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On a global scale, inventories and databases are gaining value and there is a demand for openly accessible and reusable data. Here presented GIS database of glacial geomorphological evidence is a compilation of all available glacial and other relevant data in the South-Eastern Alps and the Northern Dinaric Mountains in Slovenia, Italy and Croatia. The database contains the following elements: glacial landforms (e.g., moraines, cirques, erratic fields, kame terraces), non-glacial landforms relevant for the interpretation of the glacial environment (e.g., alluvial fans, alluvial terraces, rock glaciers, protalus ramparts, talus cones), outcrop locations, geochronological data, and data on geophysical exploration. The accompanying attribute tables contains some basic information for each feature, such as type and description of a landform, assumed age, reference, etc. In the first step of database creation, the data were digitised, georeferenced (if not already done by the authors themselves) and cited accordingly. In the second step, the input data were revised in the field and topographically adjusted using a high-resolution lidar-based digital elevation model. The GIS database of glacial geomorphological data was used to develop the web map viewer, which also displays empirically reconstructed ice limits for different time spans during the last glacial cycle (130-0 ka). The data stored in the GIS database is available as ESRI shapefile format. Both the GIS database and the map viewer are open access. Disseminating the results of past and ongoing studies on glacial geomorphological evidence in the Alps-Dinarides junction will improve the availability and accessibility of data, build on previous findings and potentially prevent unnecessary repetition of work already done. Improved accessibility of data also offers greater potential for further research in large-scale studies in the area. This work was funded by the Past climate change and glaciation at the Alps-Dinarides junction project (J1-2479) supported by the Slovenian Research Agency.

The 29 December 2020, Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake nucleated at a depth of ~10 km in the Sisak-Moslavina County in northern Croatia, ~6 km WSW of the Petrinja town. Focal mechanisms, aftershocks distribution, and preliminary Sentinel-1 InSAR interferogram suggest that the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip Pokupsko-Petrinja fault was the source of this event.The Croatian Geological Survey, joined by a European team of earthquake geologists from France, Slovenia and Italy, performed a prompt systematic survey of the area to map the surface effects of the earthquake. The field survey was guided by geological maps, preliminary morphotectonic mapping based on 1:5,000 topographical maps and InSAR interferogram. Locally, field mapping was aided by drone survey.We mapped unambiguous evidence of surface faulting at several sites between Župić to the NW and Hrastovica to the SE, in the central part of the Pokupsko-Petrinja fault, for a total length of ~6.5 km. This is probably a minimum length since several portions of the fault have not been explored yet, and in part crossing forbidden uncleared minefields. Surface faulting was observed on anthropic features (roads, walls) and on Quaternary sediments (soft colluvium and alluvium) and Miocene bedrock (calcarenites). The observed ruptures strike mostly NW-SE, with evidences of strike-slip right-lateral displacement and zones of extension (opening) or contraction (small pressure ridges, moletracks) atlocal bends of the rupture trace. Those ruptures are interpreted as evidences of coseismic surface faulting (primary effects) as they affect the morphology independently from the slope direction. Ground failures due to gravitational sliding and liquefaction occurrences were also observed, mapped and interpreted as secondary effects (see Amoroso et al., and Vukovski et al., this session). SE of Križ, the rupture broke a water pipeline with a right-lateral offset of several centimetres. Measured right-lateral net displacement varies from a few centimetres up to ~35 cm. A portion of the maximum measured displacement could be due to afterlisp, as it was mapped several days after the main shock. Hybrid surface ruptures (shear plus opening and liquefaction), striking SW-NE, with cm-size left-lateral strike-slip offsets were mapped on the northern side of the Petrinja town, ~3 km NE of the main fault.Overall, the rupture zone appears discontinuous. Several factors might be inferred to explain this pattern such as incomplete mapping of the rupture, inherited structural discontinuities within the Pokupsko-Petrinja fault system, or specific mechanical properties of the Neogene-Quaternary strata

The earthquake with magnitude ML=6.2 that occurred on 29th December 2020 has caused significant material damage to objects and infrastructure in the towns of Petrinja, Sisak,Glina and the surrounding area. According to the satellite interferometry data, the coseismic and postseismic deformation area covers around 500 square kilometers. The existing geodetic benchmarks have been set in the affected towns, and their coordinates have been determined based on previous GPS campaigns. The GPS network was set up and adjusted at the State Geodetic Administration's request for geodetic monitoring of infrastructure and cadastral projects. These points are not primarily intended for high accuracy measurements at the level of a few millimeters, so their accuracy and the absolute shift concerning geodynamic processes in the region should be taken into account. Nevertheless, the data obtained by their observation after the earthquake can provide valuable information about the horizontal and vertical displacements with a certain level of confidence. The field survey has detected disappearance of a large number of benchmarks and some valuable information has been lost. Still, 58 points were found and observed and it has been concluded that 52 points are reliable and can be used for future research. Because the network of benchmarks is not developed in rural areas, there is a gap in the distribution of benchmarks in affected area. Therefore, the additional data was collected using the benchmarks established for the engineering and cadastral projects and studies. From a total of 67 points that have been found and observed, 42 points will be used. Along with the data collected in urban areas, there will be a total of 94 benchmarks. The accuracy of the geodetic benchmark measurements is at the centimeter level, while the values of deformation are at the level of a few decimeters. Therefore, the obtained data can be used to better assess the displacement recorded during the 29 December 2020 event. In the future, field research will focus on finding additional benchmarks to reach a better spatial distribution.

After the earthquake of 29/12/2020 in Petrinja (ML6.2, ImaxVIII-IX EMS), an attempt was made to characterize the active structure associated with the earthquake. As a first step towards this goal, we performed a geomorphological analysis in order to contribute to the identification and characterization of the surface expression of the active Pokupsko dextral strike-slip fault. We focused on the area between the southernmost parts of Vukomeričke Gorice and the southernmost parts of Hrastovica Mountain, where the NW-SE striking Pokupsko fault has slipped during and after the recent earthquake (Ganas et al., 2021). Using available 1 : 5 000 scale topographic maps and various 10 m resolution digital elevation model visualizations, we mapped lineaments that could represent relatively recently active fault segments. We used a quantitative approach to perform stream sinuosity analysis (e.g., Leopold et al., 1964; Zamolyi et al., 2010) on major streams crossing the structure to identify distinct changes in channel patterns that may be associated with vertical movement along the predominantly strike-slip fault. We observed changes in the shape of the valleys, especially the changes in width, height, and direction. By summarizing various geomorphological indicators of active fault segmentation at the surface with available geological data (Pikija, 1987) and so far limited field observations, we provide insights into the structure of the Pokupsko fault.Preliminary results show good agreement between lineament mapping, changes in valley shape, changes in the stream sinuosity index, and (to some extent) previously mapped faults. In addition, some of the changes in stream sinuosity correspond to locations where coseismic surface ruptures occurred during the December 29 earthquake (Budić et al., this session; Pollak et al., 2021). Results suggest that the several-kilometer-wide zone of uplifted Neogene deposits results from the dextral-transpressive structure, which at the surface consists of a series of subparallel fault strands branching off the main fault that runs along the SE slopes of the Hrastovica Mountain. The SW-most fault strands are associated with significant changes in the shape of the valleys: the wide valleys of Petrinjčica, Utinja and Šanja change to narrow and deeply incised as they cross the uplifted structure. Paleocene and Eocene rocks, which otherwise underlie the Neogene, outcrop in the NE parts of the fluvial breakthrough valleys, indicating the uplift of the Hrastovica Mountain. Topographic data show a decrease of the mountain range elevation towards the SW. This evidence suggests that the main fault runs on the NE side of the mountain, strikes NW-SE and dips steeply towards the SW. The fault strike deviates between Župić and Farkašić. The fault plane solution for the December 29 earthquake suggests a nearly pure strike-slip fault, while geomorphic evidence strongly indicates areas of active uplift along the fault, further supported by the general antiformal structure. We interpret this as an indication of either a general current transpressional character of the fault or as local kinematic variations due to segmentation and changes in the strike of the fault; further analyses are pending.

This study focuses on the Pliocene-Quaternary sedimentary evolution of the fluvial systems in the Slovenj Gradec, Nazarje, Velenje, Celje, Drava-Ptuj and Krško Basins in the south-eastern Alpine foreland, Slovenia. The main aim was to determine the composition, morphostratigraphy, provenance, sedimentary environment and age of the deposits using geomorphological, sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and biostratigraphical methods. Pliocene-Quaternary sediments were deposited in fluvial (braided and wandering river systems) and alluvial/colluvial fan environments. The sediments are preserved in the terrace staircase sequences, formation of which is strongly controlled by tectonic activity. Based on geomorphological analyses, low-, middle- and high-level terrace groups were constrained and tentatively attributed to Late Pleistocene, Middle Pleistocene, and Plio-Early Pleistocene, respectively. The provenance analyses focused on the Plio-Early Pleistocene sediments and included lithological and microfacies analyses of the clasts. Based on the provenance analyses and published data, the long-term development of the drainage network was interpreted. Major changes occurred during the transition from Miocene-Pliocene and at the latest at Plio-Early Pleistocene the drainage network reached conformity with the present one. Overall, the spatial distribution of the Pliocene-Quaternary landforms revealed tectonic activity in intramontane basins during their development, from which the landscape evolution was deduced.

Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is capable of millimetric measurements of ground deformation phenomena occurring at radar signal reflectors (persistent scatterers, PS) that are phase coherent over a period of time. However, there are also limitations to PSI; significant phase decorrelation can occur between subsequent interferometric radar (InSAR) acquisitions in vegetated and low-density PS areas. Here, artificial amplitude- and phase-stable radar scatterers may have to be introduced. I2GPS was a Galileo project (02/2010–09/2011) that aimed to develop a novel device consisting of a compact active transponder (CAT) with an integrated global positioning system (GPS) antenna to ensure millimetric co-registration and a coherent cross-reference. The advantages are: (1) all advantages of CATs such as small size, light weight, unobtrusiveness and usability with multiple satellites and tracks; (2) absolute calibration for PSI data; (3) high sampling rate of GPS enables detection of abrupt ground motion in 3D; and (4) vertical components of the local velocity field can be derived from single-track InSAR line-of-sight displacements. A field trial was set to test the approach at a potential landslide site in Potoska planina, Slovenia to evaluate the applicability for operational monitoring of natural hazards. Preliminary results from the trial highlight some of the key considerations for operational deployments in the field. Ground motion measurements also allowed an assessment of landslide hazard at the site and demonstrated the synergies between InSAR and GPS measurements for landslide applications. InSAR and GPS measurements were compared to assess the consistency between the methods from the slope mass movement detection aspect.

Il progetto RoofOfRock, finanziato nell’ambito del 2° bando di cooperazione transfrontaliera dell’Adriatico IPA 2007-2013 è iniziato nell’ottobre 2012, si concluderà a fine settembre del 2015 e coinvolge 10 partner di 4 nazioni: Slovenia, Italia, Croazia e Bosnia Herzegovina. In qualità di partner associato e stakeholder partecipano le regioni Friuli Venezia Giulia e Veneto. Il progetto RoofOfRock ha tra le sue finalità quelle di proporre un utilizzo del calcare tabulare compatibile con l’ambiente, di favorirne la protezione e la promozione nonché di elaborare delle linee guida utili per una sua valorizzazione come patrimonio naturale e culturale. I principali obiettivi del progetto sono i seguenti: studiare l’utilizzo dei calcari tabulari lungo il settore carsico dell’Adriatico nel corso della storia e individuare gli esempi di buona e di cattiva prassi; determinare le principali proprietà fisico-meccaniche dei calcari tabulari che vengono adoperati come materiale da costruzione; individuare le aree estrattive del calcare tabulare utilizzato negli edifici selezionati ed analizzare dal punto di vista geologico, geomorfologico e paleontologico gli affioramenti presenti all’interno delle zone di provenienza; individuare delle aree di provenienza del calcare tabulare dove si possano attuare tecniche di estrazione compatibili con l’ambiente; definire un quadro legislativo comune su tutto il territorio interessato dal progetto; rendere consapevoli ed istruire gli stakeholder (progettisti, architetti, costruttori edili, ecologisti, soprintendenti regionali, rappresentanti delle autorità locali), gli utilizzatori (artigiani) nonché in generale l’opinione pubblica, sulla corretta prassi di utilizzo della pietra da costruzione, sull’uso sostenibile delle risorse minerarie, e sul mantenimento dei beni naturali e del patrimonio culturale. La Regione Adriatica condivide la storia geologica, specie quella degli ultimi 200 milioni di anni. I platy limestone (calcari tabulari) giurassici, cretacici e paleocenici sono stati ampiamente utilizzati come materiale da costruzione in tutta l’area e rappresentano un importante elemento comune ai popoli adriatici. L’utilizzo di pietre calcaree come materiale da costruzione tradizionale è proseguito sino ai giorni nostri dando un’impronta particolare al paesaggio della costa adriatica. In questo volume vengono descritte le caratteristiche litologiche e le modalità estrattive dei calcari tabulari. Vengono inoltre presentati gli studi condotti su 10 edifici, religiosi e civili, tipici dell’area carsica (5 per l’Italia e 5 per la Slovenia) che presentano elementi architettonici in calcare tabulare. Pri projektu RoofOfRock, ki je bil izbran za sofinanciranje v okviru 2. poziva Jadranskega čezmejnega programa IPA 2007–2013, sodeluje deset projektnih partnerjev iz štirih držav, in sicer iz Slovenije, Italije, s Hrvaške ter iz Bosne in Hercegovine. Projekt se je začel izvajati oktobra 2012 in se bo zaključil konec septembra 2015. Pri projektu sodelujeta tudi italijanski pokrajini Furlanija - Julijska krajina kot deležnik in Benečija kot pridruženi partner. Namen projekta RoofOfRock je vzpostaviti skupni temelj za trajnostno rabo, zaščito in promocijo ploščastih apnencev ter oblikovati uporabne smernice za trajnostno upravljanje ploščastih apnencev kot skupne naravne in kulturne vrednote na celotnem projektnem prostoru. Poglavitni cilji projekta so: analizirati uporabo gradbenega kamna na kraški jadranski obali skozi zgodovino in prepoznati primere dobre in slabe prakse; opredeliti osnovne naravne značilnosti apnencev, ki se uporabljajo kot gradbeni material, ter natančno opredeliti naravne značilnosti in pojavljanje ploščastih apnencev; opredeliti izvor gradbenega kamna, uporabljenega v izbranih objektih, in raziskati pojavljanje teh kamnin v naravi; opredeliti naravna nahajališča ploščastih apnencev in analizirati pogoje za trajnostno rabo te mineralne surovine; pripraviti strokovno podlago za skupni zakonodajni okvir na celotnem projektnem območju; ozavestiti in izobraziti deležnike (prostorski načrtovalci, arhitekti, gradbeniki, naravovarstveniki, konservatorji, predstavniki lokalnih in državnih oblasti), uporabnike (obrtniki) in širšo javnost o dobri praksi uporabe gradbenega kamna, trajnostni rabi mineralnih surovin ter ohranjanju naravnih vrednot in kulturne dediščine na primeru ploščastih apnencev. Območje Jadrana deli skupno geološko preteklost, dolgo najmanj 200 milijonov let. Apnenec, nastal na plitvi karbonatni platformi, so na celotnem projektnem območju uporabljali kot glavni gradbeni material in ima eno najpomembnejših vlog pri oblikovanju skupne zgodovine. Uporaba ploščastega apnenca kot tradicionalnega gradbenega materiala se je ohranila do današnjih dni in jadranski obali daje poseben pečat. V pričujočem delu so opisani litološke značilnosti in načini pridobivanja ploščastega apnenca ter uporaba tega materiala pri gradnji desetih značilnih sakralnih in posvetnih stavb z območja matičnega Krasa (petih iz Italije in petih iz Slovenije), v katerih so zastopani arhitekturni elementi iz tovrstnega kamna. The RoofOfRock Project is being implemented under 2nd call for ordinary projects of Adriatic IPA CBC Programme 2007, joining 10 partners from 4 countries Slovenia, Italy, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It started in October 2012 and is going to be implemented until the end of September 2015. Two Italian Regions Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto are participating as stakeholder and associate partner . The RoofOfRock intention is to establish joint platform for platy limestone sustainable use, preservation and promotion, to create the relevant guidelines and to upgrade both individual and joint capacities in preserving such common natural and cultural heritage. The specific objectives of the project are: To analyze the use of building stone in Adriatic karst through time and to identify examples of best and bad practice; To define general natural characteristics of limestone used as building material dimension stone and to characterize precisely the natural characteristics and extent of natural appearance for the specific platy limestone; To identify provenience of stone used in architecture and to analyze the spatial distribution of the specific rock types in nature; To identify remaining natural resources and analyze conditions for sustainable use of this mineral commodity and to prepare grounds for common legislation in the project area; To prepare grounds for common legislation in the project area; To educate the stakeholders (spatial planners conservators, and local government), craftsmen and general public in best practice use of building stone in project area and to promote the sustainable use, preservation of cultural heritage and natural heritage. The entire Adriatic Region shares at least 200 million years of common geological history. The limestone formed on this platform was used as a primary building material throughout the whole project area and takes one of the most important roles in creating common human history. The specific platy limestone as the basic construction material gives the Adriatic coastline and its hinterland the primary character. In this booklet, the lithological characteristics and the exploitation techniques for platy limestones are described. Moreover, the traditional use of this building material is presented through 10 typical civil or religious buildings from Classical Karst area, 5 from Italy and 5 from Slovenia, where architectural elements made of platy limestone are present.

The paper aims to present the geology of the western part of the Classical Karst (NW Dinarides), located at the border between Slovenia and Italy. The work is based on archive, published and new data collected by Slovenian and Italian researchers within several scientific national and Cross Border Cooperation projects. The map, produced at a scale of 1:50,000, summarizes the lithological and structural setting and is supplemented by three geological cross-sections of the study area.

Permanent Scatterer interferometry method has been used to observe subtle surface displacements in the north-western part of Slovenia between April 1992 and December 2000. The method proved to be very useful (at least) as indicator of the vertical component of relative tectonic displacements velocity and as the tool to detect co-seismic surface di-splacements. The preliminary displacements in the region (1mm/y about) have been estimated,yet at this stage they are to be taken with restrain.

Anomalies in vertical displacement rates related to recent geodynamics were determined between Rate~e and Ljubljana by comparing leveling line data with topography of the Sava river longitudinal profile. Beside the general trend showing increase of vertical displacement in the S-N direction, segmentation of the area is noted. The later suggests that active geological structures exist in the northern part of the Ljubljana basin and in the Upper Sava valley respectively.

Extent of Late Quaternary glaciers in the Upper Soca River Region (Southern Julian Alps, SE Europe) has been analyzed using a combination of geological mapping, glaciological modeling, and sediment dating (radiocarbon, U/Th series and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence-IRSL). Field investigations focused mainly on relatively well preserved Quaternary sequences in the Bovec Basin, an intramontane basin located SW of the Mediterranean/Black Sea divide and surrounded by mountain peaks reaching from approximately 2100 up to 2587 m a.s.l. Within the Basin we recognized two Late Quaternary sedimentary assemblages, which consist of the same facies association of diamictons, laminated lacustrine deposits and sorted fluvial sediments. Radiocarbon dating of the upper part of the lake sediments sequence (between 12790±85 and 5885±60 14 C years b.p.) indicates that the younger sedimentary assemblage was deposited during the last glacial maximum and through early Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage 21, MIS 2-1). Sediment ages obtained for the older assemblage with U/Th and IRSL techniques (between 154.74±22.88 and 129.93±7.90 ka b.p. for selected samples) have large errors but both methods yield results consistent with deposition during the penultimate glacial–interglacial transition (MIS 6–5). Based on analyses of field data combined with glaciological modeling, we argue that both sediment complexes formed due to high sediment productivity spurred by paraglacial conditions with glaciers present in the uplands around the Bovec Basin but not extending down to the basin floor. Our study shows that the extent and intensity of direct glacial sedimentation by Late Quaternary glaciers in the region was previously significantly overestimated.

A detailed rockfall susceptibility map of the Bovec municipality at 1:25,000 scale was produced by application of the methodology, developed at the Geological Survey of Slovenia. A Chi-square analysis with a linear weighted sum model approach was used on the basis of selected spatio-temporal factors (lithology, strata dipping, slope angle and distance to faults) for defining the rockfall areas and classifying them according to probability of rockfall occurrence. The final product is a rockfall susceptibility map (only for source areas in this phase), which serves as one of the bases in municipality spatial planning. It is also available through a web application for general public access. The purpose of the latter is in part also raising the public awareness.

A simple mathematical model was developed that enables an evaluation of a valley glacier extent independently of any geological data. Based on glaciological criteria and on quantitative analysis of the glacier’s accumulation-, and ablation-areas the modeloffers an opportunity for an independent test of paleoenvironmental interpretations that are traditionally based on (often vague and difficult-to-interpret) geomorphological and sedimentological information. The model is presented here through a case study from theUpper Soča River Region.

Varve-like lacustrine sediments of Pleistocene age were studied in the abandoned clay pit near Srpenica in the Upper Soča valley. Within a sequence of laminated to thin bedded lacustrine deposits, two intervals of soft-sediment deformations were studied and interpreted herein in terms of seismites. The age of deformation is estimated by a radiocarbon date of wood (at the top of the lower deformed layer) at 12790ą85 14C years BP, and the genesis is attributed to strong past earthquakes, which is very much in accordance with the present seismicity of the studied area.

We investigated two prominent, ~E-W trending scarps in Quaternary sediments, located close to the town of Vodice in the Ljubljana Basin (central Slovenia). By using detailed geomorphological analysis of the scarps, field surveying, and structural observations of deformed Quaternary sediments, we conclude that the scarps are the surface expression of a N-dipping thrust fault that has been active during the Quaternary. From Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence dating of deformed Quaternary sediments we estimate a slip rate of 0.1 to 0.3 mm a-1 in the last 133 ka. Using the published empirical fault-scaling relationships, we estimate that an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 to 6.5 may be expected on the Vodice thrust fault. The fault may, therefore, present a major seismic hazard for the densely populated and urbanised region of central Slovenia.

The Pleistocene glaciers in Slovenia formed an ice cap over the central parts of the Julian Alps, Kamnik-Savinja Alps and Karavanke Mountains and drained into the foreland along the valleys of rivers Soca, Sava and Savinja. Erosion, enhanced by Quaternary tectonic activity, removed bulk of glacial sediments by today.

This chapter discusses the extent of Quaternary glaciations in Slovenia. The Slovenian part of the Alps extending from the west to the east can be divided into three major units: the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mountains and the Kamnik–Savinja Alps, respectively. High erosion rates in the Slovenian part of the Alps have caused most glacigenic sediments, together with depositional, as well as erosional geomorphological features, to be eroded or redeposited. The stratigraphical record has consequently been damaged to the point that it is rarely possible to put age-constraint on the glacial events identified. The maximum extent of Pleistocene glaciers is therefore interpreted according to the position of their most distal evidence of either glacial erosion or deposition, in most cases without assigning an age attribute.