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The spontaneous aggregation of chitosan and carboxymethylchitosan polymers can be advantageous for the enzyme confinement on these colloidal systems during immobilization processes. The initial crucial step involves the polymer-enzyme adduct formation. The objective here is to determine the interactions that drive the adduct formation between these polymers and β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. The chemical characterization of chitosan and its carboxymethyl-derivate allowed to explain their colloidal behavior and design the four-unit fragments ligands used for the docking study. The deacetylation degree (0.6 times lower), isoelectric point (5.2 instead 6.4) and substitution degree (DS O = 1.779 and DS 2N = 0.441) of carboxymenthylchitosan are due to the hydroxide concentration (>25%) and 30 °C modification conditions. Favorable Van der Waals and H-bond interactions between chitosan-β-galactosidase and contribution of electrostatic attraction mediated by calcium ions for carboxymethylchitosan-β-galactosidase explained the zeta potential and dynamic light scattering results at pH 7.0. These interactions occur onto the external surface of this galactosidase, without affecting the catalytic activity. A cross-linked enzyme aggregates-type model was proposed for the formation of the adducts, based on the complementary experimental-docking results. They contribute understanding the behavior of polyelectrolyte chitosan-derived matrices for enzyme immobilization. • Carboxymethylchitosan-Ca2+β-galactosidase cross-linked enzyme aggregate biocatalyst • Role of polymer spontaneous self-aggregation on chitosan-enzyme adducts formation • Docking design based on ligand chemical characterization and metal binding prediction • Chitosan/, carboxymethylchitosan/β-galactosidase docking interactions identification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new open hardware interface based on Arduino to read electromotive force (emf ) from potentiometric detectors is presented. The interface has been fully designed with the open code philosophy and all documentation will be accessible on web. The paper describes a comprehensive project including the electronic design, the firmware loaded on Arduino, and the Java-coded graphical user interface to load data in a computer (PC or Mac) for processing. The prototype was tested by measuring the calibration curve of a detector. As detection element, an active poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane was used, doped with cetyltrimethylammonium dodecylsulphate (CTA+-DS-). The experimental measures of emf indicate Nernstian behaviour with the CTA+ content of test solutions, as it was described in the literature, proving the validity of the developed prototype. A comparative analysis of performance was made by using the same chemical detector but changing the measurement instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Simple Shoulder Test (SST-Sp) is a widely used outcome measure. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Spanish-version SST (SST-Sp). Methods: A two-stage observational study was conducted. The SST was initially cross-culturally adapted to Spanish through double forward and backward translation and then validated for its psychometric characteristics. Participants ( n = 66) with several shoulder disorders completed the SST-Sp, DASH, VAS and SF-12. The full sample was employed to determine factor structure, internal consistency and concurrent criterion validity. Reliability was determined in the first 24-48 h in a subsample of 21 patients. Results: The SST-Sp showed three factors that explained the 56.1 % of variance, and the internal consistency for each factor was α = 0.738, 0.723 and 0.667, and reliability was ICC = 0.687-0.944. The factor structure was three-dimensional and supported construct validity. Criterion validity determined from the relationship between the SST-Sp and DASH was strong ( r = −0.73; p < 0.001) and fair for VAS ( r = −0.537; p < 0.001). Relationships between SST-Sp and SF-12 were weak for both physical ( r = −0.47; p < 0.001) and mental ( r = −0.43; p < 0.001) dimensions. Conclusions: The SST-Sp supports the findings of the original English version as being a valid shoulder outcome measure with similar psychometric properties to the original English version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of several non-lethal techniques as indicators of total lipid content in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, walleye Sander vitreus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was investigated. The techniques included (1) the Fulton and relative condition factors, (2) relative mass, (3) plasma indicators of nutritional status (alkaline phosphatase, calcium, cholesterol, protein, triglycerides and glucose) and (4) readings from a hand-held, microwave energy meter. Although simple linear regression analysis showed that lipid content was significantly correlated with several predictor variables in each species, the r2 values for the relations ranged from 0·17 to 0·50 and no single approach was consistent for all species. Only one model, between energy-meter readings and lipid content in I. punctatus, had an r2 value (0·83) high enough to justify using it as a predictive tool. Results indicate that no single variable was an accurate and reliable indicator of whole body lipid content in these fishes, except the energy meter for I. punctatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is a complex sensory and emotional experience with nociceptive, nociplastic, and neuropathic components. An involvement of neurotropic B vitamins (B1 – thiamine, B6 – pyridoxine, and B12 – cyanocobalamin) as modulators of inflammation and pain has been long discussed. New evidence suggests their therapeutic potential in different pain conditions. In this review, we discuss the main role of neurotropic B vitamins on different nociceptive pathways in the nervous system and to describe their analgesic action mechanisms. The performed literature review showed that, through different mechanisms, these vitamins regulate several inflammatory and neural mediators in nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Some of these processes include aiming the activation of the descending pain modulatory system and in specific intracellular pathways, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and nerve regenerative effects. Moreover, recent data shows the antinociceptive, antiallodynic, and anti-hyperalgesic effects of the combination of these vitamins, as well as their synergistic effects with known analgesics. Understanding how vitamins B1, B6, and B12 affect several nociceptive mechanisms can therefore be of significance in the treatment of various pain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Al2O3–EuAlO3 eutectic rods were directionally solidified using the Laser-Heated Floating Zone method, also known as Laser-Heated Pedestal Growth technique, with growth rates ranging between 25 and 750mm/h. The microstructure was found to be highly dependent on the processing parameters, the size of the phases decreasing with the growth rate down 200nm in samples grown at 750mm/h. At low rates, an interpenetrated network of the eutectic phases was obtained whereas at high growth rates a tendency towards a nanofibrous pattern was observed. The optical absorption and photoluminescence of the eutectics grown at 100mm/h and 350mm/h were measured at room temperature. The Judd-Ofelt parameters, Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6, were obtained from the absorption spectra. Under a 396nm lamp excitation, a red light emission centred in 616nm corresponding to the Eu3+ ion was detected. The Eu3+ emission was stronger in the samples with the finer microstructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Radio-tagged adult Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus held in a raceway with Plexiglas-lined walls and bottom healed more slowly and retained sutures longer than fish held in an all-concrete raceway or one with Plexiglas walls and a cobble-lined bottom. On all substrata, healing depended on when sutures were lost, and fish that lost their sutures in <14 days post-surgery healed faster than those that kept sutures longer. Long-term suture retention led to tissue trauma, infection and poor survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants contain numerous polyphenols, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and hereby to increase resistance to disease. Examples of such polyphenols are isothiocyanates in cabbage and broccoli, epigallocatechin in green tee, capsaicin in chili peppers, chalones, rutin and naringenin in apples, resveratrol in red wine and fresh peanuts and curcumin/curcuminoids in turmeric. Most diseases are maintained by a sustained discreet but obvious increased systemic inflammation. Many studies suggest that the effect of treatment can be improved by a combination of restriction in intake of proinflammatory molecules such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced lipoperoxidation end products (ALE), and rich supply of antiinflammatory molecules such as plant polyphenols. To the polyphenols with a bulk of experimental documentation belong the curcuminoid family and especially its main ingredient, curcumin. This review summarizes the present knowledge about these turmeric-derived ingredients, which have proven to be strong antioxidants and inhibitors of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX) and nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) but also AGE. A plethora of clinical effects are reported in various experimental diseases, but clinical studies in humans are few. It is suggested that supply of polyphenols and particularly curcuminoids might be value as complement to pharmaceutical treatment, but also prebiotic treatment, in conditions proven to be rather therapy-resistant such as Crohn's, long-stayed patients in intensive care units, but also in conditions such as cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Growth and mortality rates of juvenile anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) were estimated from monthly samples collected in the coastal waters off Ortona (central Adriatic Sea). Otolith microstructure analysis was conducted on specimens ranging from 10 to 60mm TL, including the transition from larval to juvenile stages (i.e. at metamorphosis). Fish were aged by growth increment counts on sagittal otoliths, presuming they were laid down with a daily periodicity. Age estimates ranged from 16 to 96 days, with a good consistency between readings. The hatch date distribution, back-calculated from the date of capture, was spread over a long period (April–February), with three main cohorts hatched in May, August and November. The instantaneous growth rate, calculated for the whole fish sample, was 0.68mm/day. Nevertheless, the growth rate estimated for each of the main cohorts showed a seasonal trend, being higher in May and decreasing in August and November. The allometric relationship between otolith and fish size changed markedly during the transition from larval to juvenile stages, with a slight decrease of otolith growth rate after metamorphosis. The instantaneous total mortality rates of anchovy, calculated for each of the main cohorts, was lower in May and progressively increased in August and November cohorts, showing an opposite seasonal trend respect to the growth rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to follow the evolution of the micelles of two triblock copolymer surfactants, Pluronic F127 and Pluronic P123, in diluted aqueous reaction mixtures during the formation of respectively SBA-16 and SBA-15 type mesoporous silica particles at different temperatures, acid and salt concentrations. The silica source (tetraethoxysilane TEOS) is adsorbed by the micelles and undergoes hydrolysis. The resulting siliceous species coat the hydrophilic corona of the micelles, transforming those into composite colloids. The shape of the colloids formed from Pluronic F127 remains spherical but their size increases, whereas the spherical shape of the colloids with Pluronic P123 evolutes into an elongated shape. The decrease of the repulsion energy of these composite colloids allows their aggregation into “liquid particles” (spheres or polyhedra), as observed by optical microscopy. The “liquid particles”, which can be re-dissolved in the case of the SBA-16 precursor by decreasing the temperature, transform into the final solid mesoporous silica particles by siloxane bonds formation within the coalesced silica walls. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to characterize the micelles and particles in the reaction mixtures during the synthesis of SBA-3 type silica at different temperatures, acid and salt concentrations. The adsorption of the siliceous species on the micelles leads to their transformation into wormlike micelles which aggregate into “liquid particles” (gyroids or spheres, observed by optical microscopy) through the screening of the micellar charges. Their transformation into “solid particles” occurs through the replacement of the intermicellar hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds involving the silanol groups by siloxane bonds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to assess diet composition and niche breadth of this species, we analysed the stomach content of 182 specimens collected monthly along the eastern coast of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea). Overall, 50 prey taxa belonging to five major groups (algae, gastropods, crustaceans, polychaetes, fishes) were identified in 102 full stomachs. Benthic or epibenthic crustaceans, such as decapods, amphipods and isopods were the most important prey, whereas algae, gastropods, polychaetes and fishes were only occasionally ingested. In terms of composition by species, the diet of Scorpaena maderensis was characterized by a variety of rare or unimportant prey, which was consumed by few individuals only, although sometimes in large amount. As a result, S. maderensis can be considered a generalized and opportunistic feeder. The feeding intensity followed roughly a seasonal trend, with a minimum food intake in summer. The individual fish size was the most important factor affecting diet. According to the observed ontogenetic shift, small-sized individuals fed primarily on small crustaceans (i.e. amphipods and isopods), whereas large-sized specimens consumed preferably bigger and more vagile prey, such as walking and swimming decapods. No significant differences in diet were observed in relation to sex of predator and sampling season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Age and growth of Scorpaena maderensis were investigated by annual growth increment counts (annuli). Overall, age and growth were estimated from 353 specimens of S. maderensis ranging from 48 to 131mm as TL. A significative dimorphism in size has been observed in this species, being males larger than females. Both annual deposition of annuli and location of the first annulus have been validated by marginal increment analysis and daily growth increment counts, respectively. The estimated age range was between 0–5 years for females and 0–4 years for males. The estimated values of Von Bertalanffy asymptotic length L ∞ (cm) and k (year-1) were 9.6 and 0.44 for females and 14.8 and 0.23 for males. Thus, females of S. maderensis appeared to live longer and attain their maximum size faster than males. The growth performance index of this species ranged between 1.6 and 1.7, which is at the lower end of the range observed in other Mediterranean scorpaenids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The trophic ecology of the emerald notothenTrematomus bernacchiiwas investigated using a sample of 284 specimens collected in the coastal waters of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) during the summer season 1990-1991. The stomach-content analysis provided data on feeding habits and trophic niche breadth. Overall, 72 taxa of food items were identified; the most important as prey were infaunal and epifaunal polychaetes, amphipods and molluscs. Food of secondary importance comprised isopods, pycnogonids, fish and fish eggs. Several other taxa, such as euphausiids, mysids, decapods, echinoids, holothurians, priapulids and thaliaceans constituted food eaten in very small amounts and only occasionally. On the basis of their diet,T. bernacchiican be considered generalized feeders, with a wide niche breadth composed almost exclusively of benthic organisms. A cluster analysis was conducted to compare stomach-content data of subsamples selected on the basis of fish size and sampling depth, aiming to determine diet diversity and niche breadth, as well as factors involved in reducing intraspecific competition for food resources. Diet was different for fish sampled in shallow (=90 m depth) and deeper waters (>90 m depth): while the first group fed mostly on bivalves (Adamussium colbecki) and amphipods, the latter preferred infaunal-epifaunal polychaetes. Conversely, fish size did not contribute significantly to diet diversification. According to our data and published data on feeding behaviour and sensory ecology, we conclude that in this species the intraspecific competition for food is reduced, either through habitat heterogeneity or different foraging strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ross Sea, a large, high-latitude (72–78°S) embayment of the Antarctic continental shelf, averages 500 m deep, with troughs to 1,200 m and the shelf break at 700 m. It is covered by pack ice for 9 months of the year. The fish fauna of about 80 species includes primarily 4 families and 53 species of the endemic perciform suborder Notothenioidei. This review focuses on the diet and role in the food web of notothenioids and top-level bird and mammal predators, and also includes new information on the diets of artedidraconids and bathydraconids. Although principally a benthic group, notothenioids have diversified to form an adaptive radiation that includes pelagic and semipelagic species. In the southern Ross Sea, notothenioids dominate the fish fauna at levels of abundance and biomass >90% and are, therefore, inordinately important in the food web. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and mesopelagic fishes are virtually absent from the shelf waters of the Ross Sea. Of the four notothenioid families, nototheniids show the most ecological and dietary diversification, with pelagic, cryopelagic, epibenthic and benthic species. Neutrally buoyant Pleuragramma antarcticum constitutes >90% of both the abundance and biomass of the midwater fish fauna. Most benthic nototheniids are opportunistic and feed on seasonally or locally abundant zooplanktonic prey. Artedidraconids are benthic sit-and-wait predators. Larger bathydraconids are benthic predators on fish while smaller species feed mainly on benthic crustaceans. Channichthyids are less dependent on the bottom for food than other notothenioids. Some species combine benthic and pelagic life styles; others are predominantly pelagic and all consume euphausiids and/or fish. South polar skuas, Antarctic petrels, Adélie and emperor penguins, Weddell seals and minke and killer whales are the higher vertebrate components of the food web, and all prey on notothenioids to some extent. Based on the frequency of occurrence of prey items in the stomachs of fish, bird and mammal predators, P. antarcticum and ice krill E. crystallorophias are the key species in the food web of the Ross Sea. P. antarcticum is a component of the diet of at least 11 species of nototheniid, bathydraconid and channichthyid fish and, at frequencies of occurrence from 71 to 100%, is especially important for Dissostichus mawsoni, Gvozdarus svetovidovi and some channichthyids. At least 16 species of notothenioids serve as prey for bird and mammal predators, but P. antarcticum is the most important and is a major component of the diet of south polar skua, Adélie and emperor penguins and Weddell seals, at frequencies of occurrence from 26 to 100%. E. crystallorophias is consumed by some nototheniid and channichthyid fish and can be of importance in the diet of emperor and Adélie penguins, although in the latter case, this is dependent on location and time of year. Unlike the linear phytoplankton→E. superba→consumers of the E. superba food chain hypothesized for much of the Southern Ocean, the food web of the Ross Sea shelf is non-linear, with complex prey-predator interactions. Notothenioid fish play a key role: as predators, they occupy most of the trophic niches available in the ecosystem, relying on benthic, zooplanktonic and nektonic organisms; as prey, they are important food resources for each other and for most top predators living and foraging on the shelf. They also constitute the major link between lower (invertebrates) and higher (birds and mammals) levels of the food web. This is especially true for P. antarcticum. Along with E. crystallorophias, its ecological role in the Ross Sea is equivalent to that of myctophids and E. superba elsewhere in the Southern Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A macroscopic and histological analysis of gonads was carried out during the spawning season of the high-Antarctic channichthyid Chionodraco hamatus in the western Ross Sea. Samples were collected between December and February during several years in the coastal waters of Terra Nova Bay. Gonad maturity stages were described for males and females according to macroscopic and histological scales. Using multi-year data, the estimated length at first spawning of females was about 35 cm TL, very similar to that obtained indirectly for males. Similar to many other high-Antarctic fish, C. hamatus is a summer spawner. The greater part of the stock was indeed in spawning condition between December and February, although a large proportion of females large enough to spawn probably did not spawn in that season. The present data confirm that C. hamatus, as is typical for Antarctic fish, probably spawns a single batch of oocytes once a year. In addition, vitellogenesis is a slow process that extends over at least 1 year. Discrepancies between the macroscopic and histological appearance of gonads were found. These were associated mainly with spent and resting females (maturity stages 5 and 2, respectively). This study demonstrates the importance of histological analysis of gonads in order to confirm the results of the macroscopic analyses routinely carried out in studies of reproductive biology. This is of particular importance in determining size at maturity and spawning stock biomass, for assessment purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral supplementation with a Curcuma longa ethanol and aqueous extract on the susceptibility to oxidation of cellular and subcellular membranes affected in the atherosclerotic process, such as erythrocyte membranes and liver microsomes, in rabbits fed with a high-fat diet.: MethodsTwenty-four male rabbits were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group T was treated with a turmeric hydroalcoholic extract (1.66 mg/kg of body weight) dissolved in a hydroalcoholic mixture vehicle (7:2), and group C (control): received a curcuma-free hydroalcoholic solution (7:2). All rabbits had access ad libitum to 150 g/d of an experimental diet rich in cholesterol and lard to provoke an atherosclerotic process. Erythrocyte membranes and liver microsomes were isolated, and the levels of hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances were measured after oxidation induction.: ResultsThe oxidation of erythrocyte membranes in group T was significantly lower than that in group C, mainly by 30 d (P < 0.05). Levels of hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances in liver microsomes also were significantly lower in group T than in group C (P < 0.05).: ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that oral administration of a nutritional dose of C. longa extracts reduces the susceptibility to oxidation of erythrocyte and liver microsome membranes in vitro and may contribute to the prevention of effects caused by a diet high in fat and cholesterol in blood and liver during the development of atherosclerosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Menarcheal age of a sample of rural (n = 342) and urban (n = 469) girls with ages ranging from 9 to 16 years from Madrid province was analysed. Results, obtained through the status quo method and probit analysis (age 12.79 SD 1.04 in Madrid city and 12.90 SD 1.03 in rural sample), were compared with data from previous studies carried out in the same area, as well as those from other regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of these comparisons was to establish the variability of menarche in the recent past, considering physical environment, degree of urbanization and socio-economic development. Decline in menarcheal age was detected and, in general, a tendency towards similar means among Spanish populations in the period studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to chemical hazards is a growing concern in today's society, and it is of utmost interest to know the levels of exposure to chemicals and the risks associated with such exposure in order to implement effective health prevention strategies. Chemical risk analysis represents a complex and laborious task due to the large number of known substances, but also unknown compounds and emerging risks that must be addressed. In this challenging scenario, the study of metabolic perturbations induced by exposure to a given chemical hazard has recently emerged as an interesting alternative approach to apply in chemical risk analysis. Specifically, the biomarkers of effect identified by metabolomics are expected to reveal the adverse effects of chemicals and further link exposure to disease development. In this context, analytical chemistry has become an essential part of the strategy to highlight such biomarkers. The corollary is that the relevance of the discovered biomarkers will largely depend on both the quality of the analytical approaches implemented and the part of the metabolome covered by the analytical technique used. This review focuses on describing significant applications of metabolomics in the field of chemical risk analysis. The different risk assessment steps, including hazard identification, dose-response assessment and exposure assessment, and risk management are addressed through various examples to illustrate that such an approach is fit-for-purpose and meets the expectations and requirements of chemical risk analysis. It can be considered as an innovative tool for predicting the probable occurrence and nature of risks, while addressing the current challenges of chemical risk analysis (e.g. replacement, reduction and refinement (3R) of animal testing, effects of exposure to chemical mixtures at low doses, etc.), and with the aim of responding to chemical exposures concerns in a holistic manner and anticipating human health problems. [Display omitted] • Metabolomics enables the discovery of biomarkers for risk assessment of chemicals. • Metabolic biomarkers provide evidence on the mode of action of chemicals. • Metabolomics addresses risk analysis challenges (low doses, chemical mixtures, 3R principles). • Metabolomics contributes to linking chemical exposures and adverse health effects. • Standardisation is required to implement metabolomics in regulatory toxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. As the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been banned in many regions, there has been an on-going search for possible alternative compounds, such as prebiotics and organic acids. 2. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of liquid whey (LW) and organic acid (ACIDAL® ML) supplementation on performance, eggs characteristics, gut pH and health status in laying hens. 3. Seven hundred and fifty, Isa Brown chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments groups (n = 150) and each treatment had five replicates of 30 birds each. The birds were reared for 48 weeks. The treatments were administered in the drinking water at doses of: 250 ml/l of LW (Lacto25), 500 ml/l of LW (Lacto50) or 1 ml/l of ACIDAL® ML (Aci). A positive control group (T+) was treated with 500 mg/l of Tetracolivit (an antibiotic). The negative control group (T-) did not receive any treatment in the drinking water. 4. Administration of LW or ACIDAL® ML in the drinking water reduced (P < 0.05) the pH in the crop, proventriculus, ileum and caeca, as well as total coliform bacteria and E. coli, but increased Lactobacillus spp. in the ileum and caecum, compared to the negative control. 5. Oviposition was earlier in the birds in both the Lacto50 and Aci groups. The weight of birds at first lay and point of lay in the four treated groups was higher than those in negative control group. Furthermore, egg production was increased by 10.44% in birds receiving Lacto25, but the weight and quality traits were unaffected, while the egg shell ratio was higher in the Aci group compared to the other treatments. 6. The data indicated that addition of LW or ACIDAL® ML improved hens' performance by modifying gut pH and microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Correlations of GPTMS in-silico and aqueous sol-gel chemistry results. • DFT predicts thermodynamic favorability of GPTMS-glutamate-like reactions. • Models of organic-inorganic GPTMS reactivity on plasma gels. • Rationalization of plasma gels properties based on GPTMS chemical interactions. Organosilanes are versatile reactants for the chemical modification of silicas and organic polymers. The objective of this work is to evaluate the organic–inorganic reactivity of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane on aqueous media in the presence of a glutamic-like nucleophile residue and on protein gels. This is made by the combination of computational, spectroscopic, and thermal methods. Correlations are found between the in-silico results, calculated with Density Functional Theory, and sol-gel chemistry of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane in water. They explain the prevalence of esterification reaction with glutamic-like residue over hydrolysis of methoxy groups and epoxy ring of this molecule. This esterification contributes to the obtention of crosslinked gels when this organosilane is added to the blood plasma at concentrations higher than 75 mM at neutral pH. On the other hand, the prehydrolyzed molecule under acidic conditions is less reactive toward nucleophiles, and the silanol and diol groups act as a plasticizer on the gels. This in conjunction with non-extensive condensation in the protein media, shown by 29Si NMR spectroscopy, allows the identification of oligomers and silsesquioxanes on these samples. In summary, this kind of reactivity study contributes to overcoming the challenges of rationalizing organosilane chemical reactions, and effects in the gelation of proteins from complex sources. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biliary atresia is an obstructive neonatal cholangiopathy of unknown etiology that produces damage to the parenchyma of the liver and to the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. It is the most common cause of neonatal cholestasis and liver transplantation in the pediatric population. In most cases it manifests as an isolated malformation. This article presents the case of a 75 day old patient with biliary atresia associated with abdominal heterotaxy. Biliary atresia syndrome together with splenic malformation has been previously described, as have biliary atresia associated with anatomical malformations of the spleen, pancreas, and heart. It occurs with genitourinary malformations less frequently. The prognosis of patients with biliary atresia has significantly improved with early recognition of signs and symptoms and timely performance of hepatoportoenterostomy (Kasai portoenterostomy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the weather behavior and conditions that affect the evaporation and transpiration phenomenon of potato crops. It also analyzes the pasture that is located at the region which surrounds the weather station at the UPTC. In order to determine the water balance between water requirements and rainfall, some inferences were registered in all possible crops during the first, second semester and only half the crop year, the last 10 years: 2003-2013. Likewise, based on the water balance dates inferences, it was recorded the most favorable growing weather for the crop. Also, to define the presence of chaos in the time series curve crop evapo-transpiration under standard conditions ETC, the theory applies Lyapunov coefficients which are given. Moreover, conclusions about the behavior of climate on agriculture and livestock are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The role of oxidative stress is well known in the pathogenesis of acquired malnutrition. Intrauterine growth restriction has been associated with an imbalance in oxidative stress/antioxidant system. Therefore, early postnatal environment and, consequently, extrauterine growth restriction might be associated with alterations in the antioxidant defense system, even in the prepubertal stage. Methods: This is a descriptive, analytical, and observational case-control study. The study included two groups; 38 Caucasian prepubertal children born prematurely and with a history of extrauterine growth restriction as the case group, and 123 gender- and age-matched controls. Plasma exogenous antioxidant (retinol, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol) concentrations were measured by HPLC; antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were determined in lysed erythrocytes by spectrophotometric techniques. Results: Catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were significantly lower in extrauterine growth restriction children than in controls ( P < 0.001). Lower plasma retinol concentrations were found in the case group ( P = 0.029), while concentrations of β-carotene and α-tocopherol were higher ( P < 0.001) in extrauterine growth restriction prepubertal children as compared with controls. After correction by gestational age, birth weight, and length, statistically significant differences were also found, except for retinol. Conclusions: Prepubertal children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction present alterations in their antioxidant defense system. Knowing these alterations may be important in establishing pharmacological and nutritional treatments as this situation might be associated with higher metabolic disorders in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated demographic structure and reproductive characteristics of the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, in relation to landing trends in the northern-central Adriatic Sea. Results highlighted the occurrence of only small-sized and young-age individuals, and a marked decline from the 1990s to the present in maximum age (from 8 to 3 years) and total length ( LT; from 420 to 360 mm). Fecundity ranged between 40 000 and 190 000 eggs, and was related to female LT. High levels of atresia implied lower values of actual fecundity. Sexual maturity was attained by 72·8% of individuals in their first year of life at 200 mm. The reduction in maximum LT resulted in a marked decline in the population egg production, while the reduction in maximum age implied that females participated in fewer spawning events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: β-Galactosidase from Bacillus circulans was immobilized on hierarchical macro-mesoporous silica by multipoint covalent attachment by formation of Schiff bases between enzyme and support. The enzyme was effectively immobilized with high yields (around 60–80%) and expressed activity (around 50–80%) depending on the concentration of aldehyde groups in the carrier. Immobilization of β-galactosidase in chemically modified silica conferred excellent thermal stability to the biocatalyst and enzyme leaching was completely avoided. The effect of the concentration of functional groups in the silica surface was studied on the activity and thermal stability of the biocatalyst. The best hybrid catalyst was 370-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme at pH 6 and 55°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is still not fully understood, and available treatments are not entirely satisfactory. Steatosis progression to NASH is associated with deleterious action of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the use of curcumin (compared to vitamin E) in the treatment of NASH. Experimental NASH was induced in rabbits by the intake of a high-fat diet. Oxidative stress status, histology, lipid metabolism, and TNF-α protein levels were assessed in liver. The high-fat diet induced pathologically assessed NASH, and compared to healthy controls, raised the levels of aminotransferases, reduced mitochondrial antioxidants, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and led to poor mitochondrial function as well as to higher TNF-α protein levels. Curcumin administration together with the high-fat diet led to rabbits with a lower NASH grade and lower levels of aminotransferases, higher values for mitochondrial antioxidants, lower mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, an improved mitochondrial function, and lower levels of TNF-α protein levels. Vitamin E treatment was unable to reduce NASH. In conclusion, curcumin might be useful in the management of NASH through a mechanism involving the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial-protective potential of curcumin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction and objectives. Anxiety and depression have been related with dyspepsia and reflux disease. We conducted a cross sectional, population based study, with the objectives to determine relation of dyspepsia and reflux symptoms with emotional factors and the impact on school assistance and social activity in students. Methods. 937 students between 12 to 20 years selected at random answered a survey on the presence, frequency, leading events and other characteristics of dyspeptic and reflux disease symptoms occurred in the last year and the Zung's scales of anxiety and depression. Correlation with endoscopic findings was established. Results. Self - reported symptoms of depression and anxiety were statistically significant in adolescents (p=0,001), whereas only anxiety symptoms were significant in adolescents with reflux disease (p=0,001). Neither anxiety nor depression was related to type of dyspepsia (organic or functional). Cigarette smoking and alcohol use were significant in adolescents with dyspepsia. (p=0,004) and (p=0,015) Conclusions. Dyspepsia and reflux disease symptoms have a strong association with school assistance and with daily and social activities in adolescents. Self reported symptoms of anxiety and depression are frequent in students with dyspepsia and symptoms of anxiety are frequent in students with reflux disease symptoms, but are not related with type of dyspepsia (organic or functional). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace metal behaviour in volcanic ash soils displays distinctive features related to the soils’ large contents of metal-binding phases and to the rapid release of trace metals from glasses and weatherable minerals. In this work, the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction scheme (exchangeable + weak acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and non-extractable metal fractions) was applied to selected COST-622 European reference volcanic soils to determine partitioning of zinc and copper between various solid-phase constituents, along with the major elements Al, Fe and Mn. The total extracted Al (ΣAl) was strongly correlated with acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al (Alo) (ΣAl = 0.985Alo+ 0.11, R2= 0.98), while the total extracted Fe clearly underestimated the amorphous fraction. Large values for the non-extractable Al fraction were associated with the presence of gibbsite and phyllosilicates. Although the Zn and Cu contents of the soils were generally large, total amounts extracted (the potentially mobilizable fraction) were small, especially for Zn and for soils with crystalline secondary minerals. The fraction of the total Cu which was potentially mobilizable generally exceeded that of Zn. In the potentially mobilizable Cu the oxidizable fraction was generally dominant. Biocycling appears to play an important role in the surface enrichment of potentially mobilizable Zn and Mn. Although further methodological research seems necessary, the BCR sequential extraction appears to be a valuable tool for studies on metal dynamics in soils with andic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture at a world-wide level has been influenced by the new technological paradigm; that is why it has been favored with the enormous advances of introducing computer science resources. The use of Information Technologies (IT) has changed considerably, for good, the way how agriculturists, researchers and all the agricultural sector work. The present bibliographic review approaches different aspects related to the origin and diffusion of IT and its impact on agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare clinical disease of autoimmune origin brought about by circulating autoantibodies that inhibit FVIII activity. Acute-onset haemorrhagic manifestations present in patients with no previous history of haemorrhage. Haemostatic treatment is currently based on the use of recombinant activated factor VII bypass agents (rFVIIa) or activated prothrombin complex concentrates (CCPa), which have been demonstrated to have high efficacy rates in published trials and registries. Thanks to the availability of these agents, early mortality due to this disease has decreased in recent years. In patients with refractory bleeding requiring haemostatic treatment, other causes that can explain the clinical picture must first be ruled out. As such, we are presenting a clinical case of a male patient diagnosed with AHA, whose haemorrhagic condition was treated using bypass agents, and who responded well following correction of his fibrinogen and factor XIII levels by administering the corresponding blood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design:A case report.Objective:To present two cases of spinal cord infarction (SCI) in carriers of the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism.Setting:Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Section for Rehabilitation and Traumatology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.Methods:Two cases are presented, one with SCI at the C7 level American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A and one at the C5 level (ASIA A). One patient presented an acute onset of tetraplegia and the other a centromedular syndrome. In both cases the patients were carriers of the MTHFR polymorphism, which is a unique risk factor.Results:Increased blood levels of homocysteine related to mutation of the MTHFR gene increase the risk of a thrombotic episode, triggering the development of SCI. These two cases increase the limited number reported in the recent literature regarding MTHFR polymorphism carriers suffering from thrombotic SCI.Conclusion:MTHFR mutation can be considered a risk factor for thrombotic SCI, but it is not the sole risk factor. We propose that a consensus regarding the inclusion of anticoagulation treatment after confirmation of the diagnosis in these patients is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to carry out an integral study of the use of hydrophobic chitosan as a low-cost support for immobilizing lipases and their further application in the selective hydrolysis of fish oil. Chitosan functionalized with different alkyl chains (C4, C8, C12) were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, and Rose Bengal adsorption. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB) and lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) were immobilized obtaining a higher expressed activity at a longer alkyl chain length of support. Biocatalyst thermal stability showed that the impact of the alkyl chain length on enzyme stabilization varied according to the lipase source. The biocatalysts were applied in menhaden oil hydrolysis. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids released after 30 h of reaction with lipases immobilized in butyl, octyl and dodecyl-chitosan was 60, 107, and 90 mM for CalB biocatalysts, and 560, 392, and 50 mM for RML biocatalysts, respectively. Selectivity of CalB was not affected by the alkyl chain, while in the case of RML, a higher selectivity to cis -4,7,10,13,16,19-docohexaenoic acid release was obtained with dodecyl-chitosan. In conclusion, the adequate functionalization of chitosan varied according to lipase source, affecting their activity, stability and performance in the hydrolysis of fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yakima River Basin (Basin) in south-central Washington is a prime example of a place where competing water uses, coupled with over-allocation of water resources, have presented water managers with the challenge of meeting current demand, anticipating future demand, and preparing for potential impacts of climate change. We took a decision analysis approach that gathered diverse stakeholders to discuss their concerns pertaining to climate change effects on the Basin and future goals that were collectively important. One main focus was centered on how climate change may influence future salmon populations. Salmon have played a prominent role in the cultures of Basin communities, especially for tribal communities that have social, cultural, spiritual, subsistence, and economic ties to them. Stakeholders identified the need for a better understanding on how the cultural, spiritual, subsistence, and economic aspects of the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation could be affected by changes in salmon populations. In an attempt to understand the complexities of these potential effects, this paper proposes a conceptual model which 1) identifies cultural values and components and the interactions between those components that could influence tribal well-being, and 2) shows how federal natural resource managers could incorporate intangible tribal cultural components into decision-making processes by understanding important components of tribal well-being. Future work includes defining the parameterization of the cultural components in order for the conceptual model to be incorporated with biophysical resource models for scenario simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing climate-related research so that study results will be useful to natural resource managers is a unique challenge. While decision makers increasingly recognize the need to consider climate change in their resource management plans, and climate scientists recognize the importance of providing locally-relevant climate data and projections, there often remains a gap between management needs and the information that is available or is being collected. We used decision analysis concepts to bring decision-maker and stakeholder perspectives into the applied research planning process. In 2009 we initiated a series of studies on the impacts of climate change in the Yakima River Basin (YRB) with a four-day stakeholder workshop, bringing together managers, stakeholders, and scientists to develop an integrated conceptual model of climate change and climate change impacts in the YRB. The conceptual model development highlighted areas of uncertainty that limit the understanding of the potential impacts of climate change and decision alternatives by those who will be most directly affected by those changes, and pointed to areas where additional study and engagement of stakeholders would be beneficial. The workshop and resulting conceptual model highlighted the importance of numerous different outcomes to stakeholders in the basin, including social and economic outcomes that go beyond the physical and biological outcomes typically reported in climate impacts studies. Subsequent studies addressed several of those areas of uncertainty, including changes in water temperatures, habitat quality, and bioenergetics of salmonid populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The male-mediated genetic legacy of the Pyrenean population was assessed through the analysis of 12 Y-STR and 27 Y-SNP loci in a sample of 169 males from 5 main geographical areas in the Spanish Pyrenees: Cinco Villas (Western Pyrenees), Jacetania and Valle de Arán (Central Pyrenees) and Alto Urgel and Cerdaña (Eastern Pyrenees). In the Iberian context, the Pyrenean samples present some specificities, being characterizeded by a high proportion of chromosomes R1b1b2-M269 (including the usually uncommon R1b1b2d-SRY2627 and R1b1b2c-M153 types) or I2a2-M26 and low proportions of other haplogroups. Our results indicate that an old pre-Neolithic substrate is preponderant in populations of the whole Pyrenean fringe. However, AMOVA revealed a high level of substructure within Pyrenean populations, partially explained by drift effects as well as by the signature of an ancient genetic differentiation between Western and Eastern Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the beliefs, practices and periodontal treatment needs in an adult population who assist to the clinics of the Colegio Odontológico Colombiano, Cali, 2003.Materials and methods: An observacional, descriptive cross sectional study was made. A proportional simple random sampling was used. A sample of 127 patients was obtained from the total number of attendants to the clinics of the Colegio Odontológico Colombiano. For data collection a questionnaire of 41 items (based on the health belief model) about the beliefs and practices of periodontal disease was used. Also, a clinical approach was made using the oral Greene & Vermilion hygiene index and the index of community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN).Results: Of the total, 69.3% believed that gum bleeding is a sign of disease; 65.4% believed that the cause of periodontal disease is the bad oral hygiene. 86.6% said that not having the disease helps to have a better social relation. 23% thought that preventing the periodontal disease is expensive. 2.3% had the oral hygiene index lower than the normal one of 12%, and 97.6% presented a sign of periodontal disease like bleeding, calculus, pockets.Conclusions: The Health Belief Model allowed to know the beliefs on periodontal disease. Although a great proportion of participants suffer periodontal disease, more than half of the population ignores that they suffer the disease. The participants do not have sufficient information about this disease. Although the participants feel susceptible and know the benefits of not having periodontal disease, almost all of them were affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Policosanol is a mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols purified from sugar-cane wax. The mixture has cholesterol-lowering efficacy, its specific effects being to reduce serum total (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The effects of policosanol on triglycerides (TG) are modest and inconsistent. Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) from fish oil protect against coronary disease, mainly through antiarrhythmic and antiplatelet effects. Omega-3 FA also have lipid-modifying effects, mostly relating to TG reduction. Thus, potential benefits could be expected from combined therapy with omega-3 FA and policosanol. Objective: To investigate whether combined therapy with omega-3 FA + policosanol offers benefits compared with omega-3 FA + placebo with respect to the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Methods: This randomised, double-blind study was conducted in 90 patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. After 5 weeks on a cholesterol-lowering diet, patients were randomised to omega-3 FA + placebo, omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day or omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day for 8 weeks. Omega-3 FA was supplied as 1g capsules (two per day); placebo and policosanol were provided in tablet form. Physical signs and laboratory markers were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks on therapy. Drug compliance and adverse experiences (AEs) were assessed at weeks 4 and 8. The primary efficacy variable was LDL-C reduction; other lipid profile markers were secondary variables. Results: After 8 weeks, omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 and 10 mg/day, but not omega-3 FA + placebo, significantly reduced LDL-C by 21.1% and 24.4%, respectively (both p < 0.0001). Omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day also significantly lowered TC (12.7%; p < 0.01) and TG (13.6%; p < 0.05), and significantly increased HDL-C (+14.4%; p < 0.001). Omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day significantly decreased TC (15.3%; p < 0.001) and TG (14.7%; p < 0.01), and significantly increased HDL-C (+15.5%; p < 0.0001). Omega-3 FA + placebo significantly reduced TG (14.2%; p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on other lipid profile variables. The proportion of randomised patients in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day groups that achieved LDL-C targets or reductions ≥15% was significantly greater than in the omega-3 FA + placebo group (p < 0.001). Combined therapy with omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day resulted in significantly greater changes in LDL-C, TC and HDL-C than treatment with omega-3 FA + placebo, but did not modify the TG response compared with the omega-3 FA + placebo group. Four patients (two in the omega-3 FA + placebo group and two in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 10 mg/day group) withdrew from the study; none of these withdrawals was due to AEs. Two patients reported mild AEs, namely nausea/headache (one in the omega-3 FA + placebo group) and heartburn (one in the omega-3 FA + policosanol 5 mg/day group). Conclusions: Policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day administered concomitantly with omega-3 FA 1 g/day improved LDL-C, TC and HDL-C, maintained the reduction in TG attributable to omega-3 FA monotherapy, and was well tolerated. Treatment with omega-3 FA + policosanol could be useful for regulating lipid profile in patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia, but further studies involving larger sample sizes are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un eficiente y novedoso método de síntesis asistido por microondas permite el empleo de la Condensación de Ullmann entre derivados de la 2-aminopiridina con derivados del ácido 2-clorobenzoico para obtener diferentes derivados del heterociclo 1H-pirido[2,1-b]quinazolín-11-ona en medio seco. Los resultados se comparan con aquellos obtenidos siguiendo el calentamiento clásico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present allele frequencies and forensic parameters for 17 STRs included in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler (CSF1PO, D2S1338, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, FGA, TH01, TPO and VWA) and Powerplex 16 System (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, FGA, Penta D, Penta E, TH01, TPO and VWA) in a sample of 134 unrelated individuals from Equatorial Guinea located in Western Africa, between Cameroon and Gabon. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested for each locus and the sample was compared with five African databases: Promega’s and AB Applied Biosystems African-Americans and samples from Mozambique, from Cabinda (Angola) and Guinea-Bissau. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Here, we report the case of a child who, since birth, showed persistent macrocytosis and elevated mean corpuscular volume of the erythrocytes. Bone marrow biopsy revealed gross disorganisation of the erythroblastic series both at the light and electron microscopic examination, with complete absence of dysplastic features in the granulocytic and megakaryocytic series. Common causes of macrocytosis were excluded. The spectrum of morphological findings were not consistent with any of the classical types of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias (CDAs) and serological findings of CDA type II were absent. The most outstanding feature was a marked irregularity of the nuclear outline of the late erythroblasts that presented thick-ending finger-like projections. The combination of macrocytosis without anaemia and these morphologic erythroblastic changes have not been previously reported in the setting of classical and variant forms of CDAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Clinical studies have shown that lowering elevated serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, and particularly low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, reduces the frequency of coronary morbidity and deaths, whereas high serum levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) protect against CHD. Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug purified from sugar cane wax with a therapeutic dosage range from 5-20 mg/day. Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor which across its dosage range (10-80 mg/day) has shown significantly greater lipid-lowering effects than all previously marketed statins. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in older patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomised, single-blind, parallel-group study was conducted in older patients (60-80 years) with type II hypercholesterolaemia. After 4 weeks on a cholesterol-lowering diet, 75 patients were randomised to policosanol or atorvastatin 10mg tablets taken once daily with the evening meal for 8 weeks. An interim and final check-up were performed at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, after treatment was initiated. RESULTS: At 4 (p < 0.0001) and 8 (p < 0.00001) weeks, policosanol 10 mg/day significantly lowered serum LDL-C levels by 17.5 and 23.1%, respectively compared with baseline; corresponding values for atorvastatin were 28.4 and 29.8%. At study completion, policosanol significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced serum TC (16.4%), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (25.5%) and TC/HDL-C ratio (19.3%), as well as (p < 0.001) triglyceride levels (15.4%). Atorvastatin significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased serum TC (22.6%), LDL-C/HDL-C (26.2%) and TC/HDL-C (19.8%) ratios, as well as (p < 0.001) triglyceride levels (15.5%). Atorvastatin was significantly more effective than policosanol in reducing LDL-C and TC, but similar in reducing both atherogenic ratios and triglyceride levels. Policosanol, but not atorvastatin, significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum HDL-C levels by 5.3%. Both treatments were well tolerated. At study completion, atorvastatin mildly, but significantly (p < 0.05) increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatinine, whereas policosanol significantly reduced AST and glucose (p < 0.01) and CPK (p < 0.05) levels. All individual values, however, remained within normal limits. Three atorvastatin but no policosanol patients withdrew from the study because of adverse events: muscle cramps (1 patient), gastritis (1 patient) and uncontrolled hypertension, abdominal pain and myalgia (1 patient). Overall, no policosanol and seven atorvastatin patients (18.9%) reported a total of nine mild or moderate adverse events during the study (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that policosanol (10 mg/day) administered for 8 weeks was less effective than atorvastatin (10 mg/day) in reducing serum LDL-C and TC levels in older patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Policosanol, but not atorvastatin, however, significantly increased serum HDL-C levels, whereas both drugs similarly reduced atherogenic ratios and serum triglycerides. Policosanol was better tolerated than atorvastatin as revealed by patient withdrawal analysis and overall frequency of adverse events. Nevertheless, further studies must be conducted in larger sample sizes and using dose-titration methods to achieve target lipid levels in order to reach wider conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Clinical studies have shown that lowering elevated serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, and particularly low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, reduces the frequency of coronary morbidity and deaths, whereas high serum levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) protect against CHD. Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug purified from sugar cane wax with a therapeutic dosage range from 5-20 mg/day. Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor which across its dosage range (10-80 mg/day) has shown significantly greater lipid-lowering effects than all previously marketed statins. Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in older patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Patients and methods: This randomised, single-blind, parallel-group study was conducted in older patients (60-80 years) with type II hypercholesterolaemia. After 4 weeks on a cholesterol-lowering diet, 75 patients were randomised to policosanol or atorvastatin 10mg tablets taken once daily with the evening meal for 8 weeks. An interim and final check-up were performed at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, after treatment was initiated. Results: At 4 (p < 0.0001) and 8 (p < 0.00001) weeks, policosanol 10 mg/day significantly lowered serum LDL-C levels by 17.5 and 23.1%, respectively compared with baseline; corresponding values for atorvastatin were 28.4 and 29.8%. At study completion, policosanol significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced serum TC (16.4%), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (25.5%) and TC/HDL-C ratio (19.3%), as well as (p < 0.001) triglyceride levels (15.4%). Atorvastatin significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased serum TC (22.6%), LDL-C/HDL-C (26.2%) and TC/HDL-C (19.8%) ratios, as well as (p < 0.001) triglyceride levels (15.5%). Atorvastatin was significantly more effective than policosanol in reducing LDL-C and TC, but similar in reducing both atherogenic ratios and triglyceride levels. Policosanol, but not atorvastatin, significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum HDL-C levels by 5.3%. Both treatments were well tolerated. At study completion, atorvastatin mildly, but significantly (p < 0.05) increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatinine, whereas policosanol significantly reduced AST and glucose (p < 0.01) and CPK (p < 0.05) levels. All individual values, however, remained within normal limits. Three atorvastatin but no policosanol patients withdrew from the study because of adverse events: muscle cramps (1 patient), gastritis (1 patient) and uncontrolled hypertension, abdominal pain and myalgia (1 patient). Overall, no policosanol and seven atorvastatin patients (18.9%) reported a total of nine mild or moderate adverse events during the study (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study shows that policosanol (10 mg/day) administered for 8 weeks was less effective than atorvastatin (10 mg/day) in reducing serum LDL-C and TC levels in older patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Policosanol, but not atorvastatin, however, significantly increased serum HDL-C levels, whereas both drugs similarly reduced atherogenic ratios and serum triglycerides. Policosanol was better tolerated than atorvastatin as revealed by patient withdrawal analysis and overall frequency of adverse events. Nevertheless, further studies must be conducted in larger sample sizes and using dose-titration methods to achieve target lipid levels in order to reach wider conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is presented that apoptosis of intestinal enterocytes is implicated in adult mortality immediately after the breeding season in Aphia minuta, a paedomorphic goby that spends its whole life cycle of <1 year in the water column as a pelagic and planktophagous fish. This could be the first documented case in which apoptosis triggers a population dynamic process such as natural mortality in a vertebrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents a letter to the editor about PUVA therapy in localized scleroderma, published in "Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.".

Both hypercholesterolemia (HC) and obesity are coronary risk factors. Clinical studies have shown the benefits of lowering elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) on clinical end-points. Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug purified from sugar cane wax with a therapeutic range from 5 to 20 mg/day. This randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of policosanol in obese patients (BMI = 30) with Type II hypercholesterolemia. After 5 weeks on step one cholesterol-lowering diet, 129 patients were randomised to policosanol 5 mg or placebo tablets taken once daily with the evening meal for 3 years. Lipid profile variables, safety indicators, adverse events (AE) and compliance with diet counselling and study medications were assessed. Study patiens showed a high frequency of other coronary risk factors, hypertension being the most common. Both groups were well matched at randomisation. After one year on treatment, policosanol significantly (p < 0.01 vs placebo) lowered serum LDL-C, the primary efficacy variable (24.3 %) and total cholesterol (TC) (15.8 %), whereas increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (21.9 %). Changes of lipid variables in placebo were not significant. Treatment effects were persistent, even slightly enhanced, during the trial. At study completion, policosanol had lowered (p < 0.00001) LDL-C (31.8 %) and TC (20.1 %), while markedly raised (p <0.00001) HDL-C (24.6 %). Thirty patients (18 placebo, 12 policosanol) discontinued the study: 15 (11 placebo, 4 policosanol) due to AE and 12 (9 placebo, 3 policosanol) due to serious adverse events (SAE), most vascular. Policosanol was safe and well tolerated, not impairing significantly any safety indicator. Average body weight was slightly reduced over the study, indicating a general acceptable compliance with dietary recommendations, but policosanol did not show any drug effect on body weight. Overall, 28 placebo and 26 policosanol patients reported some mild or moderate AE during the study. It is concluded that policosanol was effective for lowering cholesterol in obese patients with type II hypercholesterolemia, being also safe and well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia are major coronary risk factors. Coronary risk of diabetics is also greater than non-diabetics. The main goal of dyslipidemia control in diabetics is to lower elevated low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug purified from sugar cane wax, which significantly reduces LDL-C levels and inhibits platelet aggregation. Previous short-term studies have shown the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol at 10 mg/day on patients with Type 2 diabetes, but no previous study on the effects of long-term treatment or lower doses has been reported. This study was undertaken to investigate the longterm efficacy, safety and tolerability of policosanol on patients with Type 2 diabetes. After 5 weeks on a step one cholesterol lowering diet, 239 patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomized to policosanol 5 mg/day or placebo for 2 years. Analysis was by Intention-to-treat. Baseline characteristics were well matched in both groups. After one year, policosanol reduced significantly (p < 0.0001 versus baseline and placebo) low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) (21.1 %), total cholesterol (TC) (17.5 %) and triglycerides (TG) (16.0 %), whereas increased (p < 0.01 versus baseline and placebo) high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (10.7 %). Treatment effects on LDL-C, HDL-C and TC persisted, even moderately enhanced, during the study, the effect on TG being persistent too Thus, at study completion, policosanol lowered (p < 0.0001 vs baseline and placebo) LDL-C (29.5 %), TC (21.9 %), TG (16.9 %) and raised (p < 0.0001 vs baseline and placebo) HDL-C (12.4 %). No significant changes on lipid profile variables of placebo group occurred during the study. Of 239 randomized patients, 63 (26.4 %) discontinued the study, 43/120 placebo (35.8 %) and 20/119 policosanol patients (16.8 %). Of them, 35 patients (28 placebo, 7 policosanol) withdrew from the study due to some AE. The frequency of serious adverse events (SAE), most vascular, in policosanol patients (6/119, 5.0 %) was lower than in respective placebo (26/120, 43.3 %). Five patients, all placebo, died during the study, four of them due to myocardial infarction. No drug-related impairment of safety indicators, particularly on glycemic control, was observed. Nevertheless, a reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in policosanol patients compared with placebo. The overall frequency of policosanol patients reporting mild and/or moderate was similar than in placebo. It is concluded that policosanol was long-term effective, safe and well tolerated on patients with dyslipidemia due to Type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]