334 results on '"Moisture availability"'
Search Results
2. Variations in macrofaunal communities along sand physico-chemical gradient across the intertidal zones on island beaches
- Author
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Mingshan Xu, Xiaodong Yang, Yu Han, Junbao Huang, Zhentao Chen, Xu Liu, Peng Yun, Guangzhi Zhang, and Jian Zeng
- Subjects
Functional groups ,Island beach intertidal zones ,Macrofaunal diversity ,Moisture availability ,Protection and restoration ,Sand salinity ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Island beaches, once mistakenly considered as 'ecological deserts', are actually unique ecosystems that support abundant macrofaunal communities. However, limited studies have examined the variations and determinants of macrofaunal communities across the intertidal zones on island beaches, which is crucial for shedding light on the underlying ecological processes and enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts. Here, we explored the variations in macrofaunal communities along sand physico-chemical gradient across four intertidal zones on nine representative beaches, within the largest land-bridge archipelago in eastern China. Our findings revealed that species richness, density, and Shannon-Wiener diversity of macrofaunal communities were notably higher in the lower intertidal zones, exhibiting a positive correlation with elevated levels of sand moisture (M), electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium (AK), and grain size (GS). Conversely, macrofaunal Simpson diversity displayed an inverse pattern, with heightened values observed in the vegetation zone. The Saprophagous, Predaceous, and Omnivorous groups of macrofaunal communities demonstrated an increase with higher levels of EC, AK, and M in the lower intertidal zones. Furthermore, Phytophagous group of macrofaunal communities tended to inhabit the vegetation zones characterized by elevated levels of sand total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and organic carbon (OC). Primarily, our findings indicate that sand nutrition, moisture, and salinity play pivotal roles in shaping the variations of macrofaunal communities on island beaches. These insights offer valuable perspectives into the holistic responses of macrofauna on island beaches to changes in sand physico-chemical properties, serving as a crucial theoretical foundation for the assessment, conservation, and restoration of island beaches.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Synergistic Use of Radar and Optical Image Data for Improved Land Use and Land Cover Assessment: A Case Study in the North of Entre Rios Province (Argentina)
- Author
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del Valle, H. F., Metternicht, G. I., Tentor, F., Sione, W. F., Zamboni, P., Mayer, F. Viva, Aceñolaza, P. G., Zinck, Joseph Alfred, editor, Metternicht, Graciela, editor, del Valle, Héctor Francisco, editor, and Angelini, Marcos, editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Restoration temporarily supports the resilience of sagebrush‐steppe ecosystems subjected to repeated fires.
- Author
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Power, Simon C., Davies, G. Matt, Wainwright, Claire E., Marsh, Michael, and Bakker, Jonathan D.
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CHEATGRASS brome , *ECOLOGICAL resilience , *HERBICIDE application , *FIRE management , *COMMUNITIES , *WILDFIRE prevention , *FIREFIGHTING , *SEED treatment - Abstract
Many ecosystems are experiencing increased fire frequencies and species invasions that can erode their resilience and cause a shift to alternative states. In the sagebrush‐steppe, a semi‐arid shrubland ecosystem in North America, restoration treatments are often implemented following wildfire to enhance their resilience to invasion. However, little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of these treatments. We investigated whether repeated restoration efforts provide greater resilience in sagebrush‐steppe communities initially dominated by species with different post‐fire regeneration traits and subjected to compounding wildfires and invasion by Bromus tectorum over 25 years.We studied 37 permanent transects (Columbia Basin, Washington, USA) in which species abundance was recorded multiple times from 1992 to 2017. We quantified community change and its relationship with fire, restoration, and moisture availability. Resilience was evaluated by quantifying community resistance and stability indices.The greatest change occurred in communities where the obligate seeding shrub Artemisia tridentata was initially common. Repeated fires led to the extirpation of this shrub and eventual dominance of B. tectorum. Herbicide applications temporarily suppressed B. tectorum post‐fire. Seeding treatments and above average precipitation initially increased native cover. Although communities where resprouting species were common showed the least change, repeated fires did lead to a gradual but substantial decline (86%) in resprouting shrubs.Synthesis and applications. Our findings show that repeated restoration efforts, together with elevated precipitation, can support native species re‐establishment in systems experiencing altered disturbance regimes and species invasions. Our unique long‐term dataset demonstrates, however, that many such interventions have short‐lived effects due to the strong 'unhelpful resilience' of highly invaded systems. This implicitly suggests that many such systems have experienced fundamental shifts in ecosystem state. The likelihood of this occurring is strongly associated with the dominant species post‐fire regeneration traits. We predict that community composition and resilience will continue to degrade in the sagebrush‐steppe unless management prioritizes fire suppression and an adaptive restoration approach that considers resource availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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5. Phenotypic plasticity in desiccation physiology of closely related, range restricted and broadly distributed fruit fly species.
- Author
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Bosua, Henrika J., Weldon, Christopher W., and Terblanche, John S.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation , *DEHYDRATION , *FRUIT flies , *HUMIDITY , *PHENOTYPIC plasticity , *ACCLIMATIZATION , *THERMAL tolerance (Physiology) , *MEDITERRANEAN fruit-fly - Abstract
Variation in geographical range size among closely related species may result from differences in physiological traits, such as desiccation tolerance, that enable these species to interact with their environment or adapt to new surroundings.We tested the hypothesis that insect species with a broader geographical range have either a higher basal desiccation tolerance or mount a more plastic response than more narrowly distributed species by exposing four fruit fly species (Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis cosyra and Ceratitis podocarpi) to one of three acclimation treatments (control: standard relative humidity (RH) and temperature; desiccation: standard temperature and low humidity; and temperature: low RH and high temperature) and measuring metabolic rate, activity, water loss rates and survival.The targeted physiological responses differed between species and acclimation treatments. Survival of the widely distributed C. capitata improved by up to 43% after short‐term exposure to high temperature and desiccation (35°C; 0% RH) treatment, while survival in the more narrowly distributed species only improved by 4%–30% after a desiccation treatment (25°C; 0% RH).Less water was lost by broadly distributed C. capitata through excretion after both high temperature and desiccation treatments, but only activity and respiratory water loss (RWL) were reduced after the temperature treatment, and total water loss and cuticular water loss declined after the desiccation treatment. The narrowly distributed C. rosa also lost less water through excretion after both acclimation treatments but showed reduced cuticular and RWL only after desiccation. While basal tolerance in C. cosyra was high, acclimation responses in this species and C. podocarpi were insignificant in that they did not produce a measurable survival benefit.Broadly distributed species successfully employed unique combinations of physiological strategies, with some having highly flexible responses to stressful environmental conditions, which ultimately results in beneficial acclimation to enhance survival during dry conditions. By contrast, range restricted species showed limited responses to desiccation stress. Flexible desiccation responses likely contribute to species geographical ranges in changing climate conditions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan.
- Author
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Rau, Alexey, Koibakova, Yelzaveta, Nurlan, Balgabayev, Nabiollina, Madina, Kurmanbek, Zhanymhan, Issakov, Yerlan, Zhu, Kai, and Dávid, Lóránt Dénes
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IRRIGATED soils ,SOIL productivity ,SOIL moisture ,IRRIGATION water ,SOIL horizons - Abstract
Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm
3 . Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m3 /ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m3 /ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m3 /ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Advancing the application of analytical techniques in the biological chemistry of sporopollenin : towards novel plant physiological tracers in Quaternary palynology
- Author
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Bell, Benjamin and Fletcher, William
- Subjects
550 ,Pollen isolation ,FTIR ,Ferulic acid ,Para-coumaric acid ,Ultraviolet absorbing compounds ,GC-MS ,Moisture availability ,Middle Atlas ,Palynology ,Aridity ,UV-B flux ,Pollen ,Geochemistry ,Morocco ,Cedrus atlantica ,Stable carbon isotopes ,Atlas cedar ,Northwest Africa ,Biomarker analysis - Abstract
Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction. Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction.
- Published
- 2018
8. The influence of local climate change on the productivity of spring cereals in the Kirov region
- Author
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I. V. Lyskova, O. E. Sukhoveeva, and T. V. Lyskova
- Subjects
field experiment ,sod-podzolic soil ,mineral fertilizers ,productivity ,wheat ,barley ,oats ,heat availability ,moisture availability ,climate change ,Agriculture - Abstract
On the basis of long-term meteorological data and research results in a long-term stationary experiment of 1971-2020 a retrospective analysis of changes in air temperature and precipitation in the eastern region of the central climatic zone of the Kirov region was carried out and the influence of these characteristics on the dynamics of the yield of spring cereals was estimated. It has been established that the average annual air temperature during the research period was 2.4±1.0 °C. At the same time, its stable positive trend was observed at the rate of 0.39 °С /10 years. Two decades from 2001 to 2020 were recorded as the warmest for 50 years, when the temperature was 0.7...2.6 °C above climate normal. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (0.7...2.1) testifies to the contrasting conditions of humidification of the vegetation periods during the research years – from drought to excessively humidified. In a long-term experiment, the yield of spring cereals increased in the row wheat – barley – oats: 2.17±0.86, 3.04±0.61, 3.39±0.65 t/ha, respectively. Strong correlations were marked between the average yield (spring wheat) and weather conditions in June: reverse with air temperature (rр = -0.735) and direct with the amount of precipitation (rр = 0.686). It has been established that the use of phosphorus fertilizers (and their aftereffect) in combination with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers weakened the influence of weather conditions on the productivity of spring wheat: the determination coefficients (R2), which reflect the portion of variability due to weather conditions, were 0.59-0.73 for the variant without fertilizers and decreased to 0.50-0.56 when applying NP3K.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Biogeographic effects shape soil bacterial communities across intertidal zones on island beaches through regulating soil properties.
- Author
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Xu, Mingshan, Yang, Xiaodong, Shao, Jie, Huang, Junbao, Fan, Wenzhou, Yang, Anna, Ci, Hang, Wang, Yongju, Gan, Jianjun, Han, Yu, and Zeng, Jian
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Variations in macrofaunal communities along sand physico-chemical gradient across the intertidal zones on island beaches.
- Author
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Xu, Mingshan, Yang, Xiaodong, Han, Yu, Huang, Junbao, Chen, Zhentao, Liu, Xu, Yun, Peng, Zhang, Guangzhi, and Zeng, Jian
- Subjects
- *
BEACHES , *INTERTIDAL zonation , *ISLANDS , *SAND , *BIODIVERSITY conservation , *ELECTRIC conductivity , *SPECIES diversity - Abstract
• Sand physico-chemical properties exhibited distinct changes across the intertidal zones on island beaches. • Consistent patterns of variation were observed in macrofaunal diversity and functional groups across the intertidal zones. • Variations in macrofaunal communities on island beaches were primarily influenced by sand moisture, salinity, and nutrition. • Island beaches are not ecological deserts, they require careful protection. Island beaches, once mistakenly considered as 'ecological deserts', are actually unique ecosystems that support abundant macrofaunal communities. However, limited studies have examined the variations and determinants of macrofaunal communities across the intertidal zones on island beaches, which is crucial for shedding light on the underlying ecological processes and enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts. Here, we explored the variations in macrofaunal communities along sand physico-chemical gradient across four intertidal zones on nine representative beaches, within the largest land-bridge archipelago in eastern China. Our findings revealed that species richness, density, and Shannon-Wiener diversity of macrofaunal communities were notably higher in the lower intertidal zones, exhibiting a positive correlation with elevated levels of sand moisture (M), electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium (AK), and grain size (GS). Conversely, macrofaunal Simpson diversity displayed an inverse pattern, with heightened values observed in the vegetation zone. The Saprophagous, Predaceous, and Omnivorous groups of macrofaunal communities demonstrated an increase with higher levels of EC, AK, and M in the lower intertidal zones. Furthermore, Phytophagous group of macrofaunal communities tended to inhabit the vegetation zones characterized by elevated levels of sand total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and organic carbon (OC). Primarily, our findings indicate that sand nutrition, moisture, and salinity play pivotal roles in shaping the variations of macrofaunal communities on island beaches. These insights offer valuable perspectives into the holistic responses of macrofauna on island beaches to changes in sand physico-chemical properties, serving as a crucial theoretical foundation for the assessment, conservation, and restoration of island beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Changes in the prairie-forest ecotone in northwest Ontario (Canada) across the Holocene.
- Author
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Danesh, Donya C., Gushulak, Cale A. C., Moos, Melissa T., Karmakar, Moumita, and Cumming, Brian F.
- Subjects
- *
HOLOCENE Epoch , *ECOTONES , *FOSSIL diatoms , *POLLEN , *TAIGAS , *VEGETATION patterns - Abstract
Pollen and diatom assemblages from well-dated sediment cores from three lakes forming a west-to-east transect across the boreal forest in northwest Ontario (Canada) were used to evaluate the timing and nature of the movement of the prairie-forest ecotone (PFE) across the Holocene. Changes in vegetation, temperature, and effective moisture were inferred from pollen and pollen-based transfer functions. Analyses indicated site-specific vegetational and climate changes across short spatial distances, with prolonged prairie-like conditions during the middle Holocene at the westernmost site. Increased reconstructed temperatures at this westernmost site occurred from ∼9000 to 3000 cal yr BP, alongside increases in diatom-inferred lake levels beginning at ∼6000 cal yr BP. The abundance of Quercus peaked concurrently with rising lake levels before declining to trace levels by ∼3000 cal yr BP. Increases in the abundance of non-arboreal pollen between ∼8500 and ∼4500 cal yr BP at the more eastern lakes suggest relatively delayed and truncated PFE influence, before the reestablishment of primarily boreal taxa by ∼4500 cal yr BP, coincident with diatom-inferred increases in lake levels. This study shows that the PFE moved both farther east and north than previously determined, but generally agrees with established patterns in vegetation from other studied regions along the PFE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Agroclimatic assessment of soil climate of the Northern Black Sea coast region (using the example of corn)
- Author
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N. V. Kirnasovskaya and I. G. Shulyakova
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soil climate ,agroclimatic resources ,soil thermal regime ,moisture resources ,moisture availability ,corn. ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
Soil climate is a natural resource of a certain territory and a component of the natural environment. The soil climate is very important for crop production: germination of seeds of agricultural crops, dormancy of overwintering plants and perennial grasses, growth of the root system and plants' aboveground mass during the growing season, productivity of plants. The role of the soil climate is also clearly manifested during moisture- and heat-dependant periods when moisture lack or excess and low or high temperature in the upper soil layers may have a significant influence on reaction of plants to the environmental conditions and consequently on their productivity. When studying the soil climate, it is possible to adjust it following the agricultural needs. In connection therewith, the aim of the research is to determine the quantitative characteristics of the soil climate of the Northern Black Sea region using the example of corn. The object of the research: the Northern Black Sea region. The subject of the research: soil climate. The study applies classical methods of agroclimatic calculations and generalizations. The article presents the results of agroclimatic assessment of the Northern Black Sea region's soil climate using the example of corn in relation to such criteria as soil thermal resources and moisture/moisture availability resources of an individual crop. It specifies the results of quantitative agroclimatic assessment of the thermal regime of soils with different mechanical composition across the Northern Black Sea region as per the following indicators: a) date of soil temperature transitions through 10 ºC in spring and autumn on the top of the soil and at depths of 10, 20 cm; b) duration of a warm period with the temperature above 10 ºC for soils having different mechanical composition; c) combined total of active temperatures above 10 ºC on the top of the soil and at certain depths. The research also presents the results of agroclimatic assessment of moisture/moisture availability resources within the studied territory based on the following main indicators: optimum water demand, actual water demand, evaporation rate; moisture availability coefficient; moisture index by G. Т. Selianynov and moisture index by D. І. Shashko during a warm period with temperature above 10 ºC. The paper also includes the quantitative assessment of the relationship between soil moisture reserves at different depths (0–20 cm, 0–50 cm, 0–100 cm) and productive moisture reserves at the lowest moisture content and moisture availability values for corn crops.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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13. Changes in vegetation and human-environment interactions during the Holocene in the Lake Pueyrredón area (Southern Patagonia)
- Author
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Marcos, María A., Bamonte, Florencia P., Echeverría, Marcos E., Sottile, Gonzalo D., and Mancini, María V.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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14. Traits mediate drought effects on wood carbon fluxes.
- Author
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Hu, Zhenhong, Chen, Han Y. H., Yue, Chao, Gong, Xiao Ying, Shao, Junjiong, Zhou, Guiyao, Wang, Jiawei, Wang, Minhuang, Xia, Jianyang, Li, Yongtao, Zhou, Xuhui, and Michaletz, Sean T.
- Subjects
- *
DROUGHT management , *DROUGHTS , *STRUCTURAL equation modeling , *FOREST microclimatology , *FORESTS & forestry , *ENZYME kinetics ,WOOD density - Abstract
CO2 fluxes from wood decomposition represent an important source of carbon from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere, which are determined by both wood traits and climate influencing the metabolic rates of decomposers. Previous studies have quantified the effects of moisture and temperature on wood decomposition, but these effects were not separated from the potential influence of wood traits. Indeed, it is not well understood how traits and climate interact to influence wood CO2 fluxes. Here, we examined the responses of CO2 fluxes from dead wood with different traits (angiosperm and gymnosperm) to 0%, 35%, and 70% rainfall reduction across seasonal temperature gradients. Our results showed that drought significantly decreased wood CO2 fluxes, but its effects varied with both taxonomical group and drought intensity. Drought‐induced reduction in wood CO2 fluxes was larger in angiosperms than gymnosperms for the 35% rainfall reduction treatment, but there was no significant difference between these groups for the 70% reduction treatment. This is because wood nitrogen density and carbon quality were significantly higher in angiosperms than gymnosperms, yielding a higher moisture sensitivity of wood decomposition. These findings were demonstrated by a significant positive interaction effect between wood nitrogen and moisture on CO2 fluxes in a structural equation model. Additionally, we ascertained that a constant temperature sensitivity of CO2 fluxes was independent of wood traits and consistent with previous estimates for extracellular enzyme kinetics. Our results highlight the key role of wood traits in regulating drought responses of wood carbon fluxes. Given that both climate and forest management might extensively modify taxonomic compositions in the future, it is critical for carbon cycle models to account for such interactions between wood traits and climate in driving dynamics of wood decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Coupled ocean and atmospheric changes during Greenland stadial 1 in southwestern Europe.
- Author
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Naughton, F., Costas, S., Gomes, S.D., Desprat, S., Rodrigues, T., Sanchez Goñi, M.F., Renssen, H., Trigo, R., Bronk-Ramsey, C., Oliveira, D., Salgueiro, E., Voelker, A.H.L., and Abrantes, F.
- Subjects
- *
YOUNGER Dryas , *MERIDIONAL overturning circulation , *JET streams , *OCEAN temperature , *OCEAN , *SEA ice , *WESTERLIES - Abstract
Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest that the complex variability within the Greenland stadial 1 (GS-1) over western Europe was governed by coupled ocean and atmospheric changes. However, few works from the North Atlantic mid-latitudes document both the GS-1 onset and its termination, which are often considered as single abrupt transition events. Here, we present a direct comparison between marine (alkenone-based sea surface temperatures) and terrestrial (pollen) data, at very high resolution (28 years mean), from the southwestern Iberian shelf record D13882. Our results reveal a rather complex climatic period with internally changing conditions. The GS-1 onset (GS-1a: 12890-12720 yr BP) is marked by a progressive cooling and drying; GS-1b (12720-12390 yr BP) is the coldest and driest phase; GS-1c (12390-12030 yr BP) is marked by a progressive warming and increase in moisture conditions; GS-1 termination (GS-1d: 12030-11770 yr BP) is marked by rapid switches between cool wet, cold dry and cool wet conditions. Although hydroclimate response was very unsteady throughout the GS-1 and in particular during its termination phase, the persistence of an open temperate and Mediterranean forest in southwestern Iberia during the entire episode suggests that at least some moisture was delivered via the Westerlies. We propose coupled ocean and atmospheric mechanisms to reproduce these scenaria. Changes in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as well as variations in the North Atlantic sea-ice growth have favoured the displacement of the polar jet stream's latitudinal position and contributed to a complex spatial pattern and strength of the Westerlies across western Europe. • Highlights of the Quaternary Science Reviews paper by Naughton et al.. • GS-1 in SW Iberia is a complex climatic period with four main phases. • Hydroclimate was very unsteady throughout the GS-1 event and in particular during its termination phase. • Ocean and atmospheric changes contributed to a complex spatial pattern of the Westerlies across Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Provenance modulates sensitivity of stored seeds of the Australian native grass Neurachne alopecuroidea to temperature and moisture availability.
- Author
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Gray, Friday, Cochrane, Anne, and Poot, Pieter
- Abstract
In the present study we assessed the sensitivity of stored seeds of the common grass Neurachne alopecuroidea R.Br. from south-western Australian sources to varying temperature and moisture conditions as a tool to anticipate potential adaptability of seeds to climate change. We examined among-population germination responses, focusing on germination of excised seeds to overcome possible dormancy imparted by the lemma and palea. We hypothesised that temperature above and below the optimum and low moisture potentials would adversely affect germination, and that conditions for successful germination would be associated with the local climate at each seed source site. Experiment 1 used a bi-directional temperature gradient plate to measure responses to constant and alternating temperatures (5–40°C). Experiment 2 examined responses to moisture availability using polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) solutions at different temperatures. Temperature optima varied among populations with significant reductions in germination occurring only below 15°C. Germination speed and success declined with decreasing moisture availability, with greater impact at higher temperatures. Significant population variation was observed. Tolerance to temperature and moisture availability was higher than expected and some of this variation suggests adaptation to local climates across the species Western Australian distribution. We discuss these results in the context of seed use in restoration and global warming. Optimising climate resilience of restoration efforts requires an understanding of a species response to certain environmental constraints. By exploring the variation in germination in stored seeds from multiple populations of the native grass Neurachne alopecuroidea , we found that germination speed and success declined with decreasing moisture availability, with greater impact at higher temperatures. The considerable variation in germination response across the species Western Australian distribution suggests that some sites may be better seed sources for future restoration than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Environmental resource deficit may drive the evolution of intraspecific trait variation in invasive plant populations.
- Author
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Liu, Shuangshuang, Streich, Jared, Borevitz, Justin O., Rice, Kevin J., Li, Tingting, Li, Bo, and Bradford, Kent J.
- Subjects
- *
INVASIVE plants , *PLANT populations , *COMPETITION (Biology) , *PLANT invasions , *PHENOTYPIC plasticity in plants - Abstract
Intraspecific trait variation within natural populations (i.e. intra‐population trait variation, IPTV) is the basic source for selection and can have significant ecological consequences. Higher IPTV may increase a population's niche breath and benefit interspecies competition under a resource‐limited environment, thus affecting the ability of a species to move into novel habitats. However, the reciprocal influences of variation in environmental conditions and phenotypic trait expression in spreading plant populations are not clearly defined. We propose that during invasion, IPTV and its relative change in response to key resource enrichment may increase with the resource deficit of invaded sites, and that this relationship may facilitate plant invasions into resource‐limited environments. We analyzed the invasion trend, IPTV and its response to water enrichment, and moisture variability among populations of an annual grass Brachypodium hybridum in California, United States. We incorporated a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach, a common garden experiment that had two water level treatments, and public plant and climate databases. Our hypothesis was supported by the observation that for populations that invaded sites with higher spring moisture deficit, both their seed biomass IPTV (for the water‐enriched treatment only) and relative change of the IPTV across water treatments were larger when examined in the common garden experiment. A generally north to south spreading direction was found in these B. hybridum populations, towards a drier and warmer climate exhibiting higher moisture deficit for plant growth. Our results suggest a role for interactions between IPTV (rather than trait means) and environmental resource availability in promoting plant invasions, providing new insights into the significance of IPTV in shaping plant geographic distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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18. A late quaternary palaeoenvironmental record from Ntsikeni Wetland, KwaZulu-Natal Maloti-Drakensberg, South Africa
- Author
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G.A. Botha, Marion K. Bamford, Jennifer M. Fitchett, and Maria Combrink
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,010506 paleontology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Wetland ,Last Glacial Maximum ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Pollen ,medicine ,Period (geology) ,Foothills ,Physical geography ,Quaternary ,Kwazulu natal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Ntsikeni wetland is one of the largest high-altitude wetlands in southern Africa (~1795 m asl) located in the Swartberg area of the foothills of the Maloti-Drakensberg, southern Africa. The site has been designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance which, with limited anthropogenic influence, renders it ideal for palaeoenvironmental investigation. This study presents a pollen-derived palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for Ntsikeni, spanning the period ~25,100–650 cal BP, one of the longest, continuous records for southern Africa. The record commences with evidence of coldest conditions consistent with the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum. This is followed by progressive climatic amelioration, culminating in a warm, moist period from ~7500 to 5500 cal BP. Pronounced cold periods at ~13,500 cal BP, ~8500 cal BP and ~4000 cal BP are broadly consistent with coeval global scale temperature fluctuations. Two distinct dry events are inferred from the pollen record, spanning ~19,600–18,000 and ~6500-4900 cal BP. Wet events occur more frequently throughout the record, resulting in fluctuations in moisture availability, and are inferred to result in the expansion and contraction of the wetland extent similar to those recorded in the palaeorecords of the Lesotho Highlands. The Ntsikeni record provides a longer-term temporal framework with which the shorter sequences for adjacent sites in the Maloti-Drakensberg can be compared, and supports evidence for the significance of the rugged topography in inducing lags in moisture transitions.
- Published
- 2022
19. Life at the extreme: Plant-driven hotspots of soil nutrient cycling in the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert.
- Author
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Jones, Davey L., Fuentes, Bárbara, Arenas-Díaz, Franko, Remonsellez, Francisco, van Hall, Rutger, Atkinson, Brian S., Mooney, Sacha J., and Bol, Roland
- Subjects
- *
NUTRIENT cycles , *COMPUTED tomography , *CLIMATE extremes , *BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles , *EXTREME environments , *SOILS , *GEOLOGIC hot spots - Abstract
The hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert represents one of the most intense environments on Earth, often being used as an analog for Mars regolith. The area is characterized by extremes in climate (e.g., temperature, humidity, UV irradiation) and edaphic factors (e.g., hyper-salinity, high pH, compaction, high perchlorates, and low moisture, phosphorus and organic matter). However, the halophytic C 4 plant Distichlis spicata appears to be one of the few species on the planet that can thrive in this environment. Within this habitat it captures windblown sand leading to the formation of unique structures and the generation of above-ground phyllosphere soil. Using a combination of approaches (e.g., X-ray Computed Tomography, TXRF, δ13C/δ15N isotope profiling, microbial PLFAs, 14C turnover, phosphate sorption isotherms) we examined the factors regulating the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) in both vegetated and unvegetated areas. Our results showed that D. spicata rhizomes with large aerenchyma were able to break through the highly cemented topsoil layer leading to root proliferation in the underlying soil. The presence of roots increased soil water content, P availability and induced a change in microbial community structure and promoted microbial growth and activity. In contrast, soil in the phyllosphere exhibited almost no biological activity. Organic C stocks and recent C 4 plant derived input increased as follows: phyllosphere (1941 g C m−2; 85% recent) > soils under plants (575–748 g C m−2; 55–60%) > bare soils (491–642 g C m−2; 9–17%). Due to the high levels of nitrate in soil (>2 t ha−1) and high rates of P sorption/precipitation, our data suggest that the microbial activity is both C and P, but not N limited. Root-mediated salt uptake combined with foliar excretion and dispersal of NaCl into the surrounding area indicated that D. spicata was responsible for actively removing ca. 55% of the salt from the rhizosphere. We also demonstrate that NH 3 emissions may represent a major N loss pathway from these soil ecosystems during the processing of organic N. We attribute this to NH 3 volatilization to the high pH of the soil and slow rates of nitrification. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the extremophile D. spicata physically, chemically and biologically reengineers the soil to create a highly bioactive hotspot within the climate-extreme of the Atacama Desert. • The hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert is one of the most extreme places on Earth. • Halophytic C4 Distichlis spicata is one of the few plants capable of survival. • D. spicata reengineers the soil to create below-ground biological hotspots. • D. spicata promotes microbial activity and more efficient biogeochemical cycling. • Soil biological activity is limited by C and P availability but not N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. The reaction of soybean varieties of different maturity groups to abiotic factors in the conditions of the eastern zone of the Krasnodar territory
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Abiotic component ,Agronomy ,Yield (wine) ,Winter wheat ,Growing season ,Precipitation ,Biology ,Chernozem - Abstract
The research was carried out in 2009-2019 on the basis of the Armavir Experimental Station-a branch of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oilseeds named after V. S. Pustovoit. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary chernozem. The predecessor is winter wheat. In the experiment, the varieties of VNIIMK selection were studied-Lira (precocious), Vilana (medium - ripe) and the Armavir experimental station-Duar (medium-ripe). As a result of dispersion and correlation analyses, it was found that in the conditions of the eastern soil and climatic zone of the Krasnodar Territory, the highest yield of 1.91 t / ha was obtained when growing the Vilana variety (control), the growing season was from 109 to 130 days. The yield of soybean grain significantly depends on the GTC - r = 0.7058. The main abiotic factor affecting the yield of soybean grain is moisture availability, the correlation between the yield and the amount of precipitation during the growing season-r = 0.8298. The effect of the duration of the growing season on the yield of soybean grain to a lesser extent was noted-r = 0.3983.
- Published
- 2021
21. Analysis of rainfall characteristics and moisture availability index for crop planning in semi arid region of north Gujarat
- Author
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B. S. Deora, B. S. Parmar, A. K. Saini, C. K. Patel, and Jaydip J. Makwana
- Subjects
Crop ,Moisture availability ,Hydrology ,Atmospheric Science ,Index (economics) ,Environmental science ,Forestry ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Arid - Abstract
The rainfall, one of the most important natural input resource for dryland agricultural production system, is erratic and temporal in nature. An attempt has been made to analyze thirty years (1990-2019) of meteorological data for prediction of probable week of onset and withdrawal of monsoon and to end with crop planning in North Gujarat region (India).The highest and lowest amount of weekly rainfall was observed in 27th and 39th SMW, respectively. The probability distribution functions viz. generalized extreme value, Gumbel maximum, Gamma and Weibull were found best-fit for prediction of weekly rainfall. The analysis revealed 26th SMW (25 Jun – 01 Jul) and onwards as the most suited sowing time of kharif crops. There are also chances of occurrence of moisture stress during 34th and 35th SMW. The results would be useful for agricultural scientists, researchers, decision makers and policy planners in the field of agricultural crop planning and irrigation management for semi arid regions.
- Published
- 2021
22. Variability in reference evapotranspiration and moisture availability in three agroclimatic zones of Punjab, India
- Author
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S. Aatralarasi, Raj Setia, P. K. Kingra, and Som Pal Singh
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Hydrology ,Atmospheric Science ,Evapotranspiration ,Environmental science ,Forestry ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
A research study was undertaken to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETO), moisture index (MI) and aridity index (AI) and analyse their trends in different locations/zones of Punjab. Annual and seasonal ETO was observed to be highest in south-west and lowest in north-east zone. North-east zone experienced increasing trend in annual as well as seasonal ETO. Districts within the central zone had large variability within the zone. MI and AI were in the order of north-east zone followed by Central zone and South-west zone indicating better moisture availability conditions in north-east. Mean difference in annual and seasonal MI and AI also indicated statistical similarities within the districts of north-east and south-west zones but different from other zones. Thus, increasing trend of ETO in north-east region and higher ETO range in south-west zone along with severe moisture availability necessitates the need for more careful planning of water resources in the region.
- Published
- 2021
23. Increased Drought Sensitivity Results in a Declining Tree Growth of Pinus latteri in Northeastern Thailand
- Author
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Sakkarin Rakthai, Pei-Li Fu, Ze-Xin Fan, Narayan Prasad Gaire, Nathsuda Pumijumnong, Wichan Eiadthong, and Suwan Tangmitcharoen
- Subjects
climate change ,climate-growth response ,sensitivity ,moisture availability ,pinus latteri ,thailand ,tree rings ,Plant ecology ,QK900-989 - Abstract
Climate change may lead to alterations in tree growth and carbon cycling. Interpreting the response of forest growth to climate change requires an understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns of seasonal climatic influences on the growth of tree species. However, the effects of climate change on pine forest dynamics in tropical region of Thailand remain poorly understood. This study develops three new tree ring-width chronologies of Pinus latteri (Tenasserim pine) in northern and northeastern Thailand and analyzes their climate-growth relationships and temporal stability. Ring-width chronologies of P. latteri at three sites showed significantly positive correlations with precipitation, relative humidity and self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) during the dry season (previous November to current April) and early rainy season (May−June). Conversely, significantly negative correlations were found between ring-width site chronologies and air temperatures (mean, maximum and minimum) from April to August. Therefore, our results revealed that radial growth of Tenasserim pines from northern and northeastern Thailand was mainly limited by moisture availability during the dry-to-wet transition season from April to June. Moving correlations revealed that Tenasserim pines in the lowland area of northeastern Thailand became more sensitive to moisture availability in recent 30 years (1985−2017) as compared with early period (1951−1984). Accompanying the shifted growth sensitivity to climate change, growth synchrony among trees was increasing and tree growth rates of Tenasserim pines have been declining during recent decades at two more moisture-limited sites in northeastern Thailand. Recent rapid warming and increasing drought during the transition season (April−June) together intensify climatic constrains on tree growth of Tenasserim pines in the lowland area of northeastern Thailand. Considering continued regional climate change, pine forests in tropical lowland areas may encounter intensified drought stresses, and thus, become more vulnerable to future climate change. Our results serve as an early indicator of potential effects of climate change on tropical pine species and raise concerns about sustainable managements of pine forests under a changing climate.
- Published
- 2020
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24. Definitions and conventions
- Author
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Körner, Christian and Körner, Christian
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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25. Moisture availability and ecological restoration limit fine fuels and modelled wildfire intensity following non‐native ungulate removal in Hawaii
- Author
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Creighton M. Litton, Christian P. Giardina, Timothy R. Zhu, and Clay Trauernicht
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Hydrology ,Ungulate ,Ecology ,biology ,Environmental science ,Limit (mathematics) ,biology.organism_classification ,Restoration ecology ,Intensity (heat transfer) - Published
- 2021
26. Cedrus atlantica pollen morphology and investigation of grain size variability using laser diffraction granulometry.
- Author
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Bell, Benjamin A., Bishop, Thomas H., Fletcher, William J., Ryan, Peter, and Ilmen, Rachid
- Subjects
- *
ATLAS cedar , *POLLEN morphology , *GRAIN size , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *WIND pollination , *GENOME size - Abstract
The morphology and size variability of pollen grains of Cedrus atlantica were investigated using a novel approach employing laser diffraction granulometry. We provide new insights into size variability and present high-quality light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imagery of Cedrus atlantica pollen. Grains have an average size of 59.1 ± 4.0 µm, measured on millions of grains from 91 samples. Analysis showed there is high variability of grain size within individual samples, although variability between samples is not significant. We found no significant relationships between grain size and climate (including temperature, precipitation and aridity), and suggest that grain size of fossil Cedrus pollen would not be a good proxy for climate reconstruction. Grain size may be influenced by a number of complex factors such as genome size or adaptations to support wind pollination, while variability within individual samples may result from the irregular development of pollen. The laser diffraction method produced repeatable, robust measurements on millions of pollen grains which are highly correlated with measurements taken using LM (r = 0.91, p = 0.002). Where grain size information is crucial for pollen identification, for developing isolation techniques for geochemical analysis, for investigating climatic and environmental influence, or for investigating links between genomes and grain size, particle size analysis by laser diffraction provides a reproducible and robust method for quickly determining pollen grain size on many samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Composting physics: A degradation process-determining tool for industrial sludge.
- Author
-
Jain, Mayur Shirish, Daga, Mohit, and Kalamdhad, Ajay S.
- Subjects
- *
SLUDGE management , *COMPOSTING , *PAPER mill waste , *PEARSON correlation (Statistics) , *MOISTURE - Abstract
Management of industrial sludge is a big challenge for developing countries. Composting is an economical and viable option to manage and treat an industrial sludge. However, efficient compost production requires nature of materials involved, process understanding and physics behind the process. We investigated the physical parameters during composting of solid pulp and paper mill sludge in 550 L rotary drum composter. Variation in physical parameters such as bulk density, volatile solids, moisture content, free air space, void ratio, ash content and particle density were analyzed over the period of composting. Bulk density was observed increasing, whereas free air space was showed declining trend and observed 52% in end compost. The particle density was observed to be increasing from 610 to 680 kg m −3 . End compost was analyzed for nutritional parameters and seen to be increasing over the period of composting. A strong relationship was found between various physical parameters. Pearson’s correlation coefficient matrix was formed between free air space, bulk density, moisture content and particle density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Effects of Global Warming on Precipitation Extremes: Dependence on Storm Characteristics.
- Author
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Gaur, Abhishek, Schardong, Andre, and Simonovic, Slobodan
- Subjects
GLOBAL warming & the environment ,METEOROLOGICAL precipitation analysis ,CLIMATE extremes ,TEMPERATURE measurements ,MOISTURE measurement - Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between historically observed changes in extreme precipitation magnitudes and temperature (P
ex -T relationship) at multiple locations in Canada. The focus is on understanding the behavior of these relationships with regards to key storm characteristics such as its duration, season of occurrence, and location. To do so, three locations are chosen such that they have large amounts of moisture available near them whereas four locations are chosen such that they are located in the land-locked regions of Canada and subsequently have no nearby moisture source available on them. To investigate the effect of different storm durations on Pex -T relationship, storms of durations: 5, 10, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 h are considered. Finally, Pex -T relationship is analyzed separately for summer and winter seasons to quantify the influence of seasons. Results indicate strong influences of storm duration, season of occurrence, and location on observed precipitation scaling rates. Drastic intensification of precipitation extremes with temperature is obtained for shorter duration precipitation events than for longer duration precipitation events, in summers than in the winters. Furthermore, in summertime, increases in the intensity of convection driven precipitation extremes is found highest at locations away from large waterbodies. On the other hand, in wintertime most drastic increases in extreme precipitation are obtained at locations near large waterbodies. These findings contribute towards increasing the current understanding of precipitation extremes in the context of rapidly increasing global temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Solar irradiance as the proximate cue for flowering in a tropical moist forest.
- Author
-
Wright, S. Joseph and Calderón, Osvaldo
- Subjects
FORESTS & forestry ,EFFECT of solar radiation on plants ,FLOWERING time ,RAINFALL - Abstract
Copyright of Biotropica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Moisture activation and carbon use efficiency of soil microbial communities along an aridity gradient in the Atacama Desert.
- Author
-
Jones, Davey L., Olivera-Ardid, Sara, Klumpp, Erwin, Knief, Claudia, Hill, Paul W., Lehndorff, Eva, and Bol, Roland
- Subjects
- *
SOIL microbial ecology , *MOISTURE , *CARBON in soils , *IRRADIATION , *PLANT residues - Abstract
Due to their extreme aridity, high rate of UV irradiation and low soil carbon (C) content, the soils of the Atacama Desert represent one of the world's most hostile environments for microbial life and its survival. Although infrequent, climatic conditions may, however, prevail which temporarily remove these stresses and allow life to briefly flourish. In this study we investigated the response of soil microbial communities to water and C availability across an aridity gradient (semi-arid, arid, hyper-arid) within the Atacama Desert. We simulated the impact of hyper-dry spells, humid fogs and precipitation events on the activation of the microbial community and the subsequent mineralization of low (glucose) and high (plant residues) molecular weight C substrates. Our results showed that mineralization rate followed the trend: semi-arid > arid > hyper-arid. Some glucose mineralization was apparent under hyper-arid conditions (water activity, a w = 0.05), although this was 10-fold slower than under humid conditions and ca. 200-fold slower than under wet conditions. A lag phase in CO 2 production after glucose-C addition in the hyper-arid soils suggested that mineralization was limited by the low microbial biomass in these soils. No lag phase was apparent in the corresponding semi-arid or arid soils. In contrast, the breakdown of the plant residues was initially much slower than for glucose and involved a much longer lag phase in all soils, suggesting that mineralization was limited by low exoenzyme activity, particularly in the humid and hyper-dry soils. Our results also showed that microbial C use efficiency followed the trend: hyper-arid > arid > semi-arid. In conclusion, we have shown that even under hyper-arid conditions, very low levels of microbial activity and C turnover do occur. Further, the microbial communities are capable of rapidly responding to available C once water becomes more abundant, however, this response is both biomass and metabolically limited in hyper-arid soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Response of soil moisture content, evapotranspiration, and yield of cowpea to varying water application.
- Author
-
Faloye, Oluwaseun Temitope and Alatise, Michael Olarewaju
- Subjects
- *
COWPEA yields , *SOIL moisture , *EVAPOTRANSPIRATION , *IRRIGATION , *EXPERIMENTAL agriculture - Abstract
Moisture stress is an important factor affecting field-grown cowpea in the tropics, especially in the dry seasons, and irrigation is required for successful yields. Field experiment was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2014 growing season using a completely confounded design with four replicates to evaluate the impact of soil moisture stress on the yields of cowpea under four different irrigation treatments. The treatments were 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% Full Irrigation Treatment (FIT). Soil moisture contents were determined biweekly using gravimetric method. Cowpea grain and biomass yields were measured after harvest. The yield response factor (Ky) was determined to evaluate the plant response to irrigation. The point where Ky and the ratio ratio of yield reduction and evapotranspiration (ET) reduction whcih are numerically equivalent was determined. The ET production function was implemented in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) to accurately determine the optimum soil moisture and irrigation water required for cowpea production. The results of the study indicated that 100% FIT excelled all other treatments at grain yield and biomass yield, where its yield was 1.06 t ha-1, the 80%, 60% and 40% FIT produced 0.95, 0.89 and 0.71 t ha-1 respectively. The analysis of the results showed that soil moisture availability was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the irrigation treatments adopted, which in turn significantly (p=0.05) affected the cowpea grain and biomass yield. The yield obtained at 40% FIT was significantly (p<0.05) different. The yield response factor of 1.24 was obtained, showing that cowpea is sensitive to water stress. The total amount of irrigation water and moisture content that resulted to the optimum yield were 151.12 mm and 0.1082 g g-1, respectively. The result implies that 32% of total irrigation water applied during the growing season would be saved. The approach adopted, therefore, proved to be useful in estimation of possible irrigation water required for optimum production of cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
32. Is pollen size a robust proxy for moisture availability?
- Author
-
Jardine, Phillip E. and Lomax, Barry H.
- Subjects
- *
POLLEN , *FOSSILS , *HYDROLOGIC cycle , *CLIMATE change , *MOISTURE - Abstract
The development of well-constrained palaeo-proxies that enable the reconstruction of past climate change is becoming an ever more important field of scientific enquiry within the palaeobotanical community, with the potential to deliver broader impacts linked to understanding of future anthropogenic climate change. One of the major uncertainties in predicting climate change is how the hydrological cycle will respond to future warming. Griener and Warny (2015, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 221, 138–143) suggested that pollen size might be a useful proxy for tracking moisture availability, as pollen size appears to be negatively correlated with moisture. Given the long fossil record of pollen and spores such a proxy would have broad scope and the potential to deliver much needed information. Here we set out to fully evaluate and test the robustness of this proxy. We focus on a number of key issues: controls on pollen size, data analysis, and finally proxy validation. Using this approach we find that there is little theoretical or empirical support for the original relationship proposed by Griener and Warny. Consequently it is currently premature to use pollen size as a moisture availability proxy in the fossil record. However, we recognise that the technique may have potential and conclude by offering a series of recommendations that would rigorously assess and test for a relationship between pollen size and moisture availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Ecological plasticity and stability of promising varieties of winter soft wheat in the Northern Caspian region
- Author
-
Valentina Aleksandrovna Fedorova
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Resistance (ecology) ,Agronomy ,High productivity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Yield (wine) ,Biology ,Stress resistance ,Environmental stress ,Adaptability ,media_common - Abstract
The article presents the results of environmental tests of promising varieties of winter soft wheat of various selections in the harsh climatic conditions of the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. Based on the data obtained in different years of moisture availability, the varieties that are characterized not only by high productivity, but also by the ability to form stable yields in specific soil and climatic conditions are identified. The coefficients of adaptability, plasticity, and stress resistance were calculated based on the "yield" indicator. As a result of three-year studies, the most productive and highly ecological adaptations were distinguished by the varieties Berezit and Kamyshanka 2, whose yield over the years of research averaged 1.40 t / ha and 1.18 t / ha, and the coefficient of adaptability was 1.58 and 1.14, respectively. It should be noted that the variety Kamyshanka 2 also had the highest index of resistance to environmental stress factors.
- Published
- 2021
34. SEARCH FOR THE SELECTION CRITERIA IN THE PROCESS OF SPRING BARLEY BREEDING IN DIFFERENT YEARS OF MOISTURE AVAILABILITY
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Process (engineering) ,Spring (hydrology) ,Environmental science ,Agricultural engineering ,Selection (genetic algorithm) - Abstract
На гибридах ярового ячменя поколений F1 и F2 изучены варьирование элементов структуры урожая и корреляционные взаимосвязи между ними. Цель исследования – поиск эффективных критериев отбора в селекции ярового ячменя на продуктивность колоса и растения. Полевые эксперименты проведены на чернозёмах лесостепи Среднего Поволжья в контрастные по гидротермическому режиму годы. Низким коэффициентом вариации (до 10 %) стабильно характеризовались высота растений, Кхоз главного колоса и Кхоз главного побега, средним (10-20%) – продуктивная кустистость, масса зерна главного колоса, Кхоз растения. Изменчивость остальных изученных элементов структуры урожая варьировала от низкой до средней. В год с достаточным увлажнением проявились три относительно обособленные корреляционные плеяды: продуктивность главного колоса, продуктивность растения, Кхоз, а также почти независимый от них признак «масса 1000 зёрен». В засушливый год произошло переопределение корреляционных связей между элементами, возникло сопряжение между признаками различных плеяд, увеличился вклад в продуктивность показателей массы 1000 зёрен и Кхоз. Сделан вывод о влиянии различных критериях отбора на продуктивность ячменя в благоприятных и засушливых условиях. В благоприятных условиях следует вести селекцию на длину главного колоса и число зёрен в нём. В засушливый год приобретают особенное значение масса 1000 зёрен и показатели Кхоз, которые являются самостоятельной целью селекции в любых условиях. При отборе селекционных линий и подборе родительских форм для скрещиваний необходимо опираться на данные, полученные в контрастные по погодным условиям годы. Variations in the elements of the yield structure and correlation relationships between them were studied using hybrids of spring barley of generations F1 and F2. The goal of the study is to search for effective selection criteria for productivity of a head and a plant in the process of spring barley breeding. Field experiments were carried out on chernozems of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region in years contrasting in the hydrothermal regime. The height of plants, Khoz of the main head and Khoz of the main shoot were consistently characterized by a low coefficient of variation (up to 10%), productive tillering, grain weight of the main head, Khoz of a plant by average (10-20%). The variability of the other studied elements of the yield structure varied from low to average. In the year with sufficient moisture, three relatively separate correlational constellations appeared: productivity of the main head, productivity of the plant, Khoz, as well as almost independent trait of “weight of 1000 grains”. In the dry year, there was a redefinition of the correlations between the elements, a conjugation between the characteristics of different constellations, and an increase of contribution to the productivity of indices of weight of 1000 grains and Khoz. The conclusion is made about the influence of various selection criteria on the productivity of barley under favorable and arid conditions. Under favorable conditions, it is necessary to select by the length of the main head and the number of grains in it. In a dry year, the weight of 1000 grains and indicators of Khoz acquire special importance, which are an independent goal of breeding under any conditions. When selecting breeding lines and selecting parental forms for crosses, it is necessary to rely on data obtained in years with contrasting weather conditions.
- Published
- 2021
35. Traits explain sorting of C 4 grasses along a global precipitation gradient
- Author
-
Gavin H. Thomas, Emma C. Jardine, and Colin P. Osborne
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Moisture availability ,senescence ,precipitation niche ,Sorting (sediment) ,drought ,Biology ,survival ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,Ecosystem ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,0303 health sciences ,Global precipitation ,Ecology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Meristem ,Plant Distributions ,grasses ,Agronomy ,Habitat ,strategies ,lcsh:Ecology - Abstract
1. Species distributions are closely associated with moisture availability, but the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Drought relations are especially important for plants such as C4 grasses that dominate seasonally dry ecosystems. Here, we test the hypothesis that C4 grass species sampled across global precipitation gradients show variation in survival under drought that can be explained by their traits. 2. Our experiment subjected 18 C4 grass species to a lethal drought under controlled environmental conditions. The number of days until death was measured, along with root traits, senescence, and aspects of hydraulic function. 3. We identified two strategies: Drought‐avoiding species that stayed green as the water potential declined and drought‐tolerating species that senesced more quickly but could extend survival via drought‐tolerant meristems. 4. Plants that stay‐green for longer occupied drier habitats and had the longest survival under drought, facilitated by narrow root diameter and isohydric stomatal behavior. Plants that senesced quickly had thicker roots, an anisohydric strategy, and occupied wetter habitats. 5. Global distributions of C4 grasses can be predicted by variation in rates of senescence, meristem survival, root traits, and stomatal strategy, showing the value of these traits for understanding plant distributions in relation to climate.
- Published
- 2021
36. Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan
- Author
-
Alexey Rau, Yelzaveta Koibakova, Balgabayev Nurlan, Madina Nabiollina, Zhanymhan Kurmanbek, Yerlan Issakov, Kai Zhu, and Lóránt Dénes Dávid
- Subjects
Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,water regime ,food regime ,irrigation rate ,productivity ,irrigated agriculture ,water consumption ,moisture availability ,water permeability ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm3. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m3/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m3/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m3/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha.
- Published
- 2023
37. Some basic elements of statistics
- Author
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Stein, Alfred, van der Meer, Freek, editor, Stein, Alfred, editor, Van der Meer, Freek, editor, and Gorte, Ben, editor
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Late-Holocene climate changes linked to ecosystem shifts in the Northwest Wisconsin Sand Plain, USA
- Author
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Randy Calcote, Elizabeth A. Lynch, Christopher Nevala-Plagemann, and Sara C. Hotchkiss
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Archeology ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Paleontology ,Climate change ,Before Present ,Climate history ,Geography ,Paleoecology ,Ecosystem ,Physical geography ,Little ice age ,Holocene ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Records of century-scale climate variability in the Upper Midwest generally agree that moisture availability increased between 4000 and 3000 cal. yr BP (calendar years before present = 1950 CE), and that there were large, frequent droughts 1000–700 cal. yr BP followed by wetter/cooler conditions. Variability among regional sites, however, remains problematic. In this study we reconstruct climate on the Northwest Wisconsin Sand Plain (NWSP), USA, to identify potential climatic drivers of previously documented changes in vegetation and fire regimes. Oak pollen was replaced by pollen from xeric pine taxa at several sites on the NWSP ~1425 cal. yr BP, accompanied by a change to larger, less frequent charcoal peaks. Another major vegetation change occurred ~700 cal. yr BP, when pollen of the more mesic P. strobus L. (white pine) increased and charcoal influx decreased. We used a vegetation-independent lake-level record to determine whether long-term changes in moisture availability were associated with these ecosystem changes. Decreases in percent organic matter in shallow-water sediment cores from Cheney Lake indicate that the lake level decreased sharply ~1500 cal. yr BP, consistent with the interpretation that the changes in vegetation and fire regime were driven by a severe and previously undocumented drought. The lake level rose again, reaching approximately modern levels by 800–700 cal. yr BP, consistent with the hypothesis of cooler/wetter conditions in the Upper Midwest in the past ~700 years and with the expansion of mesic taxa on the NWSP 700 cal. yr BP.
- Published
- 2020
39. Effect of Exposure Conditions and Internal Curing on Pore Water Potential Development in Cement-Based Materials
- Author
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Meysam Najimi, Robert Horton, Payam Vosoughi, and Peter C. Taylor
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Cement ,Materials science ,Capillary action ,Mechanical Engineering ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pore water pressure ,021105 building & construction ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Curing (chemistry) ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Moisture availability is a crucial factor for ongoing hydration reactions and controlling capillary pore water potential (PWP) development in cement-based mixtures. Harsh exposure conditions (such as low relative humidity, high temperature, or high wind speed) or incorporating fine cementitious materials may increase the mixture susceptibility to PWP development, and thus, early-age shrinkage. This study aims to investigate PWP and electrical conductivity development in cement paste and mortar mixtures with various water-to-cement ratios (from 0.25 to 0.4), silica fume substitutions, and internal curing in both sealed and harsh exposure conditions (ambient temperature from 10 to 35°C and relative humidity from 25% to 75%). The results indicate that high ambient temperature and silica fume incorporation substantially accelerate moisture loss and PWP development. The outcome of this study also shows the capability of internal curing using lightweight fine aggregate to delay PWP development in mixtures containing silica fume or exposure to low relative humidity and high-temperature ambient environments.
- Published
- 2020
40. INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE AVAILABILITY ON HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. YIELD IN DRY CONDITIONS OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA
- Author
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A.S. Bushnev and E.V. Kostenkova
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Yield (engineering) ,Agronomy ,Peninsula ,Helianthus annuus ,Environmental science - Abstract
The Crimean Peninsula is located in the dry zone. In the steppe Crimea, which is the driest part of the peninsula, the major limiting factor for crop productivity is the natural moisture supply of plants. The purpose of the research was to establish the relationships between hydrometeorological factors (moisture reserves in the soil before sowing, precipitation amount and Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient during the growing season) and sunflower yield depending on planting dates (I, II, III decade of April) and plant density (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 thousand units per hectare). The studies were carried out on the trial fields of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea (village of Klepinino) in 2017–2019 using hybrid of ultra-early sunflower ‘Avangard’. The laying of field experiments, accounting, analyzes and statistical processing of data were carried out according to the methods of field research and methodology of field agricultural experiments with oil crops. A strong correlation was observed: 1) between yield and precipitation amount in May (r = 0.977) and moisture reserves before sowing (r = 0.978), planting dates – the first decade of April; 2) between precipitation amount in May (r = 0.932) and moisture reserves before sowing (r = 0.977–0.978), sunflower was sown in the second decade of April; 3) moisture before sowing (r = 0.892), crop planted in the third decade of April. A close positive relationship (r = 0.853–0.972) was observed at the optimal plant density for the region (40 thousand units/ha) between the amount of precipitation in April–May, moisture reserves in the soil before sowing and yield of sunflower. This indicates a high value of moisture availability during this period in the crop yield formation. In denser crops (50–70 thousand units/ha), the closest relationship is observed between the yield and the amount of precipitation in May. This makes the latter primary and decisive in the cultivation of crops with such a density since the competition for moisture increases with an increase in the number of plants per unit area. The closest relationship between the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient and sunflower yield was observed in April and May (r = 0.833–0.967) when plants grow more intensively and require sufficient moisture.
- Published
- 2020
41. Tafoni and Other Rock Basins
- Author
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Thomas R. Paradise
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Insolation ,Lithology ,Honeycomb weathering ,Geochemistry ,Weathering ,Geomorphology ,Tafoni ,Geology - Abstract
Tafoni and gnamma are cavernous weathering phenomena that have been extensively surveyed, discussed, and studied. From delicate, polygonal cells (2–4 mm) to huge circular pits (30 m þ), they develop in a variety of rock substrates, commonly in sandstone (tafoni) and granite (gnamma). Early research on their initiation and development was divisive, but current studies indicate polygenetic, differential weathering from intrinsic factors including hydrolysis, hydration of lithologic constituents, to extrinsic influences like moisture availability, insolation, and salinity. Increasingly, it is believed that complex, feedback cycles are responsible for their sigmoidal rates of development.
- Published
- 2022
42. Holocene tree line changes in the Canadian Cordillera are controlled by climate and topography.
- Author
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Schwörer, Christoph, Gavin, Daniel G., Walker, Ian R., and Hu, Feng Sheng
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATE change , *FOREST dynamics , *PALEOECOLOGY , *TIMBERLINE , *FOREST fires - Abstract
Aim Although ongoing climate change is expected to lead to an upward shift of tree lines in mountain areas, evidence for widespread tree line advances remains scarce, implying secondary controls on tree line dynamics at the local scale. We aim to determine if vegetation change in response to past warm periods was regionally synchronous or if local factors such as topography, geomorphology or fire caused divergent local responses. Location The Canadian Cordillera in south-eastern British Columbia (Canada). Methods We analysed post-glacial sediments from three lakes at or just below the present tree line for macrofossils, pollen and charcoal to infer past local forest composition, density, dynamics and fire disturbance. Results At two lakes (Windy and Redmountain), tree macrofossil concentrations were highest in the warmer-than-present Early Holocene (11,700-7000 cal. bp), indicating higher forest density and tree line position during this time period. At the third lake (Thunder), macrofossil concentrations were low during the Early Holocene and reached maximum values in the mid-Holocene (7000-3000 cal. bp). The divergent vegetation dynamics and species composition at Thunder Lake suggest that moisture availability may have limited the establishment of closed forests on steep south-facing slopes or shallow soils in the Early Holocene. Main conclusions Summer temperature was the main driver of tree line dynamics over millennial to decadal time-scales. Closed forests, however, occurred only in areas of adequate moisture availability, which is controlled by topography and geomorphology. We therefore expect a rapid upward shift of tree lines during the 21st century in response to warmer temperatures, but only where deep soils or favourable aspects provide sufficient moisture for tree growth. Upward forest expansion will therefore be patchy and occur first in favourable microsites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Accumulation of soil moisture in winter wheat cultivation on slopes of ordinary chernozems of the Rostov oblast.
- Author
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Ilinskaya, I.
- Abstract
The article discusses the effect of different predecessors and methods of basic treatment of soil on the magnitude and nature of the formation of soil moisture reserves in the cultivation of winter wheat on the slopes of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov oblast. Winter wheat in the experiment was cultivated after a steam clean, after winter wheat, after peas, and after corn silage. The study was conducted in four variants of primary tillage in the following crop rotations: chisel, combo, surface, and moldboard tillage. It is established that, in general, over the growing period of winter wheat, 3 of 4 years have a shortage of water supply, especially in the period from the resumption of the spring growing season to complete full ripeness. Analysis of the autumn watersupplies by variants of the main processing of the soil indicates the advantage of the chisel treatment, confirmed statistically by two predecessors-a clean pair and corn silage. The studies for the years 2011-2014 showed the close relationship of the absorption coefficient of precipitation from the reserves of productive moisture in autumn ( R = 0.94). It is revealed that the assimilation of precipitation of the cold period largely depends on soil fertility due to different stocks of productive moisture in autumn. The close relationship of grain yield with the value primary of moisture reserves in the autumn sowing of winter wheat in the soil layer of 0-150 cm is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Contribution of Photodegradation to Litter Decomposition in Semiarid Mediterranean Grasslands Depends on its Interaction with Local Humidity Conditions, Litter Quality and Position.
- Author
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Almagro, María, Martínez-López, Javier, Maestre, Fernando, and Rey, Ana
- Subjects
- *
PHOTODEGRADATION , *PLANT litter decomposition , *BIODEGRADATION , *GRASSLANDS , *HUMIDITY - Abstract
Understanding how UV radiation interacts with prevailing climatic conditions and litter quality to determine leaf litter decomposition is fundamental for understanding soil carbon cycling pathways and ecosystem functioning in drylands. We carried out a field manipulative experiment to investigate how litter quality (labile and nitrogen-rich Retama sphaerocarpa vs. recalcitrant and nitrogen-poor Stipa tenacissima), position (on the ground vs. standing) and different UV radiation levels (UV pass vs. UV block) affect litter decomposition rates at two semiarid Mediterranean steppes with contrasting climates (continental vs. maritime) in a fully factorial experimental design. As expected, Retama litter decomposed faster than that of Stipa, and litter placed on the ground decayed faster than standing litter. However, and surprisingly, contrasting effects of UV radiation on litter decomposition were observed between the two sites. At the continental site, UV radiation increased litter decay constants by 21% on average, although the contribution of photodegradation was larger when litter was placed on the ground rather than in standing litter. At the maritime site, decay constants were 15% larger in the absence of UV radiation regardless of litter position. Significant litter type × UV exposure radiation and litter type × position interactions indicate that photodegradation contributes more to litter decomposition under less favorable moisture and substrate availability conditions for microbial decomposers. Our results emphasize the need to consider interactions between moisture availability, litter quality and UV radiation in litter decomposition models to fully understand litter decomposition impacts on soil carbon cycling and storage in drylands under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Diagnostics of Desertification with the Use of Water Retention Curve of Soils.
- Author
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Shcherba, T., Kust, G., Smagin, A., Andreeva, O., and Slavko, V.
- Abstract
Based on a study of processes developed upon desertification (salinization, solonetzization, and sand accumulation) in the soils of the Caspian Sea Lowland, it is shown that soil's water retention capacity may be used as an integral parameter of all desertification trends. It is characterized by the water retention curve (WRC). The physical sense of the use of the WRC to characterize desertification consists in the fact that it shows the capability of soil to retain moisture and soil moisture mobility and availability for plants and thus characterizes the main edaphic factors, which limit biological productivity in natural ecosystems and the agroecosystems of arid regions. The soil WRC is a constant value without seasonal fluctuations, and this makes it universal in comparison with other soil parameters that undergo seasonal variations, thus making determination of the desertification rate difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Apple tree productivity depending on moisture availability
- Author
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B. A. Chetsky and V. V. Zamorsky
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Agronomy ,Environmental science ,Apple tree ,General Medicine ,Productivity - Published
- 2020
47. Global distribution of the intensity and frequency of hourly precipitation and their responses to ENSO
- Author
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Haider Ali, Xiaofeng Li, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Jingjing Yu, Elizabeth Lewis, Selma B. Guerreiro, Stephen Blenkinsop, Geert Lenderink, Yafei Li, Hayley J. Fowler, Renaud Barbero, Roberto Villalobos Herrera, Steven Chan, Newcastle University [Newcastle], Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), and United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter]
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Atmospheric Science ,Hourly precipitation intensity ,Hourly precipitation extreme ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Satellite precipitation ,Walker circulation ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Global distribution ,Climatology ,parasitic diseases ,Precipitation total ,Number of wet hours ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,ENSO ,Hourly precipitation frequency ,Intensity (heat transfer) - Abstract
We investigate the global distribution of hourly precipitation and its connections with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using both satellite precipitation estimates and the global sub-daily rainfall gauge dataset. Despite limited moisture availability over continental surfaces, we find that the highest mean and extreme hourly precipitation intensity (HPI) values are mainly located over continents rather than over oceans, a feature that is not evident in daily or coarser resolution data. After decomposing the total precipitation into the product of the number of wet hours (NWH) and HPI, we find that ENSO modulates total precipitation mainly through the NWH, while its effects on HPI are more limited. The contrasting responses to ENSO in NWH and HPI is particularly apparent at the rising branches of the Pacific and Atlantic Walker Circulations, and is also notable over land-based gauges in Australia, Malaysia, the USA, Japan and Europe across the whole distribution of hourly precipitation (i.e. extreme, moderate and light precipitation). These results provide new insights into the global precipitation distribution and its response to ENSO forcing.
- Published
- 2020
48. Influence of pre- sowing treatment of seeds and varieties on the moisture availability of crops and consumption water use of spring wheat
- Author
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A.A. Balykin, L.G Shashkarov, and Fsbei He Chuvash Saa
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Consumption (economics) ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Agronomy ,Spring (hydrology) ,Environmental science ,Sowing ,Water use - Published
- 2020
49. Effect of weather-climatic conditions on intraannual stem radial increment in Quercus pubescens (Fagaceae) and Juniperus excelsa (Cupressaceae)
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Horticulture ,Radial growth ,biology ,Cupressaceae ,Precipitation ,Cambium ,Juniperus excelsa ,Quercus pubescens ,biology.organism_classification ,Fagaceae - Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the most important environmental factors affecting the intraannual radial growth of the native dominant species trees Quercus pubescens Willd and Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., co-occurring in the semi-arid climate of the Southern coast of the Crimea. The analysis a 4-year high-resolution automatic point dendrometers dataset (2016-2019), which were non-invasively fixed to the tree stems at a height of 1.3 m. During the studied period, characterized by contrasting weather conditions, differences between tree species were revealed, both in the patterns of seasonal and daily stem radial growth and in the response plants to the effects of environmental conditions. Data analysis showed that on the Southern coast of the Crimea cambium activity in Q. pubescens is limited to one season with a period of intensive stem radial increment in May-June. In seasonal dynamics of stem radial increment in J. excelsa two peaks: in April-May and in September-October was revealed. The effect of precipitation on stem growth in total was higher than air temperatures, which confirms the assumption that on the Southern coast of the Crimea the main factor limiting the stem radial growth of Q. pubescens and J. excelsa is the moisture availability to the trees. It was found that the most significant to the stem radial increment in Q. pubescens were precipitation in May-June and in J. excelsa - precipitation in June and September-October. Higher plastic of intra-annual dynamics cambial activity in J. excelsa increases the adaptability of plants to drought and may provide them with an additional competitive advantage against co-occurring Q. pubescens in thermoaridization climatic conditions predicted for the Southern coast of the Crimea.
- Published
- 2020
50. Response of greengram to soil and foliar application of micronutrients mixture in southern dry zone of Karnataka
- Author
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Prakash Ss, P. K. Basavaraja, P. Mahadevu, Yogananda Sb, Chamegowda Tc, and Divyashree Ks
- Subjects
Moisture availability ,Horticulture ,Point of delivery ,Dry zone ,Soil water ,Sowing ,Dry matter ,Acre ,Micronutrient ,Mathematics - Abstract
The productivity of pulses are declining year by year due to many reasons. The major one is as they are grown in rainfed areas with low moisture availability combined with low fertile soils and another important physiological constraint which limit the productivity is flower drop. Experiment was laid out in RCBD with fourteen treatments including control, RDF + FYM, foliar application of MM at 20 DAS (MMF1 and MMF2), 40 DAS (MMF1 and MMF2) along with RDF+FYM, Foliar spray at 20 and 40 DAS along with FYM+RDF and soil application of MMS1, MMS2, MMS3 and MMS4 along with RDF+FYM. These treatments were replicated thrice. Micronutreints mixture comprising Fe (20.10 g), Mn (18.20 g), Zn (160 g), Cu (12.73 g), with B (43.70 g)/without B, Mo(2.33 g) was prepared using appropriate micronutrients salts for foliar application per acre and Fe (80.4g), Mn(72.8g), Zn (640 g), Cu (50.92 g), with B (174.8 g)/without B, Mo (9.32 g) for MMS1 and two, three and four times that of MMS1 for other mixture (MMS2, MMS3 and MMS4, respectively) per acre for soil application. Results revealed that foliar application of MMF1 at 20 days after sowing and MMF2 at 40 days after sowing along + RDF+FYM recorded significantly higher plant height (28.35 cm), number of leaves per plant (6.87) number of branches per plant (4.13), number of pods per plant (26.42), number of seeds per pod (13.15) and seed yield (1030.70 kg ha-1) and dry matter (15.61 g plant-1)) of blackgram. While higher haulm yield (1873.75 kg ha-1) and was observed with MMS2 + RDF+FYM.
- Published
- 2020
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