and potential for incorporation in suggestions. Practical implications The detected findings may help both authority and other concerned entities to identify the critical dynamics to initiate appropriate strategic activities towards local economic growth considering halalan tayyiba outlines. Social implications It will ensure social well-being and food security. Originality/value This explorative research is one of few studies in the Bangladesh context, which is investigating halalan tayyiba-oriented business development outline for micro entrepreneurs.

In this article we will identify and explore the gender particulars of behavior of married couples, the influence of a constructive learned behavior on the prevention of family conflicts. This is followed by consideration of theoretical approaches to the phenomena of “gender” and “family conflict” and analysis of the role of emotions in family conflicts. The paper studies the ways of forming constructive habit behavior patterns as a factor in preventing family conflicts. Systemic and behavioral approaches have been used to explore gender characteristics of spouses’ behavior in a family conflict. The article emphasizes the importance of working with family conflicts, the positive role of conflicts, and discusses the techniques by which they can be managed. The strategies of marriage partners’ behavior in family conflicts are analyzed depending on a family life-cycle. We also suggest various ways of resolving family conflicts, including a mediation procedure, and, more specifically, the family-oriented mediation. The article concludes with our reasoning that gender-specific behaviors play an important role in family conflict and are the result of society’s stereotypization. As a matter of fact, each conflict is individual and requires some serious consideration due to the fact that the occurrence, generation and close of a conflict depends on the situations and circumstances within which it arises and increases.

Online Game is a game that entertain which is by connected by a network, so that it can be played between one player and another player in different places. As a matter of fact, Online Game can have a negative impact, that is an addiction. Students who are addicted to play online game have been influenced by several factors, the factor of facility, individual factors, family factors, social factors, and the online game itself. An analysis that can be used to look at the factors that influence addiction online game in private senior high school students in the city of Padang is a logistic regression analysis.This type of research is experimental research and the population in this study are private senior high school students in Padang City who play online game on a smartphone. The sample in this research are about to 96 respondents and the sampling technique used was technique non probability sampling with the sampling method accidental sampling and using a questionnaire. Based on the research results, we obtained the factors that influence it and factors that significantly influence addiction online game in students private SMA is a facility, family, and types game online.

The crucial role of current account imbalances (CAI) is widely acknowledged in the consensus narrative of the European crisis that followed the Great Recession. On the basis of this interpretation, CAI play a prominent role in the EU Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure (MIP), which broadens the EU economic governance framework to include the surveillance of unsustainable macroeconomic trends. Although the widening of the CAI in the Euro Area before the crisis is a matter of fact, and the consensus narrative contains elements of truth, alternative views have been put forward on three main issues: (i) the relevance of CAI, (ii) their causes and connection with the crisis, and (iii) their policy implications. The aim of this paper is to examine these controversial points about the causes, meaning and consequences of CAI, and discuss the alternative policy prescriptions that emerge.

Economists disagree; this is a matter of fact. Economics has an empirical methodology to verify whatever theories economists from different schools of thought advance in order to explain the economic phenomenon. This empirical methodology lends economists the confidence that most of the differences among them can be reconciled overtime by employing this methodology. If not today, future development either in economic theorization or estimation techniques may help them settle their internal conflicts. This paper argues that disagreements among economists are deeper than they are usually conceived of. These disagreements are spread over the entire spectrum of scientific theorization, i.e., explanation, prediction and control aspects of economics. Economists disagree neither because their understanding about economic functioning is imperfect nor because their econometric tool-kit of verifying their theories is limited; instead several deeply rooted reasons leave them divided on matters of economic theory and policy. It is argued that disagreements among economists are so deep that they become almost irreconcilable. Economics will continue as a rhetoric activity where different economists make use of authorities, stories, logic and metaphor to persuade each other.

The journey to Rome which Frederick III undertook for his coronation as emperor was portrayed in a number of works of art, which were conceived along the route through Italy. However, these works of art were meant to serve as propaganda for the emperor only indirectly. As a matter of fact, those commissioning the works considered the symbolic power of the events and the authority of the Imperator Romanorum far more important in terms of ‘self-portrayal’. These works of art were indeed commissioned to celebrate the numerous promotions to the aristocracy or to a higher position within the aristocracy that Frederick III performed during his journey. Through the images depicted on medals and on illuminated manuscripts, the ennobled ones, who commissioned these works, aimed at associating their personal image and their memoria with the emperor. Particularly noteworthy are the panels of two cassoni, where Frederick’s two-day journey, his stay in Florence and the crowning ceremonies in Rome are depicted in multiple scenes. The cassoni were commissioned by the Medici family for Orlando de Medici, upon whom a knighthood was conferred by the emperor and who most likely participated in the crowning ceremony in Rome. However, a differentiated approach must be adopted in order to analyse the realistic representation of the pictures: on the one hand, these pictures have an important documentary value, whereby the topographical factors are also taken into account. On the other hand, they deviate significantly from the historical facts. One of the most striking differences lies in the central motif of the crown used by the pope during the ceremony, which does not reflect the standard type of the emperor’s crown but is portrayed as a variation of the papal tiara. The real intention behind this kind of choice remains unknown, but it does illustrate the cultural clashes related to the public’s perception of this ceremony which was to be the last coronation of an emperor performed in Rome by a pope.

Neueste Reisen durch Spanien de Johann Jacob Volkmann y Spanien und Portugal de Karl Baedeker dan fe, paradójicamente, de la relevancia de la información proporcionada por los escritores viajeros de la generación anterior que visitaron el Monasterio de Yuste, movidos, sobre todo, por el interés y la fascinación que suscitó este lugar como retiro de Carlos V. En efecto, aunque ninguno de estos dos autores parece haber pisado tierra española ambos incorporaron en sus guías para viajeros por España información detallada y precisa, facilitada por esos visitantes ilustrados de la generación precedente. Prueba de ello es el cúmulo de datos que Volkmann debe a las Travels through Spain de John Talbot Dillon. Volkmann y Baedeker saben cómo seleccionar y divulgar lo que el público lector y los visitantes potenciales de su propia generación más valorarían del legado de esos escritores ilustrados. También saben cómo añadir material de su propia cosecha cuando estiman que sería del gusto de sus lectores. Así, basándose únicamente en descripciones geográficas de La Vera, a menudo hacen valoraciones y emiten juicios sobre sus paisajes y entorno que responden mucho más a los gustos que han traído el movimiento literario del Sturm und Drang y las tendencias románticas y prerrománticas que a los principios estéticos y al credo estético de la Ilustración

Iran has an exceptional place in the history of civilization as the cradle of ancient civilizations. As a matter of fact, Iran has become the meeting point of many cultures with the effect of its geographical location. At this point, while following the development process of a civilization, determining the position of women in that culture appears as an important indicator. The phenomenon of women has gone through a historical process that will be subject to special examination since the ancient times of this ancient civilization. This research handles a certain period in terms of analyzing the historical process of the perception of women in Iran. In this direction, the developments in Iran in the context of women's rights and the regressions against it are evaluated. Although the Qajars period has an important place in parallel with the women's movements that started in the world after the Industrial Revolution, the perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was established afterwards, was tried to be followed. While examining the events of the period under consideration in the context of women's struggle for rights, their place in Iran's political, social and cultural life is also tried to be determined.

Payitaht içinde Beyoğlu’nu diğer idari bölgelerinden ayıran, özellikle 19.yüzyılınikinci yarısında tebarüz eden, kendine has özellikleri vardır. Burası çeşitli devletlere aitsefaretlerin bulunduğu merkezdir. Paranın tedavül miktarı ve hızının hayli yüksek olduğusarrafları, bankerleri ve tüccarlarıyla bir ticaret merkezi olan kadim Galata buradadır. Birçokmilletten yabancının, levantenin, Osmanlı tebaası gayrimüslim nüfusun yoğunlaştığı,çalışıp ikamet ettiği çok kültürlü yapısıyla öne çıkan bir bölgedir. Ayrıca bu dönemdebaşkentte güvenlik sorununun en yoğun yaşandığı, nitelik ve nicelik bakımından suçlarınen fazla kayda geçtiği yerdir.Beyoğlu’nu farklı kılan bütün bu özellikler nedeniyle burada görevlendirilecek mülkîamirler ve memurlar hassasiyetle seçilmiştir. Bu anlamda muavin, vekâleten ve asaletenolmak üzere dokuz yılı bulan uzunca bir süre burada görev yapmış olan Bahri Paşa Sarayve Bâbıâli nezdinde başarılı bir idarecidir. Nitekim farklı yıllarda değişik derecelerdenişanlarla taltif edilmiştir. Ancak Beyoğlu mutasarrıfı Bahri Paşa’nın bulunduğu mevkinedeniyle dostu olduğu kadar düşmanı da çoktur. Burada en yüksek mülki amir iken zor günler geçirmesine neden olan kalpazanlıkla itham edilmiştir. Azledilerek tutuklanmışve yargılanmıştır. Azil şekli ve tutuklanması, aleyhinde yapılan sevinç gösterileri gibimeydana gelen olaylar Sultan Abdülhamid’in tepkisine neden olmuştur. Bu süreçte yaşananlariktidar çevresinde ve kamuoyu nezdinde etkili, nüfuz sahibi bazı güç odaklarınınvarlığına işaret etmektedir., It had its own characteristics that distinguished Beyoğlu from other administrativedistricts in Payitaht, especially in the second half of the 19th century. This was the centerwhere various states’ embassies were located. The ancient Galata which was a trade centerwith sarrafs, bankers and traders was here. The amount, circulation speed of moneywas quite high here. It was a region that stands out with its multicultural structure whereforeigners, Levantines and non-Muslim population were concentrated, work and reside.Beyoğlu was also the place where the security problems were experienced most in thecapital in this period and crimes were recorded most in terms of various and quantity.Because of all these features that make Beyoğlu different, the officers to be assignedhere were been selected with great care. In this sense, Bahri Pasha, who has served herefor a long period of nine years, in various positions, was a successful manager. As a matterof fact, he was awarded with different degrees of medals in different years. However,Bahri Pasha had a lot of enemies as well as his friends because of his duty. Here he wasaccused of counterfeiting, which led him to have hard times while he was a manager. Hewas dismissed, arrested and tried. The events that took place in this process caused thereaction of Sultan Abdulhamid. What happened to Bahri Pasha is pointing out the existenceof some power centers that were influential around the government and the public.

El envejecimiento demográfico en México es un fenómeno cada vez más creciente. A la par se incrementan, sin ser una generalidad, las demandas de cuidado para atender a esta población. Históricamente este rol ha sido asignado a las mujeres, aspecto que está relacionado con las desigualdades de género en la actualidad. Las mujeres que realizan cuidados para la vejez lo hacen a partir de distintas motivaciones: el reconocimiento de una necesidad, la responsabilización, o la prestación y recepción de los trabajos de cuidado. Todas ellas derivadas de las formas y contextos en que se desarrollan los vínculos familiares y afectivos. En este artículo se muestran, a través de relatos de mujeres cuidadoras, las motivaciones para asumir el rol y el proceso que atraviesan durante su práctica de cuidado. También se incorpora el tema de los derechos de las personas mayores desde el ámbito jurídico para reflexionar sobre la necesidad de incluir esta cuestión en las políticas públicas de nuestro país.

The article embraces the thorough analysis of the social-economic space of Poltava Region via administrative-areal reform as well as united areal communities’ formation. Given research has its base in the methodology of spatial analysis of areal systems with different levels of their organization. As a result, the very essence of social-economic growth poles’ forming process was revealed in succession. The fact this growth poles’ formation on depressive territories tends to be the ultimate way to improve their social and economic status has been logically ascertained. The typification of Poltava Region unitedareal communities’ centres as social-economic growth poles was held according to such criteria as their formation and impact extension over the surrounding territory. Actually, the forming peculiarities and the further development of growth poles on the regional level have an urgent necessity under active administrative-areal reform. Therefore, the prerequisites and the forming factors of Poltava Region growth poles were clearly defined. As a result, all the groups’ types of regional social-economic centres, which are already formed social-economic development poles (Poltava, Kremenchuh), development poles under formation (Horishni Plavni, Myrhorod, Lubny, and Hadiach), centres with some prerequisites to transform into growth poles (Karlivka, Pyriatyn, Lokhvytsa, Zinkiv, Hlobyne, and Kobeliaky), and centres with insufficient capacity to transform into growth poles (Velyka Bahachka, Kozelshchyna, Mashivka,Novi Sanzhary, Opishnia, Reshetylivka, Semenivka, Chornukhy, and Shyshaky), have been classified correctly. Those centres that have low formation level, being unable to transform into growth pole (Bilotserkivka, Butenky, Velyki Sorochyntsi, Drabynivka, Zavorsklo, Zasullia, Klepachi, Kolomatske, Krasna Luka, Lanna, Mala Pereshchepyna, Machukhy, Mykhailivka, Nedoharky, Nekhvoroshcha, Novoavramivka, Novoznamianka, Obolon, Omelnyk, Petrivka-Romenska, Pishchane, Pokrovska Bahachka, Pryshyb, Rokyta, Rudenkivka, Sencha, Serhiivka, Skorokhodove, Tereshky, Shcherbani), consolidate into the specific pattern. The results of the research aim to provide the primary, administrative, and social-economic UAC centers’ functions. As a matter of fact, the fundamental prerequisite of the Poltava Region’ area sustainable social-economic development can be efficiently contributed by already formed poles. They are, in fact, able to maintain the conservation of regional ecosystems, the areas’ innovative development achievements, the overcome of poverty, the preservation of national values and traditions, etc. Only the transformation of the described centers or acquiring them the nuclei traits of social-economic development poles should ensure the balanced areal development of the region.

Barracoon : The Story of the Last "Black Cargo " is a non-fiction work based on the interviews made by the African American writer, Harlem Renaissance star Zora Neale Hurston with the last living survivor of the slave trade Cudjo Lewis. The text demonstrates the interaction dynamics of memoirs, historiography, autobiography, and oral story which is generally referred to the genre of testimony. This genre is usually considered to be the invention of the second part of the 20 century literature, and it identifies - as some critics declare - “the most profound change in literature since the breakthrough of modernism. As a matter of fact, it was Zora Neale Hurston’s Barracoon that actually represents this change that Black aesthetics brought to the modern literature - we can see there all the significant testimony genre issues: the story-teller as victim, trauma experience, collective memory as a basis of self-identity.

Submitted by Leticia Alvarenga (leticiaalvarenga@fdv.br) on 2021-02-18T14:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 COURA - Problemas da teoria das fontes do direito.pdf: 398107 bytes, checksum: e323ece570405abf554d1c59c6e80771 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Galdino (repositorio@fdv.br) on 2021-06-28T17:05:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 COURA - Problemas da teoria das fontes do direito.pdf: 398107 bytes, checksum: e323ece570405abf554d1c59c6e80771 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-28T17:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COURA - Problemas da teoria das fontes do direito.pdf: 398107 bytes, checksum: e323ece570405abf554d1c59c6e80771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-12-10 O presente texto pretende evidenciar os problemas da tradicional teoria das fontes do Direito em face da noção de que Direito é um empreendimento coletivo e uma prática social interpretativa, como apresenta Ronald Dworkin em sua teoria do Direito como Integridade. Assim, pretendemos mostrar que a teoria das fontes do Direito parte do pressuposto positivista no sentido de que o Direito seria uma mera questão de fato, a partir da existência de uma regra de reconhecimento, padecendo, nesse ponto, daquilo que Dworkin de-nomina de aguilhão semântico. Retirando-se o aguilhão semântico, passa-se a perceber o Direito como um conceito interpretativo, incompatível com uma teoria das fontes que pretenda relevar, de antemão e de forma unívoca, o que seja o direito válido. This paper highlights the problems of the theory of the sources of law considering that law is a collective enterprise and an interpretative social practice, as presented by Ronald Dworkin. Thus, the paper shows that the theory of the sources of law starts from the positivist assumption that law would be a mere matter of fact, from the existence of a rule of recognition, suffering, at this point, from what Dworkin calls semantic sting. Removing the semantic sting, it is possibly understanding law as an interpretative concept, incompatible with a sources of law theory that intends to discovery, beforehand and in a univocal way, what is the valid law.

In this article, the “qissa of the first murder" (al-Maidah/27-31) is discussed methodologically in the point of classical tafsir sources and modern studies. The qissa consists of two elements which are the phrases “two sons of Adam” and the “crow’s guidance to the murderer”. In general, the commentators consider that the “Adam” indicates the Prophet Adam. The crow was sent to show how the body would be buried because the murder committed is the first murder on earth that does not know what to do with a dead body. In this general opinion, as well as the proofs of verses words and in-text contex elements, authentic ḥadiths, which are the main references of the tafsir, and narrations of companion and followers were taken into consideration. Along with other ḥadiths; especially it is seen that it is not possible to discredite the following ḥadīth narration of Masruq Ibn al-Ajda reported from Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud that is included in almost all authentic ḥadith sources as “no person is killed wrongfully, but a share of responsibility for his blood will be upon the first son of Adam, because he was the first one to kill". By adding the views of the companions, followers and the alliance of the ummah, it has become clear who the killer and victim are. In addition, the crow sent to show how to bury the dead body that confirms this view. Until the 20th century, it is seen that all of the commentators are in alliance on this view. The view referred to personalities such as Ḥasan al-Baṣrī and al-Ḍaḥḥāk is that the two people mentioned in the qissa are from children of Israel. However it is evident from other narrations of this view is not related to the idea that Adam and his wife were not the first human couple. Therefore, there is not an unique understanding of Adam that is accepted by everyone. In the explanations made by the commentators taken into consideration the different verses related to the subject. On the other hand, the literal meaning of the verses was taken as a basis and there was no need for taʾwīl because of any ambigious expression. These are also constitute the basic elements of the method followed in classical tafsirs. As for the evolutionist point of view; there is no such phenomenon as the first children of the first two people. Because in evolution, it is impossible to mention such a thing as the first two people. One of the dominant elements that shapes the modern exegesis understanding is this style of approach. According to the claim that the qissa's are symbolic, the verse statements are not important already. In this aspect, it is emphasized that both there is no reality of the story and is mentioned in reference to the Torah. But the similar story mentioned in the Torah, which is originally as divine, does not contradict its inclusion in the Qur’an as a truth. As a matter of fact, the Qur’an has been modifier and corrective as well as supplemantary and confirmative on the texts of Torah and Bible. In addition, the story of Abel and Cain in Torah is not mentioned the crow. According to the symbolist understanding, the Qur'an conveys a story that is claimed to be an imaginary product, and adds unfounded element to it during the transfer. This is a delusion that is not based on any evidence. It is certain that Allah, who knowledge encompasses everything and describes what is told in the Quran as truth, does not need to tell an imaginary story to show the guidance. Moreover, if the qissa of the first murder is symbolic, it means that the entire ummah, including the Prophet (pbuh) and the companions, has not understood this since 14th century which means that even mentioning this is absurd. The same inconsistent situation applies to evolutionist interpretations. As a result, after one of the two brothers killed the other; the killer did not know what to do the dead body, and finally learned from a crow that he should be buried. The literal expression of the verse refers to these two people as "two sons of Adam", and ta'wîl on this issue is far from convincing unless there is a valid evidence. It is seen that both approaches, which are the product of modern times in terms of methodology of Qur’anic Exegesis, are not based on solid scientific basis and lead the way to different contradictions rather than solving problems.

Recently, it is a fact that the genre-based writing English Curriculum in Indonesia either in high or higher education has been implemented for years. Unfortunately, it seems that the student’s writing is not assessed in accordance to the nature of genre based writing itself yet. As a matter of fact, assessment plays important role to success of teaching and learning. A proper assessment instrument leads to the valid and reliable learning achievement or otherwise. In terms of genre based writing, as a typical approach to teaching and learning writing also needs the assessment instrument meeting the nature of the genre based writing itself. This paper is aiming at providing a preliminary understanding and sights of typical instrument for assessing the genre based writing.

In his remarks to the High-level Meeting on Mali and the Sahel held on the margins of the General Debate of the 74th session of the UN General Assembly, the Secretary General Antonio Guterres acknowledged the increasing threat posed by the rise of violence in the Sahel and its spreading towards the Gulf of Guinea. He also warned about terrorist groups exploiting local conflicts and acting as defenders of communities to enhance their popularity and local support. As a matter of fact, countries in the Sahel region have been experiencing a significant increase in the level of violence, resulting in severe consequences for the population. According to Mohamed Ibn Chambas, UN Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS), the casualties caused by terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, have increased five-fold since 2016. The fragile circumstances and the deteriorating security situation have also pushed many people to flee their homes, with more than one million refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) sheltered in the central Sahel.

The Imams of the mosques are woefully lagged behind from the development in rural areas. Therefore, the author aimed to conduct this study for generating knowledge on the living standards of Imams in the context of rural areas of Bangladesh. In this case, he applied the qualitative research method and collected data based on the observation and the Focus Group Discussion methods. In consequence, this study identified that a student can be appointed as an Imam of the mosque as usual by studying at the religious educational institutions. Along with they are far away from many activities, banned by religion, society, and the country’s law. As a result, they get the highest honor from all and sundry in the society. But as a matter of fact, the economic conditions of them are vastly lowest among all professionals, signaling inequity towards them. Even so, it is worth noting that they are poor members of society. Therefore, the rich people and policymakers have to pay all attention to reduce the economic vulnerabilities of them so that they can exist to serve the people as usual.

The Imams of the mosques are woefully lagged behind from the development in rural areas. Therefore, the author aimed to conduct this study for generating knowledge on the living standards of Imams in the context of rural areas of Bangladesh. In this case, he applied the qualitative research method and collected data based on the observation and the Focus Group Discussion methods. In consequence, this study identified that a student can be appointed as an Imam of the mosque as usual by studying at the religious educational institutions. Along with they are far away from many activities, banned by religion, society, and the country’s law. As a result, they get the highest honor from all and sundry in the society. But as a matter of fact, the economic conditions of them are vastly lowest among all professionals, signaling inequity towards them. Even so, it is worth noting that they are poor members of society. Therefore, the rich people and policymakers have to pay all attention to reduce the economic vulnerabilities of them so that they can exist to serve the people as usual.

In this article, the concept of uslūb al-hakīm, which means “to respond to the person in conversation or the person asking the question during a mutual conversation with an unexpected response” and some verses of the Quran that can be evaluated in the framework of this concept, are discussed. In the literature, it is possible to come across different opinions about the definition of uslūb al-hakīm, the process of being concept and the similarity with the concept of al-kavl bi’l-mūcib. Since there are small disputes about the definition of the concept, the article firstly aims to reveal the process of being concept of uslūb al-hakīm and accordingly the differences between al-kavl bi’l-mucib. Since the uslūb al-hakīm is a concept that expresses the exit from muktazā al-zāhir, the point of view about the discourse, the collocutors, and the environment in which the discourse has occurred (muktazā al-hāl) is important. As a matter of fact, this situation is closely observed in the interpretation differences of the verses that set an example for the subject. However, in some evaluations in the studies on the subject, it is witnessed that the information about the atmosphere in which the Qur'an descends is not taken into consideration. For this reason, although it is limited to a few examples in the study, interpretation suggestions are made and it is tried to determine a meaning feature that will differentiate between the concepts of uslūb al-hakīm and el-kavl bi’l-mūcib.

La utilización de Internet para la enseñanza ha sido uno de los temas más discutidos por los docentes, padres y alumnos. Con la pandemia, el debate ha ganado las redes. Por un lado, sigue persistiendo el rechazo al uso de las plataformas online para la enseñanza. Otra tendencia supone un modelo hibrido. La tercera posición sostiene que se trata de una gran oportunidad para nuevos procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La investigación recoge manifestaciones de docentes en tiempos de confinamiento. En las dos últimas semanas de marzo, se ha reunido distintas experiencias de docentes de España, Chile y Brasil. Ellas son fundamentadas con argumentos que sostienen cada una de las tres alternativas. De este modo, se desea contribuir para una discusión sólida, en tiempos que las tecnologías de la información modifican los procesos de interconexión y, por ende, se transforman en herramientas para facilitar la enseñanza en línea.

“Ma‘dum” is a concept used to mean “non-existent”. Schools of Kalām have studied the nature of non-existent around the ma‘dum concept. In this context, it was discus-sed what happened before the things exist. The movement that first started this de-bate in the Kalām was Mu‘tazila. According to Mu‘tazila, ma‘dum is not absolute non-existent; in contrast, it is a “thing”. This view of Mu‘tazila was rejected by the Ashʿariyyah and Māturīdiyyah. Not only did the Ashʿariyyah and Māturīdiyyah scho-lars rejected the view of Mu‘tazila in this regard, but also formed their own view on the issue. According to this view, ma‘dum is not a “thing”, in the contrast, it is absolu-te non-existent, in other words, it is nothing. Almost all of the Ahl-al-Sunna accepted this view. These two different approaches on ma‘dum were the distinguishing quali-ties of both Mu‘tazila and Ahl-al-Sunna. It is possible to argue that both views, which contrasted each other, developed with certain concerns. The main concern of Ahl-al-Sunna, which advocates the view of “ma‘dum is absolute non-existent”, is not to harm the idea that Allah is a single eter-nal entity. As a matter of fact, if ma‘dum is accepted as a “thing” instead of absolute non-existent, it will be said that there is another entity that has existed with Allah since the eternity, which will damage the idea that Allah is the only eternal being. The main concern of Mu‘tazila, who advocated the view that “non-existent” is a “thing”, was to purify Allah’s knowledge from all kinds of flaws and deficiencies. As a matter of fact, if ma‘dum is accepted as an absolute non-existent, not a “thing”, Allah will only know what he will create after he has created them, which will damage the idea that Allah has known everything perfectly since the eternity, and will undermine Allah’s omniscience attribute. The one that belongs to Ahl-al-Sunna from these two approaches about whether ma‘dum is absolute non-existent or a “thing”, was discussed by many Sunni thinkers in detail. However, it is seen that the one that belongs to Mu‘tazila does not have adequate clarity. As a matter of fact, considering the works of their own scholars, it is understood that the ma‘dum, which Mu‘tazila described as a “thing”, carries an epis-temological nature, not an ontological nature. The position of this epistemological truth is considered as Allah’s eternal knowledge. In this case, both of the ideas of Al-lah knows everything with His knowledge, and that Allah is the only eternal being are not harmed. One of the thinkers who can be referred to on Mu‘tazila’s ma‘dum understanding in the framework of their own resources is Abū Rashīd āl-Nīsābūrī, who conveyed the different approaches of Mu‘tazila about ma‘dum, and then explained his opinion on this issue in detail in his book al-Masāʾil fi l-kḫilāf bayn al-baṣriyin wal-baghdādiyin (Ques-tions concerning the differences between the Baṣrah and Baghdad). There are two important points that come to the forefront in the non-existent view of Āl-Nīsābūrī. The first one is that ma‘dum is considered as a “thing”, not an absolute non-existent; and the second is the claim that ma‘dum has no physical entity, but that it has a presence in the mind. Over these two emphases, it can be speculated that two issues related to ma‘dum are resolved. In this respect, it is stated that there is nothing that Allah does not know about in the eternity by saying that ma‘dum is not absolute non-existent. With this acceptance, the knowledge of Allah is cleared of all kinds of deficiencies. When the idea that ma‘dum is a mental entity, not a physical one is accepted, the idea that Allah does not have equal is not damaged. As a matter of fact, an entity in the form of knowledge is nothing other than Allah, but it is a being that is the require-ment of Allah. Because Allah is the one who is All-Knowing. Āl-Nīsābūrī evaluated the ma‘dum as a “thing” in terms of its being the substan-ce/essence, being known and being eternal. According to him, the substance should exist even in case of the non-existent of it. Since substance is substance in case of its non-existent, then it is ma‘dum, i.e. an substance. Since there is nothing beyond the knowledge of Allah, ma‘dum consists of the “known”. Being known requires being se-parated from other things with a clear attribute. Therefore, ma‘dum is a “thing” with a distinct attribute. Since ma‘dum is a “thing”, and since it is in the knowledge of Allah since the eternity, then it is also eternal.

The human mind is unable to acquire the knowledge of metaphysical and unseen worlds which fall in the category of faith such as angels , concept of life and death , hereafter, and the belief in heaven and hell, except through the divine guidance given to the messengers and Prophets by Almighty Allah .The faith in angels is one of those believes mentioned in all the divine religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. All these three divine religions agree on the existence of angels in general. As this is one of the six articles of faith of our true Islamic religion, and this is one of the most important article of faith in Judaism and Christianity too. Belief in angels is the most widely discussed doctrinal elements in the sacred books of all these religions. It is a matter of fact that all these three divine religions have a firm belief in the existence of angles but they differ only regarding their details such as their names, classes, descriptions, characteristics and actions. This article analyses and addresses the main question about angels in sematic and divine religions which is; how do the divine religions present angels and which are the similarities and differences between them.