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Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more “traditional” stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.

The first species of Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon identified from eastern North America is described here as Rhizopogon kretzerae Grubisha, Dowie, & Mill. sp. nov. In nature, R. kretzerae has been identified only from DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) from mycorrhizal roots of Pinus strobus L. and Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Phylogenetic analyses and nucleotide divergence estimates of Rhizopogon ITS sequences from Pterospora roots from Quebec, Michigan, New York, and New Hampshire combined with ITS sequences of Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon species type collections suggest R. kretzerae is a sister-group to Rhizopogon salebrosus A.H. Sm. An absence of shared mutations, two informative sequence gaps, and 12 fixed nucleotide differences differentiate R. kretzerae and R. salebrosus. Furthermore, ITS sequences of 40 Pterospora root samples from five populations in the province of Quebec provided the first record of the distribution of R. kretzerae, a potentially rare to endangered species, in eastern Canada. Key words: Rhizopogon kretzerae, mycoheterotrophy, Pterospora andromedea, endangered species, rare fungi. La premiere espece de Rhizopogon sous-genre Amylopogon identifiee dans l'est de l'Amerique du Nord est decrite ici comme Rhizopogon kretzerae Grubisha, Dowie, & Mill. sp. nov. Dans la nature, R. kretzerae n'a ete identifie que par les sequences d'ADN de la region de l'espaceur interne transcrit (ITS) nucleaire ribosomal des racines mycorhiziennes de Pinus strobus L. et Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Les analyses phylogenetiques et l'estimation des divergences nucleotidiques des sequences de l'ITS des racines de Pterospora du Quebec, du Michigan, de l'etat de New-York et du New-Hampshire, combinees aux sequences de l'ITS de collections types de l'espece Rhizopogon sous-genre Amylopogon suggerent que R. kretzerae est un groupe-sreur de Rhizopogon salebrosus A.H. Sm. En absence de mutations partagees, deux lacunes en sequences informatives et 12 differences nucleotidiques fixes differencient R. kretzerae et R. salebrosus. De plus, les sequences des ITS de 40 echantillons de racines de Pterospora de cinq populations de la province de Quebec fournissent la premiere compilation de la distribution de R. kretzerae, une espece rare potentiellement menacee, dans l'est du Canada. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Rhizopogon kretzerae, mycoheterotrophie, Pterospora andromedea, especes menacees, champignons rares., Introduction Mycoheterotrophic plants rely on carbon transferred through a mycorrhizal fungus from a photosynthetic host plant. Pterospora (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) is a monotypic mycoheterotrophic genus composed of a single species, Pterospora [...]

Examines research literature and schematic models associated with the expert-novice model in cognitive psychology. Describes a model for rendering expertise in problem solving within economics. Reports that a preliminary study indicates that this model effectively rendered both expert and novice problem solving in economics. (CFR)

Asserts that the world has become more economically interdependent but that economics instruction does not adequately provide students with this knowledge or its significance. Provides a rationale for global economic education and a set of economic concepts and generalizations that would enhance understanding of global issues. (CFR)