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Background: Job satisfaction is used to measure how content an employee is with the job. Human resources are vital for delivering health services, and health systems cannot function effectively without sufficient numbers of skilled, motivated, and well-supported health workers. Job satisfaction of health workers is important for motivation and efficiency, as higher job satisfaction improves both employee performance and patient satisfaction. Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the factors associating with the job satisfaction among Health care personnel. Materials & Methods: In this systematic review, the databases of Embase, Magiran, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched during the years 2000-2022 with the keywords Health care personnel., job satisfaction , physicians, nurses, Family medicine, and Ministry of Health. Results: In general, the results of this study showed that various factors such as job promotion, mutual respect, job security, receiving salaries and benefits affect the job satisfaction of Health care personnel and as a result increase people's loyalty to the organization and their work efficiency. Conclusion: Considering the scope and diversity of the tasks and goals of the Ministry of Health, treatment and medical education and considering the importance of job satisfaction in providing, maintaining and advancing these goals, the job motivation of professors can be increased by removing and reducing the factors that cause dissatisfaction of these people.

Background: Effective waste management is critical during crises, as it can lead to the release of toxic waste and the mixing of hazardous substances, which can have detrimental effects on the environment and public health. Proper storage and transportation of waste during critical times can significantly reduce vulnerability through the implementation of passive defense measures, as examined in this study. Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was undertaken to identify passive defense principles and location criteria for waste storage and transportation systems in District 6 of Tehran municipality, Iran. After determining the effective factors in the socioeconomic, physical-spatial, hydrological-climatic, geological, and passive defense sectors, the identified criteria were subdivided into 35 sub-criteria across seven main criteria. These were evaluated by 28 experts in waste management and crisis management using the Delphi method over two stages and subsequently prioritized using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Results: The criteria “Population density”, “Distance to fault”, and “Distance to power substation”, with similarity to ideal solution (cli ) values of 0.861, 0.774, and 0.771, respectively, were identified as the top priorities. Conversely, “Distance to gas pressure-reducing stations” (cli = 0.134) was determined to be the least significant risk factor in the location of the mechanized systems. Conclusion: Intelligently locating mechanized waste storage and transportation systems based on the coefficients of the prioritized effective factors, following the principles of passive defense, can not only mitigate the vulnerability of the urban area during critical conditions but also enhance environmental and health conditions during normal times.

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of oxygen addition to inlet air and utilization of 1-Hexanol, biodiesel, and diesel blends on the thermal and emission characteristics of a cylindrical furnace. The design of experiments was used based on the presence of three-composite fuels and the oxygen inlet flow as independent variables. The experimental tests were conducted on a cylindrical furnace equipped with a diesel burner. The results showed that the combustion temperature increased by up to 11 °C with the increase in the flow rate of oxygen addition. Moreover, the results indicated that with an increase in oxygen addition flow rate, the HC and CO emissions decreased by almost 33% and 18%, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the amount of NOx emissions increased with oxygen addition flow rate by approximately 12.5%. According to the results, the increase in the percentage of biodiesel and hexanol caused an increase in NOx emissions and a reduction in CO and HC emissions. And, the fuel mixture with 50% diesel, 30% biofuel, and 20% 1-Hexanol (D50B30H20) had the maximum NOx emissions and the minimum HC and CO emissions in comparison with other fuel mixtures for all oxygen addition flow rates. The results also indicated that increasing the percentage of biofuels in the fuel mixture, along with an increase in the rate of oxygen addition, leads to a higher reduction rate of HC and CO emissions. Furthermore, oxygen flow rates higher than 5 liters per minute did not significantly affect the formation of CO2 emissions, but prevented the formation of NOx.

Background: Specific learning disabilities are a set of heterogeneous disorders that are severely manifested in the learning and application of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and math skills and can have neurological roots. One of the therapies used in this field is neurofeedback, but a review of the history of neurofeedback and learning disabilities shows that there are many contradictions about the effects of neurofeedback on brain waves in children with special learning disabilities. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback on the modulation of brain waves and basic executive functions in children aged 8 to 12 years with special learning disabilities. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all boys and girls with dyslexia and dysgraphia introduced to centers for learning disabilities in Kermanshah. Sampling Method of this study is convenience sampling. For this purpose 20 students aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 people. The experimental group received neurofeedback intervention for 20 sessions of 40 minutes. In order to record the brain waves, a two-channel neurofeedback device was used and to measure the active memory, change the attention and inhibit the response, Wechsler memory software(Khodadadi, Amani, 2014), Wisconsin(Khodadadi et al, 2014) and Stroop cards(Khodadadi et al, 2014) were used. In order to analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used. Results: the present protocol can suppress the ratio of theta waves to alpha(η2= 0.821) and improve the executive functions of attention change(classes(η2= 0.320), in place(η2= 0.544)), response inhibition(Concordant Time(η2= 0.434), Inconcordant Time(η2= 0.536)) and active memory(Auditory memory Span (η2= 0.515), Visual memory Span(η2= 0.536) in children with dyslexia and dyslexia. Conclusion: Neurofeedback through the conditioning is likely to lead to the formation of new synaptic connections, ultimately modulating brain waves and improving basic executive functions.

Abstract One of the most important steps in conservation of the subterranean life forms is to decipher their distribution and ecology, which is challenging using traditional approaches. Development of an environmental DNA (eDNA) assay provides an efficient means for discovering and monitoring subterranean life forms. In this study, the distribution of three Iranian blind cave fish species (blind Iran cave barb Garra typhlops, blind Lorestan cave barb Garra lorestanensis, and blind cave loach Eidinemacheilus smithi) was assessed using 12S rRNA eDNA metabarcoding performed using MiFish‐U PCR primers and preliminary species distribution modeling (SDM) using bioclimatic data. The majority of sampling localities with positive detection of cave barb eDNA fall within suitable habitats in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Our results revealed that Lorestan and Iran cave barbs have differential distribution patterns, with some extent of habitat overlap in the vicinity of the originally discovered cave barb locality. According to the observed distribution patterns, the blind Lorestan cave barb and cave loach are mostly distributed in habitats close to the Sezar River (Dez River drainage, Iran), and the blind Iran cave barb is distributed towards the west and probably in a few springs in the Karkheh River drainage. Our data support the previously proposed distribution pattern for the cave barbs, in which the species show partial niche separation and reproductive isolation, with the Lorestan cave barb being a water flow‐dependent species and the Iran cave barb being a generalist species preferring variable flow rates. We showed eDNA metabarcoding to be a useful approach for ecological surveys of subterranean fish biodiversity with implications for conservation.

Objective: Perceived social support (PSS) and emotional self-regulation have customarily been related to greater psychological well-being, but the pathways via which perceived social support and emotional self-regulation increase psychological well-being have not been revealed. We investigated how much self-compassion mediated the association between perceived social support and emotional self-regulation in psychological well-being of breast cancer sufferers. Method: A cross-sectional study design was used. Participants were recruited from three oncology departments in Zanjan, Iran. Data was collected from breast cancer patients (n = 300). Participants completed self-report measures, the short Ryff scale Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess association among the study variables and multivariable regression analysis was used to assess linear relationships among predictor variables (emotional self-regulation, perceived social support and self-compassion) and criterion variable (psychological well-being). Bootstrapping analyses were used to test the significance on indirect effects. Results: Bootstrapping analyses revealed significant indirect effects of perceived social support (β = 0.055, SE = 0.45, P = 0.049, 0.95 CI: LL = 0.0092, UL = 0.1345) and emotional self-regulation (β = 0.079, SE = 0.079, P = 0.004, 0.95 CI: LL = -0.0331, UL = -0.1358) on psychological well-being through self-compassion. Conclusion: These findings present new evidence that self-compassion may be a target for psychological interventions attempted at enhancing psychological well-being in cancer populations, particularly breast cancer survivors.

The cave barb habitat is located in a Karst formation along the Sezar River. The springs on the walls of the Sezar River valley may provide a means for fish in surface waters to penetrate into the underground waters. These observations propose the probability for a migratory relationship between Garra gymnothorax in the Sezar River and the cave barbs (Garra typhlops and Garra lorestanensis). In addition, a variety of different body shapes including fusiform and slender body forms are observed among the cave fish. This phenotypical variation may be a sign of an unknown genetic diversity or could be attributed to the variable environmental conditions in different parts of the subterranean habitat. To clarify the situation, we used the sequences of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I and next generation sequencing method. The results showed that the fusiform and slender body shapes of G. typhlops and G. lorestanensis were not different with regard to their mtDNA and genomic compositions. Moreover, the analysis of the genomic their mtDNA and genomic compositions. Moreover, the analysis of the genomic showed that a limited level of gene flow (less than 3%) from G. gymnothorax probably existed in G. thyphlops. The low level of gene flow may be related to the lower fitness and adaptability of the surface dwelling fish to the subterranean life conditions.

Despite successful lime witches'-broom (LWB) phytoplasma transmission by Hishimonus phycitis to the lime trees and Bakraee seedlings, there is no published document regarding LWB transmission by H. phycitis to lime seedlings. To study the possibility of vector-based transmission to lime seedlings, the feral leafhoppers were collected in LWB-infected lime orchards and caged on one-year old Mexican lime seedlings. Six months after inoculation, 50% of inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms of LWB and were strongly positive in PCR assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of Ca. P. aurantifolia to Mexican lime seedlings by H. phycitis under greenhouse condition.

This paper presents a new model of two-echelon periodic supply vessel planning problem with time windows mix of facility location (PSVPTWMFL-2E) in an offshore oil and gas industry. The new mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) modelconsists ofa fleet composition problem and a location-routing problem (LRP). The aim of the model is to determine the size and type of large vessels in the first echelon and supply vessels in the second echelon.Additionally,the location of warehouse(s),optimal voyages and related schedules in both echelons are purposed.The total cost should be kept at a minimum and the need of operation regions and offshore installationsshould be fulfilled.A two-stage exact solution method, which is common for maritime transportation problems, is presented for small and medium-sized problems. In the first stage, all voyages are generated and in the second stage, optimal fleet composition, voyages and schedules are determined. Furthermore, optimal onshore base(s) to install central warehouse(s)and optimal operation region(s) to send offshore installation’s needs are decided in the second stage.

Objective Executive functions are processes that control, direct, and coordinate other cognitive processes. The findings of cognitive neuroscience indicate that frontal and temporal lobes have a longer maturity and support the development of executive functions. These abilities are essential for success in everyday activities and longitudinal studies indicate that executive functions are associated with academic achievement, social adaptation, career promotion, and independent performance in children. Executive functions deficits hamper academic achievement and create problematic behaviors. Various studies indicate that children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have a significant disadvantage with respect to the neuropsychological assessment of executive functions (such as planning, inhibition, verbal and spatial memory, and cognitive shifting). ADHD is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and its symptoms include attention deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The prevalence of this disorder is higher in boys than in girls. Children with ADHD experience life-long challenges and require support in order to succeed in life; therefore, different intervention approaches have been used to help these children. Recently, neurofeedback has received a lot of attention. It is a type of biofeedback that teaches individual self-regulation by recording electrical responses and providing feedback. The goal of neurofeedback education is to correct abnormal brain wave that improves child's behavioral and cognitive functions. In other words, neurofeedback affects activity of brain waves, so that the brain waves of desirable behaviors are generated or enhanced. Considering the problems that children with ADHD have in executive functions, the present study investigated the effectiveness of neurofeedback on improving executive functions in these children. Materials & Methods This study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest and post-test. The study population included all children with ADHD in Khorramabad City, Iran. The sample included 10 children with ADHD who were selected by convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria comprised diagnosis of ADHD confirmed by the psychiatrist and psychologist, normal IQ, and no history of another neurological disease or developmental disorder. In the pretest, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) was completed for children. It is one of the most common tools for measuring the executive functions and reflects the teacher's view about student’s behavior in the area of executive functions. It screens the executive function problems and covers two areas: metacognition and self-regulation. It measures inhibition, flexibility, emotional control, initiating, working memory, planning–organizing, organization of materials and monitoring. Then, the subjects participated in neurofeedback sessions. Each subject received 10 neurofeedback sessions, twice a week. The beta/theta protocol was administered to all subjects. The purpose of this protocol was to increase beta waves and reduce theta waves. After completing the neurofeedback sessions, BRIEF was completed again in post-test. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis and inferential statistics was done by paired t test. Results The scores of executive functions in the pretest are significantly different from those in the post-test (P

Physical disabilities in childhood have a lot of negative psychological effects on the parents and their adaptation process with their disabling children is limited, hence one of the ways that can address the psychological problems of such parents It is important to teach mothers using cognitive techniques and behavioral techniques in the form of stress management. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of teaching stress management methods on mothers of children with physical motor disorders on mothers psychological well-being The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-and-post design with control group. Therefore, 24 mothers whose children were physical disabilities were chosen through at-hand sampling and were matched into experimental and control groups. The research instruments were ryff psychological well-being. Training mothers was accomplished in eight 90-minutes sessions. In the end, the two groups completed the questionnaires as post-test. The data was analyzed using ANCOVA. The results indicated the effect of stress management training methods on increase mothers psychological well-being (P

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and factors such as genetic, environmental and psychological factors play an important role in the maintenance of emotional and mood problems Caused by the disease. There are many variables which relate to this issue and influence on it. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between neuroticism, illness perception, social support and Cognitive Emotion Regulation with depression among patient of asthma to answer this question, are these psychological variables able to predict meaningfully the depression of these patients. The research method is descriptive in multi-variable correlational design (step by step regression)., to do so 120 patient with asthma were selected using at-hand sampling and were studied; they completed the perception social support questionnaires (1988), Beck depression inventory (1996), Cognitive Emotion Regulation inventory (2001), Illness perception (2006), Big five personality trait scale (1986). Depression had a significant and positive relationship with illness perception (P

Sensory problems during childhood and the severity of the effects of these sensory problems on parents are affected by many factors, among which the children use of new techniques and technologies can have an important impact on parent's interactions and psychological problems to the so This study aimed comparison family functioning, psychological well-being and daily stresses to parents with cochlear implant children and parent with deaf children. The research method was causal-comparative study. To do so, 80 parents of children with cochlear implant and parents with deaf children were selected using at-hand sampling. Both groups filled out family assessment device (FAD) (1983), sarafino daily stresses scale (1997) and psychological well-being ryff (1980). Independent sampling t test was used for analyzing data. The results showed psychological well-being and family functioning higher in parents children’s with cochlear implant in comparison with mothers of deaf children (P

Evident Externalizing behaviour disorders and subtle internalizing behaviours in childhood, risk of poor results in academic and social domain in the next life; to the so The identification of these behavioural problems is very important, to the so purpose of the current study was to comparison externalizing behavior problems (aggression and rule breaking behaviors) and depression to children with specific learning disorders associated with defects in Reading. The research method was causal-comparative study. To do so, 140 children with specific learning disorders associated with defects in Reading and normal children were selected using at-hand sampling. Both groups filled out child behavior checklist (1991) scale. Independent sampling t test was used for analyzing data. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference (P

Objective Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder whose most important traits are constant negative repetitious behavior pattern, pertinacity, disobedience, and hostility against power symbols. It results in significant clinical disorders in educational, social, and occupational functions. Moreover, parents of children with ODD employ strict punitive methods against their behavioral problems, which worsens the children’s behavioral problems. As a result, parents have a hard time managing their children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of parental behavioral education on mothers of children with ODD. Materials & Methods The research design was quasi-experimental with a pretest posttest and control group. The study population consisted of all mothers of children between 9 to 11 years from the city of Azna. Thirty mothers of children with ODD whose scores in the subscales of coping behaviors and aggressive behavior in Child Behavior Checklist were above the questionnaire cut-off point score were selected via at-hand sampling after homogenizing them in variables such as education, gender, severity of symptoms, age and maternal education. They were randomly paired and assigned into experimental and control groups after obtaining consent from the mothers . The inclusion criteria for the participants of this study were as follows: high aggression in children with the cut-off score in accordance with the Child Behavior Checklist. The age of the mothers was another inclusion criterion. All the mothers were between 33 to 37 years old. In this study, all of them were from two-parent families. The number of children with ODD was also considered for households having a child with ODD. Children’s age was another inclusion criterion in this study. All children between 9-11 years of age were included in the study. Mothers’ education level was also considered, with those included in the sample being diploma-educated. The research tools included the Child Behavior Checklist for parents (1991) and Child Symptom Inventory Parents’ form (1997). Parent’s behavioral training was accomplished across nine 90-minute sessions for the experimental group. In the end, the two groups completed the questionnaires. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results The results showed that the effectiveness of behavior management training among mothers with ODD children with regard to reducing their symptoms was more in the experimental group compared with that in the control group (P

Objective Neck muscles provide more than 80% of the mechanical stability of the cervical spine. Deep neck flexor muscles including Longus Colli (LC) and longus capitis (LCA) play an important role in maintaining the cervical spine stability. Patients with chronic neck pain suffer from weakness and atrophy of neck flexor muscles. Ultrasonography measurement of muscle dimensions provides the ability to objectively assess muscle atrophy or hypertrophy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of measurement of the cross-sectional area of LC and LCA muscles in five stages of craniocervical flexion (CCF) test utilizing ultrasonography. Methods & Materials A total of 10 individuals including 5 patients suffering from chronic nonspecific neck pain and 5 healthy controls voluntarily participated in this study. The cross-sectional areas of LC and LCA muscles were measured at the level of thyroid cartilage during five stages while the subjects performed CCF test using a real-time ultrasound device. Two images were taken on the same day with an hour interval to assess the within-day reliability, and another image taken a week later to determine between-day reliability. SPSS was used to analyze data. Results The ICC for within-day and between-day reliability in healthy individuals and patients were 0.91, 0.88 and 0.90, 0.86, respectively. The average standard error of measurement with the minimum of 0.03 and the maximum of 0.05 was obtained. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a reliable method to measure the cross-sectional area of LC and LCA muscles both in healthy individuals and patients with chronic neck pain during five stages of the CCF test.

Bio-psycho-social phenomenon of drug abuse is one of the most critical issues facing modern countries that many psychological variables can affect its severity. These variables can affect the duration and severity of substance abuse and can have some roles on these patients' recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotion-based intelligence training on craving reduction in patients treated with methadone. The research method was quasi experimental with pretest-posttest control group. 40 patients with drug use randomly were selected and matched into two experimental and control groups. The instrument included Tiffany craving questionnaire. Emotion-based intelligence training program was administered in twelve 90-minutes sessions for the experimental group. At the end of the study, the two groups completed the questionnaire as post-test. Data was analyzed using analysis of covariance. Analysis of variance represented the effect of intervention in reducing the craving (p

Background and purpose: One of the most common postural disorders in today’s societies is the forward head posture (FHP) that is associated with numerous musculoskeletal complications. Considering sternocleidomastoid attachments to the neck, it seems that it would be negatively influenced by such postural deviations. The aim of this study was to compare the sternocleidomastoid muscle thickness in women with normal head posture (NHP) and FHP. Materials and methods: A case-control study was done in which 18 female students (mean age 24.5±3.3) with FHP and 18 female controls (mean age 23.4±2.5) with NHP were participated. Bilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle thickness were measured in supine position in both groups using ultrasonography. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V.16. Results: There was no significant difference in thickness of sternocleidomastoid between individuals with FHP and NHP (P>0.05). Also, no significant difference was seen between the two groups in muscle thicknesses on either side of the neck (P> 0.05). In other words, thickness was found to be symmetric on both sides of the neck in both groups. Conclusion: According to the results, FHP did not impose any morphological changes on sternocleidomastoid muscle at the fifth cervical vertebral level. Although measurement of the thickness of this muscle in other vertebral levels is recommended for future studies.

Osteological structures are important biological features which provide valuable biological and ecological information. Luristan newt (Neurergus kaiseri), is an endemic salamander, inhabiting the southern part of Zagros Mountains of Iran. The current study was conducted to describe the osteological characteristics of the Luristan newt which might be important in understanding the evolutionary process of newt species. The skull of N. kaiseri has a dense structure, severely ossified elements and a low amount of cartilaginous elements, only in mobile facets. Vertebral number in the axial skeleton of the species equals 50. The cervical, abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebral column have two, 16 and 32 vertebrae, respectively. Each hand and foot consisted of four fingers, having three or four phalanxes. The metacarpal includes seven bones and the number of metatarsus bones is eight. Hands are connected to humur through ulnare and radius and then connected to scapulocoracoid. Each leg includes two bones (fibula and tibia) which are connected to femur. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia.

Parent-child interaction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder very important impact leaves on behavioral problems, Therefore, one of the ways of enhancing parenting style and subsequently reduce behavioral problems, Psychological training in behavior management of children with attention deficit disorder / hyperactivity for parents. So the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of training mothers with Adler- Dreikurs approach on enhancing parenting style and decreasing their children’s oppositional behavioral problems. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-and-post design with control group. Therefore, 24 mothers whose children were diagnosed as ADHD were chosen through at-hand sampling and were matched into experimental and control groups. The research instruments were CSI-4, and parenting style questioners for Parents. Training mothers with Adler- Dreikurs approach was accomplished in ten 90-minutes sessions. In the end, the two groups completed the questionnaires as post-test. The data was analyzed using ANCOVA. The results indicated the effect of instructing Adler-Dreikurs methods on improving authoritarian parenting style scores in mothers (P

Objective The aim of the study was to determine the effect of strength and endurance training on the pelvic floor muscles in women suffering from stress urinary incontinence using electromyography (EMG) biofeedback. Materials & Methods Forty women volunteers suffering from stress urinary incontinence participated in this quasi-experimental clinical trial (before and after). The strength and endurance of pelvic floor muscles were evaluated before and after the intervention using EMG biofeedback (MyoTrac Infiniti). The patients performed pelvic floor exercises twice a week for a ten-week program under the supervision of a physical therapist. All data were analyzed using paired t-test, regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS (version 11). Results It was found that the maximum strength and endurance levels in each patients’ pelvic floor muscles before and after the intervention were statistically significant (P

Externalizing behaviour disorders in childhood, cause many psychological problems for parents. Oppositional defiant disorder one of the childhood disorders that cause psychological problems in the parent's and management of children's behavior creates problems, to the so purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of behavior parent training methods to mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder on reducing depression these mothers. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. To do so, 30 mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder were selected using at-hand sampling and divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out CSI-4 scale and beck inventory depression. In the next step, the experimental group was instructed behavior parent training in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal procedures. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analyzing data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that instructing behavior modification methods improved depression scores in mothers (P

Falling down or even collapse is one of the most serious, as well as prevalent, difficulties people in their elderly face. Falling is related to decline in activities in basic life and also to those which are instrumental in daily life. Falling and the subsequent injuries are determinant factors of performance decline in elderly denizens of the society. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of brain gym exercises on static and dynamic balance of those in elderly who do not have any regular physical activity. The following papers are an empirical study in which the sampling was the available ilk. For this purpose, 30 people in their elderly were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve body balance, in 8 sessions of 30 minutes. Stork and timed stand-up-and-down tests were utilized in order to measure static and dynamic balance of participants in both pre- and post-tests respectively. Moreover, Covariance test was used to analyze the data. Concludingly, it was demonstrated that by controlling the pre-test scores, there is a significant difference between static and dynamic balance of the control and empirical group. The findings of this study are indicative of the brain gym exercise influence on motor factors associated with falling and, concomitantly, on those with possible prevention of falling in the elderly.

One of the important issues in today's society is drug addiction and drug abuse and the reasons related to it. This has been associated with a lot of factors that affect it; so, it seems that among these factors, family factors play a crucial role in creating tendency towards drugs. Hence the problem of the present study was to determine the influence of family factors (illiterate parents, divorce, parental addiction, family conflicts, lack of parental supervision, parental inattention to proper and reasonable demands of children, and wealth and prosperity of the family) in creating tendency toward industrial and traditional drugs among young people of Lorestan province. The present study was a retrospective study. The sample of the study were 200 young people, 100 of them chosen from addicted and 100 from normal population, which were recruited after being homogenized with the first group based on age, gender, education, and income. In this study, the causes of drug abuse tendency among young people questionnaire (Mohamadi, 1392) was used. MANOVA was also used in order to analyze the data. The results showed that addicted parents or the presence of addicts in families, family conflicts and lack of love in family relationships, lack of proper parental supervision, use of inappropriate parenting practices, and parental divorce and separation had significant effect on tendency toward drugs. The results also showed that the illiteracy of parents, parental negligenc, and household wealth has no significant effects on propensity to addiction. According to the research findings, it can be stated that family factors associated with child behavior have an important role in youth attitudes toward drugs.

National and regional growth and development models in the developing countries whose development attributes are far different from those of the developed countries, must be in such a way to allow the corresponding country or region to develop at the minimum cost within the shortest possible period of time. One of the successful approaches toward national and regional development models is to rely on a development model which is based on extending and developing science and technology corridors. This study is aimed at ranking practicable technologies within the science and technology corridor of Isfahan using multiple attribute decision-making process. Since the technology and science corridor are new issues in IRAN and there had been no researches on identification and selection of applicable technologies, the work on this issue was very innovative, also application of 3 methods of decision making for upgrading of reliability is the outstanding criteria of this research. For this purpose, 13 attributes were utilized (categorized into 6 groups) and AHP, TOPSIS and SAW techniques were employed to rank technologies, so that the following order of preference was suggested for the practicable technologies within the science and technology corridor of Isfahan:1) Information and communication technology, 2) material technologies, 3) bio-technology, 4) energy technology, 5) Nano-technology, 6) environmental technology, 7) laser and optic technology, 8) nuclear technology.

Parental stress and psychological problems of parents of children with behavioral problems have devastating effects on parents' reports of their parenting style and welfare and hence is one of the ways to improve this problems is offering psychological training to parents in the field of controling children with behavioral problems. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of training behavior modification methods on mothers of children with externalized behavior problems on reducing stress and improving parenting styles of these mothers. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. 24 mothers of children with externalized behavior problems were selected using at-hand sampling and divided into control and experimental groups. Both groups filled out child behavior checklist, parenting style scale and parenting stress index. For the next step, the experimental group received instructions on behavior modification methods in 9 ninety-minute sessions while the mothers in control group went on their normal tasks. At the end of the instructional session, both groups filled out the mentioned questioners as the post-test. Covariance analysis was used for analyzing data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that instructing behavior modification methods improved authoritarian parenting style scores in mothers (P

The aime of this paper is the study of residual mappings and convexity in hyperlattices. To get this point, we study principal down set in hyperlattices and we give some conditions for a mapping between two hyperlattices to be equivalent with a residual maping. Also, we investigate convex subsets in ∧-hyperlattices.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of training mothers with Adler-Dreikurs approach on decreasing positive and negative symptoms of ADHD in their children and increasing the children’s behavioral performance. The research employed a quasi-experimental method and a pre-and-post design with control group. A total 24 mothers whose children were diagnosed with ADHD were chosen through convenience sampling and were matched into experimental and control groups. The research instruments were the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4), the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. The training was given to the mothers in the experimental group in ten 90-minute sessions. Both groups completed the questionnaires as the post-test. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA. The results showed effectiveness of the training in increasing the children’s behavioral performance (p < 0.05) and in decreasing symptoms of ADHD and hyperactivity (p < 0.05) but no effect on symptoms of attention deficit. Findings usually suggest that training parents based on Adler-Dreikurs methods decreases children’s behavioral problems and reduces symptoms in children with ADHD.

Objective: In a non-experimental, case-control study the abdominal muscles activities during abdominal hollowing exercise in supine and four points kneeling position were investigated in males suffering from non-specific chronic low back pain compare with healthy volunteers. Materials & Methods : Twenty males suffering from non-specific chronic low back pain (mean age 39.9 years) and twenty healthy subjects (mean age 37.8 years, male) performed abdominal hollowing exercise in supine and four point kneeling position. The randomized task order were carried out three times in each position with one minute rest between attempts. Thickens of the right abdominal muscle was measured using a 7.5 MHz linear ultrasonography probe in both positions at end of quiet inspiration and mean of three measures was recorded. Changes of abdominal muscle thickness were expressed in percentage of muscle resting thickness. Transverse abdominus activity was isolated from activity of internal oblique muscle. Results: There was significantly less increase of transversus abdominus thickness in patients compare with healthy group across both positions. Ratio of internal oblique thickness compare with transversus abdominus was significantly lower in healthy group. Changes of transversus abdominus thickness in supine position were significantly greater in patients, although changes of internal oblique thickness and its ratio were significantly greater in four point kneeling position. Conclusion: It is difficult for non-specific chronic low back pain patients to isolate contraction of transversus abdominus from internal oblique muscle during abdominal hollowing exercise in four point kneeling position in comparison with supine position.

Objective: The anatomy of the human cervical region has a special complexity. Ultrasonography is a scanning technique, which has been successfully used to identify and measure the cervical muscle dimensions. The purpose of this study was to detect the dimensional changes of the human Semispinalis Capitis Muscle (SECM) with Real Time Ultrasound (RTUS) during isometric cervical extension. Materials & Methods: Six junior ice hockey players took part in the study. We simultaneously measured the values of estimates, such as breadth or anteroposterior dimension (APD) and width or lateral dimension (LD), of the SECM cross-sectional area during isometric cervical extension at different maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) percentile levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Results: The result of multiplication of the linear dimensions (APD×LD), considered as the size of the SECM, increased (P

Objective: Increase of accidents in such industrial lifestyle, has resulted on increase incidences of Spinal Cord Injuriy (SCI). Research aims are updating knowledge of people about their SCI and to observe their qualty of life. Materials & Methods: In this design 1426 SCI patient were studied. A number of closed & opened questions which allocated 1 to 4 raws were sent to 24 provinces of Iran. This question about prevalence and causes of SCI, use of physiotherapy, Rehabilitation and social welfare services for their respected cases. Results: Causes of SCI in 82.2% were due to accidents and war. 38.7% of the patients were deprived of physiotherapy services and only 12% of them received physiotherapy services for more than one year. 61.5% of them received Behzisty Organization services so that 36/2% of them received Welfare services, 33/9% rehabilitation aid equipments, 22/4% medical services and only 5% of them received consulting services. Conclusion: Accidents are the most common cause of SCI that some of them could be considered as preventable. Regardless of strong need for physiotherapy and rehabilitation services, some of SCI patients were deprived of such services. Behzisty Organization acts as guardian for disable persons and has an important role in social welfare and rehabilitation of SCI patients and we hope that government supports, enforce such role.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the abdominal muscles thickness change at alteration in seated stability between healthy and non–specific chronic low back pain male subjects. Materials & Methods: In this case–control study, twenty non–specific chronic low back pain male patients whom had refered to physiotherapy clinics of university of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences and twenty healthy men were selected conveniently and simply. The thickness of Transverse Abdominis, Internal Oblique, External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis muscles of right side were measured with B mode ultrasonography (7. 5 MHz linear head) in supine lying (Position 1) , relaxed sitting on a chair (Position 2) , relaxed sitting on a gym ball (Position 3) and sitting on a gym ball lifting the left foot off the floor (Position 4). Measurement were taken at the end of both inspiration and expiration. Data were analyzied by Paired T and Independent T tests. Results: Transverse Abdominis and Internal Oblique at all of position and Rectus Abdominis only at position 4 were thicker at the end of expiration in both healthy and patient groups (P