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The Mexican beer industry in general, and advertising in particular, contained both international and national influences. The industry transitioned from significant inputs of capital, technology, and expertise by foreigners during the Porfiriato (1876-1911) to locals carrying out these functions during the Revolution (1910-1940). Advertising in the latter period had Western inspirations, as seen in descriptions of Germanic heritage and images of the Modern Girl. It also had domestic ones, such as native historical figures, contemporary rural types, and Spanish colonial architecture. Some ads even mixed iconography from abroad with that from home. The trajectory of the beer industry as well as its marketing fit in with the political, economic, and social hallmarks of these key periods in Mexican history.

It is time to take the present threat as what it is: the most serious threat to Mexico’s constitutional democracy at least since the slow start of the democratic transition in the late 1970’s. The constitutional amendment to the judiciary will translate into an incommensurable retrocession in terms of professionalization and judicial independence building. The day after the amendment is passed, Mexico will officially be less democratic and more authoritarian in that the scrutiny of the exercise of public power would have been put at great risk.

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The socio‐demographic characteristics of couriers who work through digital platforms in Mexico reveal that more than 85 per cent of these workers have completed full‐time secondary education and 83 per cent of these workers are young (aged 14 to 44). However, only 25 per cent are covered for health services and social security benefits. Against this backdrop, and guided by international experience, we set out a proposal to provide these workers with a tailored package of social security benefits. The proposal would require to categorize couriers who work through digital platforms as "digital workers", introduce a special scheme for these workers based on voluntary affiliation, and offer a specific portfolio of benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung Während seines Aufenthalts 1803 in Mexiko machte von Humboldt die Bekanntschaft von Dupaix, einem spanischen Soldaten luxemburgischer Herkunft und Liebhaber präkolumbischer Altertümer. Die Entdeckung verschiedener Manuskripte Dupaix’ sowie die Untersuchung diverser Archive und persönlicher Aufzeichnungen des Freiherrn und von Dokumenten unterschiedlicher Institutionen beiderseits des Atlantiks erlauben es, den außergewöhnlichen Weg eines berühmten mexikanischen Objekts, der Chalchiuhtlicue, nachzuvollziehen, die der preußische Forschungsreisende 1810 als „aztekische Priesterin“ in seinem Buch Vues des cordillères … beschrieben hatte. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, die verschiedenen Besitzer und die Umstände nachzuzeichnen, welche die Wanderung dieser emblematischen prähispanischen Statuette von Mexiko-Stadt nach London fast ein halbes Jahrhundert lang begleitet haben. Abstract In 1803, during his sojourn in Mexico, von Humboldt made the acquaintance of Dupaix, a Spanish soldier of Luxemburgish origin with a keen interest in pre-Columbian art. The discovery of several manuscripts belonging to Dupaix, together with a study of various archives and personal notes left by Humboldt, not to mention the documents held in different institutions on both sides of the Atlantic, have made it possible to recreate the remarkable itinerary of a famous Mexica work of art, that of Chalchiuhtlicue. In his ground-breaking work Vues des cordillères … published in 1810, the Prussian explorer had referred to her as an “Aztec Priestess”. In this article we attempt to trace the various successive owners of this emblematic pre-Hispanic statuette and the circumstances surrounding the period of almost 50 years it spent wandering between Mexico and London. Resumen El descubrimiento de diferentes manuscritos de Dupaix, militar español de origen luxemburgués afi cionado a las antigüedades precolombinas que se entrevistó en 1803 con von Humboldt con motivo de su estancia en México, unido al examen de diversos archivos y notas personales del barón, así como de documentos conservados en diversas instituciones de uno y otro lado del Atlántico, permite seguir el recorrido singular de una célebre antigüedad mexicana, a saber la Chalchiuhtlicue, que el explorador prusiano identifi có en 1810 como una “sacerdotisa azteca” en su obra Vues des cordillères … La presente contribución intenta rastrear a los sucesivos diferentes propietarios y las circunstancias que han acompañado durante más de medio siglo a la peregrinación de esta emblemática estatuilla prehispánica de México a Londres.

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Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der vieldiskutierten Ironie in Silvestre Revueltas’ Musik exemplarisch anhand seiner Orchesterkomposition Janitzio (1933). Zunächst wird der historische Kontext der Etablierung einer im emphatischen Sinne Neuen Musik in Mexiko zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts geschildert. Dabei wird beschrieben, welche Auswirkungen die Mexikanische Revolution (1910–20), ihre Institutionalisierung und die von ihr aufgeworfenen Fragen nach nacionalismo, mexicanidad und mestizaje auf den Musikdiskurs hatten. Anschließend werden die kompositorischen Strategien in Janitzio untersucht, die eine ironische Wirkung entfalten. Dabei wird eine Kompositionsweise mit Klangmodulen festgestellt, durch die starke Kontraste erzeugt werden können. Diese modulare Kompositionsstrategie findet auf Ebene der Tonalität, der Metrik und der Kadenzen statt. Ironisch wirkt dabei stets der Höreindruck, ein starker Kontrast werde verschleiert und kaschiert, so als sei das gerade Gehörte nie geschehen. Abschließend wird eine Lektüre der Ironie in Revueltas’ Musik als Kritik an der Nacionalismo-Debatte problematisiert. Es wird dafür argumentiert, Revueltas’ ironische Distanzierung vom nacionalismo zugleich als dialektische Teilhabe an der Konstruktion einer ›mexikanischen‹ kulturellen Identität (mexicanidad) zu verstehen. This article explores the much-discussed irony in Silvestre Revueltas’ music, taking his orchestral composition Janitzio (1933) as an example. First, the historical context of the establishment of new music in Mexico at the beginning of the twentieth century is discussed by describing the effects of the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), its institutionalization, and the questions it raised about nacionalismo, mexicanidad, and mestizaje on the musical discourse. This is followed by an examination of the compositional strategies in Janitzio, which create an ironic effect. A method of composition with sound modules is identified, through which strong contrasts can be created. This modular compositional strategy occurs at the level of tonality, meter, and cadences. The effect of irony is always created by the impression of a seemingly veiled strong contrast, as if what has just been heard had never happened. Finally, a reading of the irony in Revueltas’ music as a critique of the nacionalismo debate is problematized. It is argued that Revueltas’ ironic dissociation from nacionalismo is simultaneously a dialectical participation in the construction of a ‘Mexican’ cultural identity (mexicanidad).

Since the early 1990s, the Mexican-American border region, especially Ciudad Juárez, has been haunted by hundreds of feminicides, i.e. the murder of girls and women whose violated and mutilated bodies are found in the surrounding desert or at waste disposal sites and whose murderers benefit from impunity. These bodies do not only represent different forms of violence, they also implicate certain social and cultural structures that result in the before-mentioned forms of murder, corruption or (postcolonial) hierarchies of power. Over the last years, national as well as international media has shown more and more interest in the feminicides. This article analyses the literary representation of the feminicides in Roberto Bolaño’s novel 2666(2004) and sets out to shed light on different perspectives and possibilities of a literary representation of violence

Der vorliegende Artikel bildet den zweiten Teil einer bibliographischen Studie, die die Entwicklung der Publikationen der mexikanischen Germanistik nachzeichnet, und umfasst den Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Aufgenommen wurden 480 Titel, beginnend mit dem Jahr 1971. Das Hauptinteresse der Analyse lag auf den Autoren und ihrer institutionellen Zugehörigkeit, den Publikationsmedien, thematischen Schwerpunkten sowie den Publikationssprachen und der Rolle der DAAD- und OeAD-Lektoren. Darüberhinaus wird auch eine vergleichende Perspektive eingenommen bezüglich einiger Daten, die aus dem ersten Teil der Studie hervorgingen, welcher sich auf die Germanistik im engeren Sinne, das heißt mit nicht sprachvermittlungsbezogenen Inhalten, bezieht. Sichtbar werden verschiedene quantitative Phasen der DaF-Veröffentlichungen, die ihren Höhepunkt in den Jahren 2000 bis 2009 finden. Es zeichnet sich auch eine wesentliche Konzentration weniger Autoren ab, die mehrheitlich mit der UNAM in Verbindung stehen. Lektoren stellen einen hohen Anteil der Titel. Beliebtestes Publikationsmedium sind Kongressakten, gefolgt von Zeitschriftenartikeln, wobei die von dem Mexikanischen Deutschlehrerverband AMPAL herausgegebenen Schriften fast die Hälfte aller Einträge ausmachen. Inhaltlich dominieren Themen rund um Didaktik und Evaluierung. Mehr als zwei Drittel der Texte sind auf Deutsch verfasst, und diese mehrheitlich von Autoren mit L1 Deutsch. Das quanitative Publikationsaufkommens der letzten Jahre zeigt eine stark abfallende Tendenz.

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Az Egyesült Államok különböző haderőnemei mintegy két éve közvetlen jelenlétükkel segítik az amerikai-mexikói határon folyó határvédelmi műveleteket. A haderő szokatlan szerepkörben történő bevetését komoly negatív kritikák érték jogi és szakmai oldalról egyaránt. A műveletek szempontjából elsősorban azok célja, pénzügyi erőforrás igénye, valamint hatékonysága került a kritikák kereszttüzébe. Írásomban röviden ismertetem a 2018-tól végrehajtott lépéseket, kitérve a változó feladatrendszerre, valamint a jelenlegi világjárvány okozta kihívásokra is.

Zusammenfassung Losgelöst vom eurozentrischen Systemdenken sowie den Vorurteilen der Philosophie und Wissenschaften bediente sich Alexander von Humboldt eines transnationalen Wissensreservoirs, das er in seinen Werken zu einem länder- und sprachübergreifenden Wissensnetzwerk verband. Die vorliegende quantitative Auswertung der intertextuellen Bezüge des Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne zeigt zum einen deren Vielzahl und Komplexität auf, zum anderen, inwieweit Humboldt sich zwischen zwei sich diskursiv abgrenzenden Welten bewegt und sich unabhängig von der Abstammung oder Herkunft der Autoren mit deren Forschungsergebnissen auseinandersetzt. Der relativ große Anteil an amerikanischen Werken, auf die Humboldt in seinem Essai Bezug nimmt, verdeutlicht im Besonderen den hohen Stellenwert, den sie für seine eigenen Forschungen einnahmen und im Allgemeinen den Beginn der wachsenden Bedeutung der Wissenschaft in Amerika. Abstract Detached from Eurocentric systems thinking and the prejudices of philosophy and science, Alexander von Humboldt used a transnational knowledge reservoir, which he summarized in his work to form a cross-country and cross-language knowledge network. This quantitative evaluation of the intertextual references of the Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne shows on the one hand their variety and complexity, on the other hand to what extent Humboldt moves between two discursively different worlds and deals with the research results of authors, regardless of their origin or lineage. The relatively high percentage of American works to which Humboldt refers in his essay reflects in particular their great importance for his own research work and, in general, the beginning of the increasing significance of science in America. Resumen Independientemente del pensamiento sistémico eurocéntrico y los prejuicios de la filosofía y las ciencias, Alexander von Humboldt hizo uso de una reserva de conocimiento transnacional, que combinó en sus trabajos para formar una red de ciencia que abarcó países e idiomas. La presente evaluación cuantitativa de las referencias intertextuales del Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne muestra, por un lado, su variedad y complejidad, por otro, hasta qué punto Humboldt se mueve entre dos mundos discursivamente diferentes y cómo trata los resultados de investigación, independientemente del origen o perfil de los autores. La proporción relativamente grande de obras americanas a las que Humboldt se refiere en su Ensayo ilustra, en particular, la gran importancia que le dieron a su propia investigación y, en general, el comienzo del creciente valor de la ciencia en América.

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1997, Mexico replaced its main old‐age pension system with an individual capitalization system. In 2021, the first people subject to the new system will retire. Using a model that projects demographic and labour variables and using Monte Carlo simulations, the findings of this study show that in 2051 the percentage of men not having a pension will increase from 38 per cent to 59 per cent, and that of women from 44 per cent to 66 per cent. The replacement rate for the average Mexican worker will fall from 70 per cent to 30 per cent. The numbers of people in extreme poverty will increase by almost 2.8 million, representing 9.44 per cent of the population. Alternative scenarios are proposed that involve increasing the contribution rate and raising the retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

János Xántus, an outstanding personality of Hungarian scientific life, was forced to emigrate after the freedom fight of 1848-49. From 1851 Xántus lived in the USA where he collected animal and plant specimens in California from 1857 onwards, as commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution. From his herbarium collected in North America certain duplicates were sent to the Hungarian National Museum - these can be found in the Department of Botany of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM). In this paper we follow Xántus on his way to becoming a renowned explorer, we unravel the significance of his North American herbarium, and the route it took to arrive at the Hungarian Natural History Museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, in the state of Guerrero, Mexico, a community system of security, justice, and re-education has been in operation. Articulated at the regional level, this security system integrates several dozen rural, largely indigenous communities in a self-managed and autonomous way. In 2006, the federal government of Mexico implemented the "war on drugs", leading to an increase in violence. In this context, community defence has become increasingly important, leading to the emergence of several community defence groups in different regions of the country. This article explains the emergence of past and present community defence groups in Mexico through an analysis of the relationship between violence and reconfigurations in the capitalist economy. Through focusing on the community police, the paper reflects on the potential of collective practices to produce community safety, and on the emergence of defensive groups in urban and non-indigenous localities, creating new forms of community-based organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]