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International student mobility (ISM) is often perceived to enhance career prospects. Surprisingly, the role of personality traits in explaining why students go abroad and relationships between ISM and labour market outcomes have received scant scholarly attention. Based on survey data from Norwegian graduates, we found that degree and credit mobility graduates were significantly more extraverted and open than non-mobile peers and that degree mobiles were more agreeable than both credit and non-mobiles. Furthermore, results revealed that whereas degree mobility is related to both wage and Occupational self-efficiacy (OSE), this was not the case for credit mobility. However, personality did affect the associations between degree mobility and labour market outcomes. In sum, our study suggests that the distinction between degree and credit mobility is important when considering the labour market outcomes of ISM and that personality does play a role in the links between degree mobility and labour market outcomes.

BACKGROUND The number of people with noncommunicable diseases is increasing. Noncommunicable diseases are the major cause of disability and premature mortality worldwide, associated with negative workplace outcomes such as sickness absence and reduced work productivity. There is a need to identify scalable interventions and their active components to relieve disease and treatment burden and facilitate work participation. eHealth interventions have shown potential in clinical and general populations to increase well-being and physical activity and could be well suited for workplace settings. OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide an overview of the effectiveness of eHealth interventions at the workplace targeting employee health behaviors and map behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in these interventions. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, and CINAHL in September 2020 and updated in September 2021. Extracted data included participant characteristics, setting, eHealth intervention type, mode of delivery, reported outcomes, effect sizes, and attrition rates. Quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias 2 tool. BCTs were mapped in accordance with the BCT Taxonomy v1. The review was reported according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. RESULTS In total, 17 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. The measured outcomes, treatment and follow-up periods, content of eHealth interventions, and workplace contexts had high heterogeneity. Of the 17 studies, 4 (24%) reported unequivocally significant findings for all primary outcomes, with effect sizes ranging from small to large. Furthermore, 53% (9/17) of the studies reported mixed results, and 24% (4/17) reported nonsignificant results. The most frequently targeted behavior was physical activity (15/17, 88% of the studies); the least frequently targeted behavior was smoking (2/17, 12% of the studies). Attrition varied greatly across the studies (0%-37%). Risk of bias was high in 65% (11/17) of the studies, with some concerns in the remaining 35% (6/17). Interventions used various BCTs, and the most frequently used were feedback and monitoring (14/17, 82%), goals and planning (10/17, 59%), antecedents (10/17, 59%), and social support (7/17, 41%). CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that, although eHealth interventions may have potential, there are still unanswered questions regarding their effectiveness and what drives the mechanism behind these effects. Low methodological quality, high heterogeneity and complexity, the characteristics of the included samples, and often high attrition rates challenge the investigation of the effectiveness and the making of sound inferences about the effect sizes and significance of the results. To address this, new studies and methods are needed. A megastudy design in which different interventions are evaluated in the same population over the same period on the same outcomes may solve some of the challenges. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO CRD42020202777; https://www-crd-york-ac-uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=202777

ObjectivesSociodemographic predictors of employee alcohol use are well established in the literature, but knowledge about associations between workplace factors and alcohol use is less explored. The aim of this study was to explore whether workplace factors were associated with employee alcohol use (consumption and alcohol-related problems).DesignCross-sectional study. Linear and binary logistic regression analyses.SettingHeterogeneous sample of employees (workers and supervisors) from 22 companies across geographical locations and work divisions in Norway.ParticipantsEmployees (N=5388) responded on survey items measuring workplace factors and alcohol use.OutcomesData on alcohol use were collected with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Consumption was measured with the AUDIT-C (the first three items), and alcohol-related problems were operationalised as a sum score of 8 or higher on the full 10-item AUDIT.ResultsHigher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with more liberal workplace drinking social norms (b=1.37, pConclusionsWorkplace drinking social norms were the supremely most dominant predictor of both consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest that some workplace factors may play a role in explaining employee alcohol consumption, although the predictive ability of these factors was limited. This study points to the importance of drinking social norms, workplace drinking culture and leadership for understanding employee alcohol use.

Bakgrunn: WIRUS er et nasjonalt forskningsprosjekt om alkohol, arbeidsliv, sykefravær, sykenærvær og arbeidsplassbaserte intervensjoner. Prosjektet består av flere delstudier. Én av disse er en screeningstudie der ansatte i ulike virksomheter, på tvers av sektorer og bransjer, svarer på et spørreskjema som handler om bl.a. alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk. Én av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS er et forvaltningsorgan i Rogaland. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra spørreundersøkelsen blant ansatte i denne virksomheten. Målet med denne rapporten er å beskrive alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk blant ansatte i virksomheten. Alkoholbruk er kartlagt ved hjelp av Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), som er utviklet av Verdens helseorganisasjon (WHO). Virksomhetens resultater sammenliknes med de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS, og også resultater fra en tidligere utført befolkningsstudie i Norge. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med alkoholpolicy på arbeidsplassen, og for situasjoner i gråsonen mellom jobb og fritid. Resultatene for alkoholbruk viser at virksomhetens ansatte i gjennomsnitt rapporterte et noe høyere alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS (4,31 mot 4,00 av 40 mulige poeng på AUDIT-skalaen). Forskjellen var statistisk signifikant. Forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholbruk blant de ansatte var også noe høyere i virksomheten (12,5 %) enn hva som er funnet i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (11,4 %), men likevel lavere enn hva tidligere forskning har funnet i den generelle norske befolkningen (16,9 %). Forskjellen i andel risikodrikkere mellom virksomheten og de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene er imidlertid ikke statistisk signifikant. Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte å ha noe mer positive (liberale) holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,26 mot 2,14 av 4 poeng). Forskjellen var statistisk signifikant. Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte også om marginalt mer positive forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (1,80 mot 1,74 av 4 poeng), men denne forskjellen var ikke statistisk signifikant. Konklusjon og anbefalinger: Resultatene fra denne undersøkelsen tyder på at virksomhetens ansatte hadde noe høyere alkoholforbruk og noe mer positive (liberale) holdninger til jobbrelatert alkoholbruk enn alle ansatte i virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS-prosjektet. Forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk var imidlertid ikke signifikant forskjellig. Det var også svært få ansatte med høy risiko i virksomheten, og ingen som skåret ut med trolig avhengighet. Denne undersøkelsen gir i så måte ikke grunnlag for å anbefale særskilte tiltak for denne virksomheten, utover det som generelt kan betraktes som hensiktsmessig alkoholforebyggende arbeid i arbeidslivet.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Alcohol-related presenteeism (impaired work performance caused by alcohol use) is an important but under-researched topic. The aim of this study was to explore whether psychosocial work environment factors were associated with alcohol-related presenteeism. A cross sectional study of Norwegian employees (n = 6620) was conducted. Logistic regression analyses were used for estimating associations with alcohol-related presenteeism, which was reported among 473 (7.1%) of the employees. Adjusted by age, gender, education level and managerial level, higher levels of overcommitment to work were associated with alcohol-related presenteeism. Higher age, male gender and higher education were also associated with alcohol-related presenteeism. Occupational health services and employers should especially focus on overcommitted employees when designing workplace health promotion programs. Modifying attitudes towards alcohol-related presenteeism among overcommitted employees may be of importance for safety at work.

Background For alcohol, the association with socioeconomic status (SES) is different than for other public health challenges – the associations are complex, and heterogeneous between socioeconomic groups. Specifically, the relationship between alcohol consumption per se and adverse health consequences seems to vary across SES. This observation is called the ‘alcohol harm paradox’. This study aims to describe different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems. Next, the associations between sub-groups characterized by different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems, and age, gender, educational level, full-time employment, occupational level and income is analysed. Methods Employing data from the ongoing cross-sectional WIRUS-study, N = 4311 participants were included in the present study. Individual response patterns of the ten-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were analysed and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify latent groups. Next, the associations between the classes identified in the best fitting LCA-model and sociodemographic factors were analysed and presented. Results We identified three classes based on the response patterns on AUDIT. Class 1 was characterised by low-level alcohol consumption and very low probability of negative alcohol-related consequences related to their alcohol consumption. Class 2 was characterised by a higher level of consumption, but despite this, class 2 also had a relatively low probability of reporting negative alcohol-related consequences. Class 3, however, was characterised by high levels of alcohol consumption, and a high probability of reporting negative consequences of their consumption. The classes identified were systematically differentially associated with the included measures of SES, with class 3 characterised by younger age, more males and lower educational attainment. Conclusions Our findings highlight the interconnectedness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Furthermore, the identified classes and SES yields further insights into to intricate relationship between various socioeconomic factors, alcohol use patterns and related negative consequences.

Background: The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) is a validated brief instrument measuring the five-factor model (FFM) personality dimensions, developed for instances where more comprehensive FFM instruments are impractical to use. The TIPI has been translated into several languages, but psychometric properties of the Norwegian version (N-TIPI) have not been systematically explored.Objectives: This study aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the N-TIPI, in terms of internal consistency and structural validity.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, responses on the N-TIPI were collected from 5,009 Norwegian master graduates. Descriptive statistics for the subscales and correlations between subscales were calculated. Internal consistency was assessed with inter-item correlations, Cronbach’s α and Spearman-Brown coefficients. Structural validity was explored with principal component analysis, parallel analysis, and visual scree plot inspection. Results for the N-TIPI were compared with those previously reported for the original TIPI as well as the German, French, Spanish, and Portuguese versions.Results: Compared with the original and non-English versions of TIPI, results for N-TIPI showed comparable subscale rank order of means, standard deviations, and pattern of correlations between subscales, as well as inter-item correlations and Cronbach’s α. The 10 N-TIPI items were adequately reduced to five components, theoretically corresponding with the FFM personality domains.Conclusion: The N-TIPI demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and satisfactory structural validity. Although further research is warranted, the instrument stands out as feasible when it is essential to minimize participants’ response burden in studies that aim to explore personality as one among several concepts or utilize personality traits as covariates.

Bakgrunn: WIRUS er et nasjonalt forskningsprosjekt om alkohol, arbeidsliv, sykefravær, sykenærvær og arbeidsplassbaserte intervensjoner. Prosjektet består av flere delstudier. Én av disse er en screeningstudie der ansatte i ulike virksomheter, på tvers av sektorer og bransjer, svarer på et spørreskjema som handler om bl.a. alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk. Én av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS er en industrivirksomhet i Nord-Norge. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra spørreundersøkelsen i denne virksomheten. Målet med denne rapporten er å beskrive alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk blant ansatte i virksomheten. Virksomhetens resultater sammenliknes med de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS, og også resultater fra en tidligere utført befolkningsstudie i Norge. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med alkoholpolicy på arbeidsplassen, og for situasjoner i gråsonen mellom jobb og fritid. Resultatene for alkoholbruk viser at virksomhetens ansatte i gjennomsnitt rapporterer et høyere alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS (5,7 mot 3,9 på en 40 poengs skala). Forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholbruk blant de ansatte er høyere i virksomheten (26,9 %) enn hva som er funnet i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (11,4 %), og hva tidligere forskning har funnet i den generelle norske befolkningen (16,9 %). Forskjellene mellom virksomheten og de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene er systematiske og pålitelige (statistisk signifikante). Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte om noe mer positive holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,3 mot 2,1 av 4 poeng). Forskjellen var liten men likevel statistisk signifikant. Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte om tilsvarende forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk som ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (1,6 mot 1,7 av 4 poeng). Her var det ikke en signifikant forskjell. I likhet med de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene fant vi også i denne virksomheten sammenhenger som tyder på at ansatte som har positive forventinger til alkoholbruk også har et høyere alkoholforbruk (sammenheng mellom forventning og forbruk). Videre fant vi en sammenheng som tyder på at ansatte som hadde positive forventninger også hadde positive holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk (sammenheng mellom forventninger og holdninger). Vi fant imidlertid ingen sammenheng mellom holdninger til alkoholbruk og faktisk alkoholbruk. Implikasjoner: Arbeidsplassen, støttet av bedriftshelsetjenesten, har en svært viktig rolle i et helsefremmende og forebyggende arbeid overfor ansatte. I henhold til retningslinjer fra Verdens helseorganisasjon, vil majoriteten av de ansatte i virksomheten være i målgruppen for alkoholrelatert helsefremmende arbeid, mens om lag 3 av 10 ansatte vil kunne være i målgruppen for mer målrettede tiltak med sikte på reduksjon av risikofylt alkoholbruk.

Background - Productive approaches to studying (deep and strategic learning) are associated with a variety of favourable academic outcomes, and may be of particular importance for students in multifaceted and complex disciplines such as occupational therapy. Aim - To explore associations between student characteristics and their dominant approaches to studying in two samples of occupational therapy students: a national sample of Norwegian first-year students, and an international sample of students in different year cohorts (Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore and Norway). Materials and methods - A total of 180 (national sample) and 665 (international sample) students were included in the study. Approaches to studying were measured with the Approaches to Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST). Data were analyzed with adjusted multinomial regression analyses. Results - Age, gender and prior higher education were not associated with the dominant study approach. More time spent on independent study (international sample: OR = 1.07/1.08, p Conclusions and significance - Factors such as age, gender and prior higher education seem to be of limited importance for understanding students’ dominant approaches to studying.

Background: Alcohol consumption is deeply integrated in people&rsquo, s social- and work lives and, thus, constitutes a serious public health challenge. Attitudes toward drinking stand out as important predictors of drinking, but have to date been sparsely studied in employee populations. This study explores the association of employees&rsquo, attitudes toward drinking with their alcohol-related problems, and whether this association is moderated by gender and employment sector. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from a heterogeneous sample of employees (N = 4094) at 19 Norwegian companies. Drinking attitudes were assessed using the Drinking Norms Scale. The AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) scale was then used to assess any alcohol-related problems. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and multiple logistic regression. Results: Employees with predominantly positive drinking attitudes were almost three times as likely to report alcohol-related problems compared to employees with more negative drinking attitudes (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 2.00&ndash, 3.76). Gender moderated the association between positive drinking attitudes and alcohol-related problems (OR = 3.30, 95% CI: 2.10&ndash, 5.21). The association was stronger in women (OR = 5.21, 95% CI: 3.34&ndash, 8.15) than in men (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 2.11&ndash, 4.55). Employment sector did not moderate the association between drinking attitudes and alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: Employee attitudes toward alcohol should be monitored to better enable early workplace health promotion interventions targeting alcohol problems. These interventions might need to be gender-specific.

Background: For alcohol, the association with socioeconomic status (SES) is different than for other public health challenges – the associations are complex, and heterogeneous between socioeconomic groups. Specifically, the relationship between alcohol consumption per se and adverse health consequences seems to vary across SES. This observation is called the ‘alcohol harm paradox’. This study aims to describe different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems. Next, the associations between sub-groups characterized by different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems, and age, gender, educational level, full-time employment, occupational level and income is analysed. Methods: Employing data from the ongoing cross-sectional WIRUS-study, N=4,311 participants were included in the present study. Individual response patterns of the ten-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were analysed and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify latent groups. Next, the associations between the classes identified in the best fitting LCA-model and sociodemographic factors were analysed and presented. Results: We identified three classes based on the response patterns on AUDIT. Class 1 was characterised by low-level alcohol consumption and very low probability of negative alcohol-related consequences related to their alcohol consumption. Class 2 was characterised by a higher level of consumption, but despite this, class 2 also had a relatively low probability of reporting negative alcohol-related consequences. Class 3, however, was characterised by high levels of alcohol consumption, and a high probability of reporting negative consequences of their consumption. The classes identified were systematically differentially associated with the included measures of SES, with class 3 characterised by younger age, more males and lower educational attainment. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the interconnectedness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Further, our related the identified classes and SES yields further insights into to intricate relationship between various socioeconomic factors, alcohol use patterns and related negative consequences.

Background For alcohol, the association with socioeconomic status (SES) is different than for other public health challenges – the associations are complex, and heterogeneous between socioeconomic groups. Specifically, the relationship between alcohol consumption per se and adverse health consequences seems to be different across SES. This observation is called the ‘alcohol harm paradox’.Aims This study aims to describe different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems. Next, the associations between sub-groups characterized by different patterns of alcohol use and potential problems, and age, gender, educational level, percentage of employment, occupational level and income is analysed.Methods Employing data from the ongoing cross-sectional WIRUS-study, N=4,318 participants were included in the present study. Individual response patterns of the ten-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were analysed and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify latent groups. Next, the associations between the classes identified in the best fitting LCA-model and sociodemographic factors was analysed and presented.Results We found support for 3 classes based on the response patterns on AUDIT. Class 1 was characterised by low-level alcohol consumption and very low probability of negative alcohol-related consequences (items 4-10 on AUDIT) related to their alcohol consumption. Class 2 was characterised by a higher level of consumption, but despite this, class 2 also had a relatively low probability of reporting negative alcohol-related consequences. Class 3, however, was characterised by high levels of alcohol consumption, and a high probability of reporting negative consequences of their consumption. The classes identified were systematically differentially associated with the included measures of SES.Conclusions Our findings highlight the interconnectedness of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Further, our related the identified classes and SES yields further insights into to intricate relationship between various socioeconomic factors, alcohol use patterns and related negative consequences.

ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to explore the notion of alcohol-related presenteeism; that is, whether evidence in the research literature supports an association between employee alcohol consumption and impaired work performance.DesignSystematic review of observational studies.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, Embase and Swemed+ were searched through October 2018. Reference lists in included studies were hand searched for potential relevant studies.Eligibility criteriaWe included observational studies, published 1990 or later as full-text empirical articles in peer-reviewed journals in English or a Scandinavian language, containing one or more statistical tests regarding a relationship between a measure of alcohol consumption and a measure of work performance.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data. Tested associations between alcohol consumption and work performance within the included studies were quality assessed and analysed with frequency tables, cross-tabulations and χ2tests of independence.ResultsTwenty-six studies were included, containing 132 tested associations. The vast majority of associations (77%) indicated that higher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with higher levels of impaired work performance, and these positive associations were considerably more likely than negative associations to be statistically significant (OR=14.00,phi=0.37, pConclusionsEvidence does provide some support for the notion of alcohol-related presenteeism. However, due to low research quality and lack of longitudinal designs, evidence should be characterised as somewhat inconclusive. More robust and less heterogeneous research is warranted. This review, however, does provide support for targeting alcohol consumption within the frame of workplace interventions aimed at improving employee health and productivity.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017059620.

Background: Alcohol is associated with detrimental health and work performance outcomes, and one to three out of ten employees may benefit from interventions. The role of occupational health services (OHS) in alcohol prevention has received little attention in research. The primary aims of this study were to explore current practices of alcohol prevention targeting employees in occupational health settings, and examine whether and which perceived implementation barriers were associated with alcohol prevention activity. The secondary aim was to explore whether barriers were differentially associated with primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, survey data were collected from 295 OHS professionals in Norway in 2018. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, paired samples t-tests, and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: Overall, seven out of ten OHS professionals worked with alcohol-related cases less than monthly, while only one out of ten did so on a weekly basis. Their activities were more focused on tertiary prevention than on primary and secondary prevention. Physicians, psychologists and nurses reported to handle alcohol-related issues more often than occupational therapists and physical therapists. Higher levels of implementation barriers internal to the OHS’ organisation (competence, time and resources) were associated with lower alcohol prevention activity. Barriers external to the OHS’ organisation (barriers concerning employers and employees) were not. This pattern was evident for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities. A majority of OHS professionals agreed that employees’ alcohol consumption constitute a public health challenge, and that OHS’ should focus more on alcohol prevention targeting employees. Conclusions: Occupational health settings at workplaces may be particularly serviceable for alcohol prevention programmes since the majority of the population is employed and the majority of employees consume alcohol. An increase in overall prevention activity, and a shift from mainly focusing on tertiary prevention to an increased emphasis on primary and secondary prevention, may both hinge on increased training of OHS professionals, emphasising knowledge on the importance of working with alcohol prevention, and training in administering alcohol prevention programmes. Making alcohol prevention a priority may also require increased allocation of time and resources. This study is funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and the Research Council of Norway. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, nor in data collection, analysis or data interpretation. Norges forskningsråd 260640

Introduction: Globally, alcohol use is among the most important risk factors related to burden of disease, and commonly emerges among the ten most important factors. Also, alcohol use disorders are major contributors to global burden of disease. Therefore, accurate measurement of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems is important in a public health perspective. The Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT) is a widely used, brief tenitem screening instrument to detect alcohol use disorder. Despite this the factor structure and comparability acrossdifferent(sub)-populations hasyetto bedetermined.Ouraimwasto investigatethefactorstructure ofthe AUDIT-questionnaire and the viability of specific factors, as well as assessing measurement invariance across gender, age and educational level. Methods: We employed data (N=4,318) from the ongoing screening study in the Norwegian national WIRUS project. We used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to establish the factor structure of the AUDIT. Next, we investigated the viability of specific factors in a bi-factor model, and assessed measurement invariance of the preferred factor structure. Results: Our findingsindicatetheAUDITisessentiallyunidimensional, andthatcomparisonscanreadilybedone across gender, age and educational attainment. Conclusion: We found support for a one-factor structure of AUDIT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the viability of specific factors in a bi-factor model as well as evaluating measurement invariance across gender, age and educational attainment for the AUDIT questionnaire. Therefore, further studies are needed to replicate our findings related to essential unidimensionality. The study was supported by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and the Research Council of Norway.

Bakgrunn: WIRUS er et nasjonalt forskningsprosjekt om alkohol, arbeidsliv, sykefravaer, sykenaervaer og arbeidsplassbaserte intervensjoner. Prosjektet bestar av flere delstudier. En av disse er en screeningstudie der ansatte i ulike virksomheter, pa tvers av sektorer og bransjer, svarer pa et sporreskjema som handler om bl.a. alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk. En av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS er en kommune pa Ostlandet. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra sporreundersokelsen i denne virksomheten. Malet med denne rapporten er a beskrive alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk blant ansatte i virksomheten. Virksomhetens resultater sammenliknes med de ovrige virksomhetene i WIRUS, og ogsa resultater fra en tidligere utfort befolkningsstudie i Norge. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med alkoholpolicy pa arbeidsplassen, og for situasjoner i grasonen mellom jobb og fritid. Resultatene viser (a) at denne virksomhetens ansatte rapporterer i gjennomsnitt et noe lavere alkoholforbruk enn ansatte i de ovrige virksomhetene i WIRUS (3,5 mot 4,1 av 40), (b) at forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholforbruk blant de ansatte er noe lavere i virksomheten (9,7 %) enn hva som er funnet i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (11,5 %), og hva tidligere forskning har funnet i den generelle norske befolkningen (16,9 %), (c) at virksomhetens ansatte har noe mer negative holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,03 mot 2,16 av 4), (d) at virksomhetens ansatte har noe mer negative forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (1,64 mot 1,76 av 4), og (e) at det i denne virksomheten, i likhet med de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene, var sammenhenger som tyder pa at ansatte som har et hoyt alkoholbruk ogsa har mer positive holdninger og forventninger til alkoholbruk sammenliknet med ansatte som har et lavere alkoholbruk. Implikasjoner: Arbeidsplassen, stottet av bedriftshelsetjenesten, har en svaert viktig rolle i et helsefremmende og forebyggende arbeid overfor ansatte. I henhold til retningslinjer fra Verdens helseorganisasjon, vil majoriteten av de ansatte i virksomheten vaere i malgruppen for alkoholrelatert helsefremmende arbeid, mens om lag 1 av 10 ansatte vil kunne vaere i malgruppen for mer malrettede tiltak med sikte pa reduksjon av risikofylt alkoholbruk.

Objective. The Job Demands and Control model classifies job types as active, passive, low-strain or high-strain, based on a combination of job demands and control. While studies have shown high-strain jobs to have adverse consequences for health and work participation, prognostic factors for the four job types have been less explored. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between sociodemographic factors and job descriptors and being in high-strain, low-strain, active and passive jobs. Methods. The WIRUS Screening study targeted Norwegian employees in private and public enterprises. In this study, associations with job types among 4,487 employees were investigated with binary logistic regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and job-related variables. Results. In fully adjusted models, high-strain job was associated with female gender; lower education; shift work; and doing work outside the workplace. Low-strain job was associated with opposite scores on the same variables, and with lower job position. Active job was associated with lower age; female gender; higher levels of education; higher job position level; shift work; and not doing work outside the workplace. Passive job was associated with opposite scores on the same variables. Conclusions. The study corroborates the role gender and education have for experiencing the job, and expands on existing knowledge on the role of job position and irregular working hours and spaces. By identifying factors associated with job types, the prevention of health problems and work disability may become be more targeted. The Norwegian Directorate of Health and the Research Council of Norway funded the study.

Bakgrunn: WIRUS er et nasjonalt forskningsprosjekt om alkohol, arbeidsliv, sykefravaer, sykenaervaer og arbeidsplassbaserte intervensjoner. Prosjektet bestar av flere delstudier. En av disse er en screeningstudie der ansatte i ulike virksomheter, pa tvers av sektorer og bransjer, svarer pa et sporreskjema som handler om bl.a. alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk. En av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS er en industrivirksomhet pa Vestlandet. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra sporreundersokelsen i denne virksomheten. Malet med denne rapporten er a beskrive alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk blant ansatte i virksomheten. Virksomhetens resultater sammenliknes med de ovrige virksomhetene i WIRUS, og ogsa resultater fra en tidligere utfort befolkningsstudie i Norge. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med alkoholpolicy pa arbeidsplassen, og for situasjoner i grasonen mellom jobb og fritid. Resultatene viser (a) at denne virksomhetens ansatte rapporterer i gjennomsnitt et hoyere alkoholforbruk enn ansatte i de ovrige virksomhetene i WIRUS (5,6 mot 3,9 av 40), (b) at forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholforbruk blant de ansatte er hoyere i virksomheten (23,1 %) enn hva som er funnet i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (11,5 %), og hva tidligere forskning har funnet i den generelle norske befolkningen (16,9 %), (c) at virksomhetens ansatte har tilsvarende holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk som ansatte i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,2 mot 2,1 av 4), (d) at virksomhetens ansatte har noe mer positive forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,0 mot 1,7 av 4), og (e) at det i denne virksomheten, i likhet med de ovrige WIRUS-virksomhetene, var sammenhenger som tyder pa at ansatte som har et hoyt alkoholbruk ogsa har mer positive holdninger og forventninger til alkoholbruk sammenliknet med ansatte som har et lavere alkoholbruk. Implikasjoner: Arbeidsplassen, stottet av bedriftshelsetjenesten, har en svaert viktig rolle i et helsefremmende og forebyggende arbeid overfor ansatte. I henhold til retningslinjer fra Verdens helseorganisasjon, vil majoriteten av de ansatte i virksomheten vaere i malgruppen for alkoholrelatert helsefremmende arbeid, mens om lag 2 av 10 ansatte vil kunne vaere i malgruppen for mer malrettede tiltak med sikte pa reduksjon av risikofylt alkoholbruk.

Background/aim The Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) has been used previously to assess the learning approaches among students in higher education, but reports of its use with occupational therapy students are rare. This study investigated the factor structure of the ASSIST in a cross-cultural sample of undergraduate occupational therapy students, and examined whether the factor structure from specific participant groups from different cross-cultural contexts was consistent. Methods Occupational therapy students (n = 712) from education programmes in Australia, Norway, Hong Kong and Singapore completed the ASSIST. To assess the factor structure of the instrument, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) using a confirmatory approach, was completed. Cronbach's coefficient α and inter-item correlations were used to assess the internal consistency of the ASSIST and its subscales. Results For the whole sample, the PCA confirmed the three primary factors as previously established. Five subscales loaded on the first factor (strategic approach). Four subscales loaded on the second factor (surface approach), whereas the remaining four subscales loaded on the third factor (deep approach). Repeating the analysis for each of the country-specific samples produced slightly diverging factor structures for the samples from Australia and Hong Kong. Conclusion Considering all the data, the ASSIST subscales that emerged from the PCA used with a confirmatory approach in this study revealed a good degree of concordance with the established original factor, scale and subscale structure. The slightly deviating results obtained for the Hong Kong student group indicate that the established factor structure may not be the best fit across all settings, cultural contexts and sample groups.

Background: Harmful alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for ill-health on an individual level, a global public health challenge, and associated with workplace productivity loss. This study aimed to explore the proportion of risky drinkers in a sample of employees, investigate sociodemographic associations with risky drinking, and examine implications for intervention needs, according to recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: In a cross-sectional design, sociodemographic data were collected from Norwegian employees in 14 companies (n=3571) across sectors and branches. Risky drinking was measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The threshold for risky drinking was set at ≥8 scores on the AUDIT. Based on WHO guidelines, risky drinkers were divided into three risk categories (moderate risk: scores 8–15, high risk: scores 16–19, and dependence likely risk: scores 20–40). The association between sociodemographic variables and risky drinking were explored with chi square tests for independence and adjusted logistic regression. The risk groups were then examined according to the WHO intervention recommendations. Results: 11.0% of the total sample reported risky drinking. Risky drinking was associated with male gender (OR=2.97, p

Background: The Intentional Relationship Model conceptualizes the therapeutic use of self in occupational therapy. To increase motivation for and success in establishing therapeutic relationships, therapists need self-efficacy for using the self in therapeutic practice. However, attempts to combine this model with self-efficacy theory are rare, and instruments by which to measure self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self are in a developing stage. This study aimed to examine the factor structure and internal consistency of the Norwegian Self-Efficacy for Recognizing Interpersonal Characteristics (N-SERIC). Methods: Occupational therapy students (n = 100) from two education programs completed the instrument and sociodemographic information. The factor structure was examined with Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s α and inter-item correlations. Results: The PCA revealed that all N-SERIC items belonged to the same latent factor, with factor loadings ranging between 0.75 and 0.89. The internal consistency of the scale items was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.96). Conclusions: The N-SERIC scale is unidimensional and the items have very high internal consistency. Thus, the scale sum score can be useful for occupational therapy research and audits focusing on interpersonal aspects of practice. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Western Michigan University. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Brukerundersøkelser kan være et godt verktøy for instrumentell brukermedvirkning på systemnivå, forutsatt at de er valide og reliable. Formålet med denne studien var å undersøke psykometriske egenskaper ved Fontenehusets spørreundersøkelse av medlemserfaringer (FUME). Studien fant, ved hjelp av intern konsistensanalyse og faktoranalyse, at det opprinnelige spørreskjemaet, bestående av ti påstander, ikke har tilfredsstillende psykometriske egenskaper, men kan fungere i revidert versjon (FUME-R) dersom to av påstandene fjernes. Studien konkluderer med at det reviderte skjemaet kan anvendes i arbeidet med å evaluere og videreutvikle tjenestetilbudet ved klubbhus for psykososial rehabilitering.

Approaches to studying may be influenced by students’ age, maturity, and experience in higher education. Students’ approaches to studying may develop toward deep and/or strategic approaches and away from a surface approach as they move through the curriculum, which is generally considered a positive development. This study aimed to identify differences in approaches to studying among first-, second-, and third-year students enrolled in an occupational therapy program. Three cohorts of students (n = 160) from one university college completed the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) along with sociodemographic information. One-way analyses of variance were used to identify differences in approaches to studying among the student cohorts. The scores on the ASSIST were largely similar between the cohorts. However, first-year students had higher scores on the surface approach and on syllabus-boundness, compared to third-year students. There was a linear trend of decreasing scores on these two scales: from highest among first-year students to lowest among third-year students. With few exceptions, students in three cohorts showed similar levels of deep, strategic, and surface approaches to studying. More efforts should be placed on assisting students to adopt a deep and/or strategic approach to studying and to reduce a surface approach.

The aim of this study was to explore associations between self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and the deep, strategic, and surface approaches to studying. Norwegian occupational therapy students (n = 125) completed questionnaires measuring study approaches, self-esteem, and general self-efficacy. Regression analyses were used to explore the direct relationships between self-esteem, general self-efficacy and the approaches to studying, after controlling for age, gender, prior higher education, and time spent on independent studying. General self-efficacy displayed positive associations with deep and strategic approaches to studying and a negative relationship with a surface approach to studying. Self-esteem was not significantly associated with approaches to studying.

I Norge har vi hatt tradisjoner for at det kun har vaert de som har omfattende problemer med alkoholbruk, som har fatt et tilbud pa arbeidsplassen. Derved har problemstillinger som kanskje kunne vaert identifisert og lost pa et tidligere stadium ikke blitt adressert for problemet har vokst seg storre. Dette er i endring, bade nasjonalt og internasjonalt. Arbeidsplassen skal na ivareta en rolle ogsa overfor den betydelige storre gruppen som drikker pa et niva som innebaerer en risiko for uonskede konsekvenser av alkoholbruk. Virksomheter og bedriftshelsetjenesten er derved i ferd med a fa en ny folkehelseoppgave. Dette er bakgrunnen for et forskningsprosjekt som heter WIRUS, som ser pa alkoholbruk i relasjon til sykefravaer og sykenaervaer (a vaere pa jobb, men ikke kunne yte 100%). Prosjektet er finansiert av Helsedirektoratet og Norges forskningsrad, og utfores av Universitet i Stavanger og KoRus Vest, Stavanger i samarbeid med en rekke andre institusjoner. WIRUS-prosjektet bestar av fem studier: (1) Kulturstudien, (2) Screeningen, (3) Effektstudien, (4) Implementeringsstudien, og (5) Innovasjonsstudien. I denne rapporten presenteres noen resultater fra screeningen for en av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS. Kunnskapen implementeres derved tilbake til virksomheten via ulike strategier for kunnskapstranslasjon, som en del av Implementeringsstudien. A svare pa sporsmal om alkoholbruk i relasjon til arbeidssituasjonen er uvant, og sensitivt. Vi vil derfor formidle en varm takk til ledelse og ansatte i virksomheten for at de ville delta i WIRUS-prosjektet. I WIRUS-prosjektet er vi opptatt av a se og anerkjenne bade positive og negative aspekter ved alkoholbruk i tilknytning til arbeidslivet. Vi haper at implementering av forskningsbasert kunnskap fra rapporten kan skje i trad med en slik forstaelse. For oss er det forst nar forskning far en konkret og nyttig anvendelse i virksomhetene og i samfunnet at vi har oppnadd malet med WIRUS-prosjektet.

Background. The Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) proposes six therapeutic modes as ways of relating to clients. The Norwegian self-efficacy for therapeutic mode use (N-SETMU) was found to have a one-component structure. However, its items reflect abstract concepts rather than concrete behaviors. Aim. To validate further the N-SETMU by linking its items to the Norwegian client assessment of modes (N-CAM), with 30 items constituting six scales (linked to each mode), possessing concrete, behavioral content. Methods. Occupational therapy students (n=111) completed the N-SETMU and the N-CAM derived items, along with sociodemographic information. Component structure was analyzed with Principal Components Analysis (PCA), internal consistency of scales with Cronbach’s α, and associations between scale scores with Pearson’s r. Results. All items on all N-CAM derived scales loaded on one latent component, except one item related to problem-solving. After removing this item, the scale functioned appropriately. Cronbach’s α for all N-CAM derived scales ranged 0.88–0.94, and the associations between the N-CAM derived scales and the corresponding N-SETMU items ranged between 0.60 (advocating) and 0.79 (encouraging). Conclusions. In view of the strong associations between the concrete, N-CAM derived scales and the abstract N-SETMU items, this study supports the concurrent validity of the N-SETMU.

I Norge har vi hatt tradisjoner for at det kun har vaert de som har omfattende problemer med alkoholbruk, som har fatt et tilbud pa arbeidsplassen. Derved har problemstillinger som kanskje kunne vaert identifisert og lost pa et tidligere stadium ikke blitt adressert for problemet har vokst seg storre. Dette er i endring, bade nasjonalt og internasjonalt. Arbeidsplassen skal na ivareta en rolle ogsa overfor den betydelige storre gruppen som drikker pa et niva som innebaerer en risiko for uonskede konsekvenser av alkoholbruk. Virksomheter og bedriftshelsetjenesten er derved i ferd med a fa en ny folkehelseoppgave. Dette er bakgrunnen for et forskningsprosjekt som heter WIRUS, som ser pa alkoholbruk i relasjon til sykefravaer og sykenaervaer (a vaere pa jobb, men ikke kunne yte 100%). Prosjektet er finansiert av Helsedirektoratet og Norges forskningsrad, og utfores av Universitet i Stavanger og KoRus Vest, Stavanger i samarbeid med en rekke andre institusjoner. WIRUS-prosjektet bestar av fem studier: (1) Kulturstudien, (2) Screeningen, (3) Effektstudien, (4) Implementeringsstudien, og (5) Innovasjonsstudien. I denne rapporten presenteres noen resultater fra screeningen for en av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS. Kunnskapen implementeres derved tilbake til virksomheten via ulike strategier for kunnskapstranslasjon, som en del av Implementeringsstudien. A svare pa sporsmal om alkoholbruk i relasjon til arbeidssituasjonen er uvant, og sensitivt. Vi vil derfor formidle en varm takk til ledelse og ansatte i virksomheten for at de ville delta i WIRUS-prosjektet. I WIRUS-prosjektet er vi opptatt av a se og anerkjenne bade positive og negative aspekter ved alkoholbruk i tilknytning til arbeidslivet. Vi haper at implementering av forskningsbasert kunnskap fra rapporten kan skje i trad med en slik forstaelse. For oss er det forst nar forskning far en konkret og nyttig anvendelse i virksomhetene og i samfunnet at vi har oppnadd malet med WIRUS-prosjektet.

Even though some people are associated with a single stigmatized group, others are associated with several. In order to shed light on such multiple stigma processes, we propose a theoretical model of ‘multiple stigma’ by describing how two stigma-related categories (having intellectual disabilities and being an inmate) merge into a third stigmatized category (being an inmate with intellectual disabilities) that makes it possible to be ostracized for each of these three. We describe how this extensive ostracism is associated with negative psychological problems and antisocial responses. Consequently, we discuss some possible implications for the criminal justice system and future research.

Nesten ni av ti arbeidstakere drikker alkohol. Dette blir ofte forklart med alle de positive aspektene bruk av alkohol har i sosiale sammenhenger. En kartlegging utført av Statistisk sentralbyrå viser imidlertid at 17 prosent av befolkningen har et drikkemønster som kan betegnes som risikofylt (Halkjelsvik & Storvoll, 2014). Økt alkoholkonsum, herunder også arbeidsrelatert alkoholkonsum, henger blant annet sammen med økt tilgjengelighet til alkohol (Frøyland, 2005). Alkoholkonsum på et risikofylt nivå er forbundet med sosiale, medisinske, jobbrelaterte og økonomiske problemer (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders & Monteiro, 2001). Det er vanskelig å gi et klart svar på hvor grensen for risikofylt drikking går. Grenseverdier på 14 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 21 enheter pr. uke for menn har blitt foreslått (Fauske, 1993). Babor et al. (2001) har fremhevet at såkalt "lavrisikodrikking" innebærer maksimalt 20 gram alkohol pr. dag maksimalt 5 dager i uken. Det amerikanske National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2016) understreker at grenseverdien for risikodrikking går ved 7 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 3 enheter på én dag) for kvinner og ved 14 enheter pr. uke (og maksimalt 4 enheter på én dag) for menn. Likevel vil slike grenseverdier alltid være kulturspesifikke, og i Norge har man funnet det hensiktsmessig å operere med verdier på 8 alkoholenheter pr. uke for kvinner og 13 enheter pr. uke for menn (Nesvåg & Lie, 2004). Forskning har vist at det er behov for å kartlegge mer enn bare antall alkoholenheter over tid for å vite noe om reell risikodrikking. Eksempelvis vil forhold som hvor mye en drikker ved hver drikkeanledning kunne medføre mer negative konsekvenser for sykefravær enn hvor mye en typisk drikker over en gitt periode (Bacharach, Bamberger & Biron, 2010). Dette kan forklares ved at helsekonsekvenser av høyt gjennomsnittsforbruk først viser seg over tid, mens episoder med stordrikking (såkalt binge-drikking der en drikker store mengder alkohol ved én og samme anledning) gjerne medfører midlertidige funksjonsnedsettelser (eksempelvis "fyllesyke") som resulterer i sykefravær (Bacharach et al., 2010; Salonsalmi, Laaksonen, Lahlema & Rahkonen, 2009). Individuelle forskjeller vil også spille en rolle med hensyn til hva som er risikofylt drikking. Det er individuelt hvor mye en tåler og andre aspekter ved livsstilen, for eksempel om en er fysisk aktiv, vil kunne påvirke hvor mye en tåler før negative konsekvenser inntreffer. For enkelte grupper vil ethvert alkoholinntak kunne betraktes som risikofylt. Dette gjelder for eksempel: (1) personer som skal kjøre bil eller håndtere maskiner/verktøy, (2) personer som bruker medisiner som interagerer med alkohol, (3) personer som har en medisinsk tilstand som kan forverres av alkohol, og (4) personer som er gravide (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2016). I Norge drikkes det lite i direkte arbeidssituasjoner, men alkoholbruk relatert til arbeidssammenhenger hevdes å være utbredt (Frøyland, 2005). Sammenkomster som inkluderer alkohol foregår da på fritiden, men i regi av arbeidsplassen, kunder/klienter eller på initiativ fra kollegaer. Dette skjer dermed i gråsoner mellom arbeid og fritid. Nesvåg (2005) fant at 23 prosent av det samlede alkoholkonsumet blant et utvalg ansatte i privat norsk næringsliv var arbeidsrelatert. Flere studier har pekt på at ansatte, både på ledernivå og medarbeidernivå, har positive forventninger til jobbrelatert alkoholbruk, herunder forventninger om at alkohol er en effektiv strategi for å mestre arbeidsbelastninger og at alkohol bidrar til å skape gode fellesskap og sosiale relasjoner (Cooper, Russell & Frone, 1990; Henderson, Hutcheson & Davies, 1996). Normer og forventninger utvikles og formes i relasjonelt samspill, blant annet på arbeidsplassen, (Kjærheim, Mykletun, Aasland, Haldorsen & Andersen, 1995) og disse normene og forventningene påvirker ansattes alkoholvaner (Ames & Janes, 1992). Ansattes alkoholnormer og –forventninger kan således betraktes som uttrykk for en felles kultur på arbeidsplassen, som i større eller mindre grad kan gjenspeiles i de ansattes alkoholbruk. Tradisjonelt sett har det vært gruppen med store alkoholproblemer som har fått tilbud og oppmerksomhet gjennom arbeidsplassens helse-, miljø- og sikkerhetsarbeid. Her har man i de senere årene sett en endring i retning av økt fokus på den betydelig større gruppen som drikker risikofylt. Dette er bakgrunnen for prosjektet WIRUS, som er finansiert av Helsedirektoratet. I dette prosjektet deltar blant annet en privat bedrift innen olje- og gassnæringen. Denne rapporten er en presentasjon av denne bedriftens resultater fra fire av områdene som inngår i WIRUS-studien: (1) alkoholbruk, (2) arbeidsrelaterte alkoholnormer, (3) alkoholforventninger, og (4) situasjoner tilknyttet den aktuelle bedriften der alkoholbruk inngår. Målet med denne rapporten er å beskrive alkoholbruken, arbeidsrelaterte alkoholnormer og alkoholforventninger blant ansatte i denne bedriften, og beskrive hvilke jobbrelaterte situasjoner ansatte i bedriften drikker alkohol. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med ruspolicy tilknyttet arbeidsplassen, og i gråsonen mellom jobb og fritid.