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Engineering education research has highlighted the importance of examining, understanding, and supporting teacher learning and identity development, particularly for those that hold marginalized identities. As part of the special issue on Teacher Learning and Organizational Contexts, this study examines the intricate relationship between powered boundaries of race, culture, and space for two Black women teachers in organizational contexts within their school district. Using a racialized spatial imaginaries framework, this research describes how two women authored identities as teachers of engineering and cultivated new engineering related spatial imaginaries for their students. The study found that ideational, material, and relational resources made available across organizational contexts contributed to teachers' authoring identities and how they supported their students. The work illuminates how a spatial imaginaries framework can support critical investigation of teacher identity development and (re)examination of how Black students are positioned in spaces of teacher inquiry.

Dilute povidone-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine [PVP-I]) irrigation in spine surgery and total joint arthroplasty has seen a rapid and substantial increase in its use during the past decade. Yet, most surgeons do not know the chemistry and biochemistry that explain its efficacy in preventing infections. PVP-I forms a complex with molecular iodine (I2), facilitating the delivery of I2 to the membrane of the infectious organism. Here, PVP-I establishes an equilibrium between complexed and noncomplexed (free) I2 in the aqueous solution. The I2 acts at numerous cellular targets of infecting organisms augmenting its role as a biocidal molecule. The paradoxical increase in the concentration of I2 that occurs with dilution of PVP-I is a result of equilibrium kinetics and is associated with an enhanced antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity studies have yielded conflicting results, but most endorse diluted concentrations as being less damaging to tissues. Clinical studies have verified notable reductions in surgical site infections with a 3-minute soak of 0.35% dilute povidone-iodine irrigation. Guidelines from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection support the use of prophylactic incisional wound irrigation with aqueous PVP-I to reduce and prevent surgical site infections.

There is a defined need to provide accessible and effective professional development for 4-H educators. Lesson study is a Community of Practice-based approach to educator professional development. Prior research has shown lesson study to be effective with 4-H staff, adult volunteers, and teen volunteers. This inquiry, a multisite case study, was designed to investigate the application of lesson study in authentic contexts with 4-H county agents from 1890 land-grant universities. Quantitative and qualitative measures revealed improved preparedness, participation, and camaraderie among participating educators. Other benefits to participants included improved lesson planning and implementation.

Most European countries accept the necessity of school based Religious Education (RE). In Ireland, where almost 89% of primary and 47% of second level schools have a Catholic patron, the Catholic Bishops recognise the importance of RE in holistic education and uphold RE as an expression of school ethos. However, in an increasingly diverse society with rapidly falling numbers of people who identify and practice as Catholic, can the provision of RE in Catholic schools be sustained into the future? This paper examines the results of the first large scale, mixed methods empirical study into Catholic school (primary and secondary) ethos in the Republic of Ireland, of which Religious Education is an essential dimension. Through an examination of survey and semi-structured interview data from teachers and leaders, it analyses their views and experiences of RE and highlights the role and reality of RE in Catholic schools in Ireland today. Findings demonstrate a level of commitment and professionalism among stakeholders, and much in the way of good practice and commitment to the subject. However, they also indicate that support for RE as a subject, and for RE teachers and leaders, is urgently needed. Without ongoing, high-quality support for teachers, and systematic evaluation of the teaching and learning of RE, the future of RE in Catholic schools in Ireland looks bleak. While the study is carried out in Ireland, it is also of interest to other jurisdictions where schools are faced with similar challenges and to Catholic education systems looking to the future of Religious Education.

BACKGROUND: Glyoxal has been implicated as a significant contributor to the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which play a key role in our ability to estimate the impact of aerosols on climate. Elevated concentrations of glyoxal over open ocean waters suggest that there exists an additional source, different from urban and forest environments, which has yet to be identified. METHODS: Based on mass spectrometric analyses of nascent sea spray aerosols (SSAs) and gas-phase molecules generated during the course of a controlled algal bloom, the work herein suggests that marine microorganisms are capable of excreting toluene in response to environmental stimuli. Additional culture flask experiments demonstrated that pathogenic attack could also serve as a trigger for toluene formation. Using solid-phase microextraction methods, the comparison of samples collected up-channel and over the breaking wave suggests it was transferred across the air-water interface primarily through SSA formation. RESULTS: The presence and then absence of phenylacetic acid in the SSA days prior to the appearance of toluene support previous reports that proposed toluene is produced as a metabolite of phenylalanine through the Shikimate pathway. As a result, once in the atmosphere, toluene is susceptible to oxidation and subsequent degradation into glyoxal. CONCLUSIONS: This work adds to a minimal collection of literature that addresses the primary production of aromatic hydrocarbons from marine microorganisms and provides a potential missing source of glyoxal that should be considered when accounting for its origins in remote ocean regions.

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the world. In VIII: clinical approaches, authors address the following themes: Evaluation, diagnosis and management I-toward a working diagnosis, Evaluation, diagnosis and management II-process steps, Interweaving integrative medicine and family medicine, Halfway-the art of clinical judgment, Seamless integration in family medicine-team-based care, Technology-uncovering stories from noise and Caring for patients with multiple long-term conditions. May readers recognise in these essays the uniqueness of a family medicine approach to care.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use after revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to characterize preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative opioid use during rTHA. METHODS: Patients undergoing revision THA from 2010 to 2018 were screened for opioid use 3 months before revision surgery and tracked 24 months postoperatively. Patients were categorized as naïve or tolerant. Opioid prescriptions and average morphine milligram equivalents (MME) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four of 247 patients (50%) in the tolerant group averaged a preoperative MME of 23.7 mg/day. Postoperatively, tolerant patients received significantly higher daily MME at all time points, including at 3 months 31.4 versus 18.1 mg/day (P < 0.001), 6 months 19.9 versus 2.95 mg/day (P < 0.001), 12 months 14.3 versus 3.5 mg/day (P < 0.001), and 24 months 10.7 versus 2.17 mg/day (P < 0.001). Tolerant patients were more likely to have a prescription at 6 months (44% versus 22%), 12 months (41.4% versus 24%), and 24 months (38% versus 19.3%) (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001, respectively). DISCUSSION: Opioid-tolerant patients had higher postoperative MME requirements for longer recovery duration. Both groups reduced opioid use at 3 months and plateaued at 6 months. These findings can help the revision surgeon counsel patients and expectations.

The field of software engineering is advancing at astonishing speed, with packages now available to support many stages of data science pipelines. These packages can support infectious disease modelling to be more robust, efficient and transparent, which has been particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a package for the construction of infectious disease models, integrated it with several open-source libraries and applied this composite pipeline to multiple data sources that provided insights into Australia's 2022 COVID-19 epidemic. We aimed to identify the key processes relevant to COVID-19 transmission dynamics and thereby develop a model that could quantify relevant epidemiological parameters.The pipeline's advantages include markedly increased speed, an expressive application programming interface, the transparency of open-source development, easy access to a broad range of calibration and optimisation tools and consideration of the full workflow from input manipulation through to algorithmic generation of the publication materials. Extending the base model to include mobility effects slightly improved model fit to data, with this approach selected as the model configuration for further epidemiological inference. Under our assumption of widespread immunity against severe outcomes from recent vaccination, incorporating an additional effect of the main vaccination programs rolled out during 2022 on transmission did not further improve model fit. Our simulations suggested that one in every two to six COVID-19 episodes were detected, subsequently emerging Omicron subvariants escaped 30–60% of recently acquired natural immunity and that natural immunity lasted only one to eight months on average. We documented our analyses algorithmically and present our methods in conjunction with interactive online code notebooks and plots.We demonstrate the feasibility of integrating a flexible domain-specific syntax library with state-of-the-art packages in high performance computing, calibration, optimisation and visualisation to create an end-to-end pipeline for infectious disease modelling. We used the resulting platform to demonstrate key epidemiological characteristics of the transition from the emergency to the endemic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Many species are exhibiting range shifts associated with anthropogenic change. For migratory species, colonisation of new areas can require novel migratory programmes that facilitate navigation between independently-shifting seasonal ranges. Therefore, in some cases range-shifts may be limited by the capacity for novel migratory programmes to be transferred between generations, which can be genetically and socially mediated. Methods Here we used 50 years of North American Breeding Bird Survey and Audubon Christmas Bird Count data to test the prediction that breeding and/or non-breeding range-shifts are more prevalent among flocking migrants, which possess a capacity for rapid social transmission of novel migration routes. Results Across 122 North American bird species, social migration was a significant positive predictor for the magnitude of non-breeding centre of abundance (COA) shift within our study region (conterminous United States and Southern Canada). Across a subset of 81 species where age-structured flocking was determined, migrating in mixed-age flocks produced the greatest shifts and solo migrants the lowest. Flocking was not a significant predictor of breeding COA shifts, which were better explained by absolute population trends and migration distance. Conclusions Our results suggest that social grouping may play an important role in facilitating non-breeding distributional responses to climate change in migratory species. We highlight the need to gain a better understanding of migratory programme inheritance, and how this influences spatiotemporal population dynamics under environmental change.

While recordings of lectures proved invaluable for students' learning during the pandemic, as our university transitioned back to in-person teaching there was a call from many lecturers to remove the requirement to provide lecture recordings due to the perceived negative impact on attendance. To examine in detail the relationship between recordings and the corresponding face-to-face lectures, we conducted a study on the "formats" of lectures across our undergraduate mathematics programmes pre- and post-lockdown in March 2020, and students' perceptions of how beneficial they felt each was for their learning. In May 2020, 156 mathematics students completed a survey containing both quantitative and qualitative questions. Findings indicate that pre-pandemic almost 70% of the lecture formats classified by students were traditional in nature, with 20% classified as containing some interactions, and the remainder as including group work. While students did not perceive "great" differences in terms of the benefits to learning between the face-to-face and online lecture formats in the majority of modules, those who experienced interactions or group work in lectures before lockdown, reported a greater drop than those who experienced a traditional lecture. Irrespective of preferences for face-to-face or online learning, students were clear about the value of lecture recordings and interactions with peers and lecturers to their learning. Based on our findings, and those of others, we discuss implications for mathematics lecturers' practice. Specifically, we argue for the provision of lecture recordings or short pre-recordings, especially when the lecture is traditional in nature.

microbeMASST, a taxonomically informed mass spectrometry (MS) search tool, tackles limited microbial metabolite annotation in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Leveraging a curated database of >60,000 microbial monocultures, users can search known and unknown MS/MS spectra and link them to their respective microbial producers via MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Identification of microbe-derived metabolites and relative producers without a priori knowledge will vastly enhance the understanding of microorganisms' role in ecology and human health.

Sexual selection can result in extreme development of multimodal mate-attracting traits, including complex constructions. Male Great Bowerbirds build bowers for attracting females. Bowers contain a thatched twig tunnel (avenue) opening onto 2 courts covered with decorations. Males displaying on a court are seen by a female from within the avenue. She sees and hears displays through the avenue entrance but can only see the males head and objects in his bill as it passes repeatedly across the entrance. Because the bower may affect the auditory as well as the visual parts of the multimodal male display we investigated bower acoustic properties by playing standard sounds from multiple court positions, recording the resulting sounds at the females head position within the avenue. Bower geometry results in a limited zone at the avenue entrance where his vocalisations can be heard with maximum intensity; this corresponds to his typical display position. Experiments show that court decorations increase the intensity of some frequencies and reduce the intensity of others. Bower structure simultaneously affects both visual and auditory male display components and could be important in sexual selection. It is important to consider more than 1 sensory mode, especially in the context of built signaling structures.

INTRODUCTION: The potential capabilities of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been relatively unexplored, particularly in the realm of creating personalized statements for medical students applying to residencies. This study aimed to investigate the ability of generative AI, specifically ChatGPT and Google BARD, to generate personal statements and assess whether faculty on residency selection committees could (1) evaluate differences between real and AI statements and (2) determine differences based on 13 defined and specific metrics of a personal statement. METHODS: Fifteen real personal statements were used to generate 15 unique and distinct personal statements from ChatGPT and BARD each, resulting in a total of 45 statements. Statements were then randomized, blinded, and presented to a group of faculty reviewers on residency selection committees. Reviewers assessed the statements by 14 metrics including if the personal statement was AI-generated or real. Comparison of all metrics was performed. RESULTS: Faculty correctly identified 88% (79/90) real statements, 90% (81/90) BARD, and 44% (40/90) ChatGPT statements. Accuracy of identifying real and BARD statements was 89%, but this dropped to 74% when including ChatGPT. In addition, the accuracy did not increase as faculty members reviewed more personal statements (area under the curve [AUC] 0.498, p = 0.966). BARD performed poorer than both real and ChatGPT across all metrics (p < 0.001). Comparing real with ChatGPT, there was no difference in most metrics, except for Personal Interests, Reasons for Choosing Residency, Career Goals, Compelling Nature and Originality, and all favoring the real personal statements (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Faculty members accurately identified real and BARD statements, but ChatGPT deceived them 56% of the time. Although AI can craft convincing statements that are sometimes indistinguishable from real ones, replicating the humanistic experience, personal nuances, and individualistic elements found in real personal statements is difficult. Residency selection committees might want to prioritize these particular metrics while assessing personal statements, given the growing capabilities of AI in this arena. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Residency selection committees may want to prioritize certain metrics unique to the human element such as personal interests, reasons for choosing residency, career goals, compelling nature, and originality when evaluating personal statements.

Sughashini Murugesu,1– 3 Robert James Grogan,1 Hannah Meehan,1 Nina Cooper,1,2 Alex Novak,1,2 Erna Bayar,1,2 Lorraine Sheena Kasaven,1,4 Shankar Dilip Visvanathan,3,5 Srdjan Saso,1,2 Karen Joash,1,3 Tom Bourne1,2,6 1Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK; 2Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK; 3London School of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Health Education England, London, UK; 4Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK; 5Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCorrespondence: Sughashini Murugesu, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK, Email sughashini.murugesu@nhs.netPurpose: To determine the level of uptake of telemedicine among postgraduate obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) trainees in London, and how they perceive its impact on their training.Methods: A mixed-methods survey aimed at exploring trainee perspectives of telemedicine use in clinical practice and its implications for training. Study participants were O&G specialist doctors on the London (UK) training programme. The survey was distributed to the 2022 cohort via Email communication facilitated by Health Education England.Results: The response rate was 46.3% (118/255). Of respondents, 96% (113/118) had experience of telemedicine, in a range of clinical environments; 91% (106/117) felt telemedicine should become embedded in O&G practice (the most frequent reported advantage was time-saving and a barrier was language translation); 43% of trainees (50/116) stated that they were unable to attain effective clinical training during telemedicine appointments; and 70% (81/116) indicated a preference for remote online teaching. The majority of trainees (75%) had some level of experience in the use of technology in clinical training, encompassing various modalities including surgical and ultrasound simulation, remote real-time training and virtual reality patient consultations. Trainee responses, on the whole, reflected a lack of confidence in their ultrasound skills; 79.5% (74/93) of trainees responsible for acute gynaecology admissions reported that at least 25% of admissions were for deferred ultrasound scanning investigation. Most trainees anticipated that real-time remote supervision for both USS and laparoscopy would enhance training opportunities and expedite time to patient diagnosis and management. Anticipated barriers included concerns regarding the uptake of technology and connectivity issues.Conclusion: Telemedicine for clinical care has been demonstrated to be well-received by most O&G trainees. However, it is necessary to consider effective O&G training when delivering telemedicine. Technology gives rise to a number of training opportunities, with the development of online teaching, telementoring and simulation. Trainees report both advantages and disadvantages which should be carefully considered to optimise postgraduate O&G training.Keywords: telemedicine, postgraduate training, obstetrics and gynaecology

Abstract Background Traditional epidemiological models tend to oversimplify the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) to replicate observed tuberculosis (TB) epidemic patterns. This has led to growing interest in advanced methodologies like agent-based modelling (ABM), which can more accurately represent the complex heterogeneity of TB transmission. Objectives To better understand the use of agent-based models (ABMs) in this context, we conducted a systematic review with two main objectives: (1) to examine how ABMs have been employed to model the intricate heterogeneity of M.tb transmission, and (2) to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing ABMs for M.tb. Search methods We conducted a systematic search following PRISMA guidelines across four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, and Scopus), limiting our review to peer-reviewed articles published in English up to December 2022. Data were extracted by two investigators using a standardized extraction tool. Prospero registration: CRD42022380580. Selection criteria Our review included peer-reviewed articles in English that implement agent-based, individual-based, or microsimulation models of M.tb transmission. Models focusing solely on in-vitro or within-host dynamics were excluded. Data extraction targeted the methodological, epidemiological, and computational characteristics of ABMs used for TB transmission. A risk of bias assessment was not conducted as the review synthesized modelling studies without pooling epidemiological data. Results Our search initially identified 5,077 studies, from which we ultimately included 26 in our final review after exclusions. These studies varied in population settings, time horizons, and model complexity. While many incorporated population heterogeneity and household structures, some lacked essential features like spatial structures or economic evaluations. Only eight studies provided publicly accessible code, highlighting the need for improved transparency. Authors’ conclusions ABMs are a versatile approach for representing complex disease dynamics, particularly in cases like TB, where they address heterogeneous mixing and household transmission often overlooked by traditional models. However, their advanced capabilities come with challenges, including those arising from their stochastic nature, such as parameter tuning and high computational expense. To improve transparency and reproducibility, open-source code sharing, and standardised reporting are recommended to enhance ABM reliability in studying epidemiologically complex diseases like TB.