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In today's society, keeping our gardens attractive is complex, especially if you need more time to care for them. This can cause the plant to wilt if it is not watered occasionally to keep the soil moist. In summer, this problem tends to get worse because the temperature tends to rise and reach high degrees. The objective is to design an automatic and manual irrigation system with a humidity detector through hardware programming and free software to solve this. The necessary components will be identified and selected, humidity thresholds will be established, and the adoption of technologies such as internet of things (IoT), Arduino, and humidity sensors will be promoted to solve the problem in automated irrigation systems. The technical specifications of the components are described, and the circuit design is presented. A programming algorithm will be developed to control the frequency and duration of irrigation, as well as the state of the water pump. Implementing the automated system will allow precise water supply control, contributing to the healthy growth of plants and crops in green areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the benefits and various methods of rubber dam isolation, a technique that offers significant advantages such as improved visibility, infection control, patient comfort, and procedural efficiency. Proper training, equipment selection, and technique are key to successful implementation. Integration of rubber dam isolation in dental practices can help to optimize treatment outcomes and maintain exceptional standards of patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The R.W. Kern Center is a 16,940 square-foot mass timber-structured institutional building located on Hampshire College's campus in Amherst, MA. It is the 17th certified Living Building in the world. The focus of this work is the examination of the use of Double Stud Wood Wall (DSWW) construction, an atypical system in an institutional building of this scale, Light-Frame Steel Wall (LFSW) being the typical strategy. The success of this system, in non-residential construction, with the increased internal loads as compared to residential buildings, the associated and elevated concern of high R-value walls, low temperatures at the exterior sheathing, and subsequent susceptibility to moisture-related problems from condensation due to mass transport and mass transfer via interior moisture migration through the assembly within low dewpoint probable temperature periods of the year is of interest. During the Kern Center's design (September 2013-September 2014) and construction (October 2014-April 2016), although there existed a substantial body of information referencing the control of air and vapor movement as related to humidity levels within wall assemblies using assorted membranes, tapes, caulks, and gaskets, there was not a definitive solution to ensure the wall assembly's performance and durability. In depth examination of the DSWW strategy in the Kern Center was made possible by the availability of three years of post-occupancy data collected by multiple sensors on all cardinal elevations. This allowed the evaluation of condensation risks and assembly drying potential throughout the year based on sensor data of exterior weather and interior conditioned space sensible air temperature (T), dewpoint air temperature (DP), relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH), as well as sensor data from within the assemblies, i.e., sensible and DP temperatures, RH, AH, and moisture content (MC). This study provides unique and valuable information for researchers, designers, and constructors concerned with best practices for moisture management in Double Stud Wood Walls (DSWW) in non-residential construction while targeting low embodied carbon footprint goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of moisture is critical for retention of sealants, which can reduce the incidence of caries in high-risk groups. Objectives: We investigated the safety and efficacy of the novel SS-suction device in the laboratory and a small clinical trial in children aged 6 to 8-years-old. Methods: First, a laboratory test of 52 SS-suction devices was conducted to determine the pressure generated by the chin plate to maintain suction at different intervals and to determine the pressure resistance of the spring to maintain suction in a child's mouth. Second, 12 healthy children with sound lower molars participated in a clinical trial of the use of SS-suction during sealant application. Results: The laboratory test showed that when pressed to the maximum distance of 25 mm, the chin plate produced a pressure of 247.5 ± 116.6 mmHg. At this pressure, the SS-suction could be used safely for up to 120 min without damaging the soft tissues. In the clinical study, the dentists inserted and removed the SS-suction in 7.80 ± 2.48 s. The range by which the chin plate was pressed down varied between 0 and 13 mm. The highest pressure on the skin was 120 mmHg (at 13 mm) and the device effectively maintained suction and effectively removed water and saliva. The time required to apply sealant was 7.01 ± 2.26 min. Conclusions: The SS-suction is a safe, effective device for two-handed application of sealants in children, with no negative side effects. Clinical significance: We demonstrate the unique SS-suction device can quickly drain water and saliva to help dentists treat young patients using a two-handed approach; this device provides good control of moisture during sealant application. The device prevents the tongue and cheeks from interfering with the operation area, reduces tension, and does not require a dental assistant.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of porous sorbents, have become one of the most promising functional materials for indoor moisture regulation. However, the practical application of MOFs in building environments is challenging. Common shaping forms of MOFs (e.g., pellets, tablets, monoliths, granules, coating, etc.) may lead to agglomeration of MOF particles, higher usage costs, low efficiency, and material waste. Here, we report a new MOF-based electrospun nanofiber membrane with high porosity, light weight, and a large surface-area-to-volume ratio. MOF nanoparticles distributed on the fibers can fully contact moisture in the air, thus significantly enhancing MOFs' utilization and performance. The results of the moisture adsorption test show that the improved MOF membrane has significantly higher water vapor uptake than most conventional hygroscopic materials and textiles in built environments. A building energy model was established to evaluate the MOF membrane's effect on building energy consumption under different climates worldwide. The simulation results show that the MOF membrane can efficiently moderate indoor moisture fluctuation and has excellent energy-saving potential. The latent heat load reduction rate in summer can be up to 80–90% in arid/semi-arid climates and around 50% in temperate climates in a purely passive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of autonomous humidity control material (AHCM) is inspired by phase change material. AHCM is a new type of functional sorbent material. It can adsorb/release sufficient water vapor at the target relative humidity level and autonomously maintain the indoor relative humidity at a set value/range without external intervention, which cannot be achieved by conventional sorbents (e.g., zeolite, silica gel, etc.). In this study, a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) based AHCM is prepared, and its application for energy-efficient indoor moisture control has been investigated. The new MOF-AHCM has an S-shaped water vapor isotherm, large porosity, and high moisture adsorption capacity. The trigger points for adsorption and desorption occur at 60 % and 40 % RH, respectively. It means MOF-AHCM can autonomously regulate the indoor relative humidity to fall within 40%–60 % RH, which fits the thermal comfort range recommended by ASHRAE well. The physicochemical and hygrothermal characteristics of the synthesized MOF-ACHM have been assessed. Full-scale chamber tests were carried out to verify the humidity control ability of the new material. The experimental results show that MOF-AHCM can significantly mitigate indoor humidity fluctuation and regulate the humidity level within the target range autonomously. Furthermore, numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the impact of MOF-AHCM on building energy consumption in different moisture regions globally, namely, arid, semiarid, dry, moist, and wet areas. The results reveal that MOF-AHCM has an excellent humidity control capacity and can reduce the latent cooling demand of HVAC systems in most climates, especially in arid, semiarid, dry, and moist areas. • A new MOF-based autonomous humidity control material was prepared. • MOF-AHCM has an exceptional moisture buffering capacity in the range of 40%–60 % RH. • MOF-AHCM can autonomously regulate indoor RH within the thermal comfort range. • MOF-AHCM can reduce the latent cooling demand of HVAC systems in most climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance of historic buildings’ optimal indoor environments for structural integrity and collections’ preservation, are inherently complex, multifaceted goals. Moreover, indoor environments do not only affect collections and building"”the occupants’ satisfaction must also be considered. This research evaluates the impact of thermal and humidity problems caused by a HVAC condensing unit on a 265-year-old wall in a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the hot and humid climate of San Antonio, Texas (USA). A field investigation of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) particularly focused on the HVAC impact on a wall nearby was carried out. The case study is a unique historic settlement that includes a limestone church which reflects a similar typology to multiple religious buildings distributed across the southwestern USA. Findings of these investigations show that: i)the relocation of the HVAC condensing unit had a dramatic impact on reducing the outdoor wall temperatures and reducing the size of the interior wall moisture area; ii) the porosity of the limestone and large difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures are mainly responsible for the wall deterioration. Finally, outcomes of this article underline the negative impact of a poor intergration of active systems in historic structures, and highlights the necessity for more investigation in this topic.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), an emerging class of porous sorbents, have become one of the most promising functional materials for indoor moisture regulation. However, the practical application of MOFs in building environments is challenging. Common shaping forms of MOFs (e.g., pellets, tablets, monoliths, granules, coating, etc.) may lead to agglomeration of MOF particles, higher usage costs, low efficiency, and material waste. Here, we report a new MOF-based electrospun nanofiber membrane with high porosity, light weight, and a large surface-area-to-volume ratio. MOF nanoparticles distributed on the fibers can fully contact moisture in the air, thus significantly enhancing MOFs’ utilization and performance. The results of the moisture adsorption test show that the improved MOF membrane has significantly higher water vapor uptake than most conventional hygroscopic materials and textiles in built environments. A building energy model was established to evaluate the MOF membrane’s effect on building energy consumption under different climates worldwide. The simulation results show that the MOF membrane can efficiently moderate indoor moisture fluctuation and has excellent energy-saving potential. The latent heat load reduction rate in summer can be up to 80–90% in arid/semi-arid climates and around 50% in temperate climates in a purely passive manner.

Moisture buffer value (MBV) is a critical parameter for assessing hygroscopic material's ability to moderate indoor humidity variation. The original MBV theory is strictly valid only for a semi-infinite (or "very thick") material. When the material is thinner than semi-infinite, the material's thickness will affect its moisture buffering ability. The existing MBV theory is inapplicable. This study proposed a new numerical method to calculate a material's MBV at different thicknesses. The proposed model is simple and efficient. The relation between a material's MBV and thickness and the optimal thickness can be obtained without extensive experimental measurement. What's more, the material's adsorption and desorption isotherms, as well as the material's hysteresis loop and scanning isotherms, are incorporated in the proposed model, making it applicable to advanced desiccant materials like Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). MIL-100(Fe), one of the most promising MOF candidates for indoor humidity control, was used to validate the newly developed model. MBVs of MIL-100(Fe) samples with different thicknesses were measured, and the experimental data closely matched the simulated results. Finally, a building energy consumption simulation model was developed based on the proposed numerical model. A MOF panel with its optimal thickness was placed in the BESTEST typical office room located in Copenhagen. The results show that MOF can reduce about 30 % of the energy consumption of air conditioning in a purely passive way. • A new method to calculate the MBV of hygroscopic materials at different thicknesses. • Both the ad/desorption isotherms and hysteresis loop of the material are considered. • A building energy simulation model was developed based on the new MBV model. • The optimal thickness and energy-saving potential of a MOF panel were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hygrothermal white-box models in China are proposed for specific cases. • Accuracy depends on climate features and building components based on assumptions. • Separate driving potentials for vapour and liquid transfer are suggested. • Hygrothermal reference year, measured or derived indoor climate database are more suitable input parameters. Moisture damage plays a key role for the durability of buildings and for the health and comfort of occupants. Various numerical models were proposed for engineers and architects to evaluate the hygrothermal condition before constructing in China. Although the physical discipline is universal, the complexity and variety of climates and building components make the moisture-related problems as well as the development and application of hygrothermal models distinctive in China. This paper is a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art in China to promote future advancement and academic communication between China and abroad. It investigated hygrothermal white-box models in China including modeling and input parameters. The paper presents that the assumptions of available models limit the application of hygrothermal white-box models in some situations. It also shows that there is a shortage of suitable indoor and outdoor climate databases. To sum up, the following items are necessary to establish hygrothermal simulation in building practice: models working with separate driving potentials for liquid and vapour transport; hygrothermal reference years as outdoor climate data; indoor climate data, either measured occupants' behavior or derived from building operation setpoints influenced by outdoor climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the burgeoning membrane market focusing on moisture control applications, air/water filtered membranes find increasing use in diverse fields from electronics to food preservation. Fabrication and investigations of lithium chloride (LiCl)/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/sulfone composite films designed to dehumidify the surrounding air have been conducted. These films combine hydrophilic PVA with sulfone, a material known for its water vapor selectivity. Additionally, this research analyzes the impact of LiCl concentration on the film's performance, revealing that an optimal balance between water permeability and air blockage can be achieved by adjusting material compositions. Various material characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy (OM), and confocal optical surface measurements, shed light on the film's surface morphology, lattice structure, and optical properties. The results demonstrate that the LiCl/PVA/sulfone composite films hold promise as effective dehumidifying components with potential applications in air conditioning and smart wearable garments. • Novel PVA Sulfone composite films exhibit superior water vapor selectivity. • LiCl incorporation enhances water separation in composite films. • Material characterizations reveal optimization for moisture control and air blockage. • Compactness adjustment enhances membrane blockage against air permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the humid underground environment, underground metro stations often have internal condensation issues, especially during the commissioning and initial operation phases, and these issues will have a negative impact on the equipment operation and building life. This study aims to solve the issue by 1) identifying common areas with condensation risks based on on-site measurements and numerical simulation methods, and 2) proposing effective dehumidification solutions for the moisture control of stations. By on-site investigating the characteristics of the station's moisture environment and numerical assessing the effects of two different dehumidification strategies, it has been found that 1) for Tianjin, during most times in summer, the air temperature of the station in the commissioning phase was maintained relatively stable, but with significantly changing humidity; 2) the relative humidity on the platforms was higher than 80% for almost 30% of the testing time, and the surface of the upper structure of platform doors having a high risk of condensation; 3) the dehumidification effect of industrial dehumidifiers was found to be better than that of increasing exhaust air volume. The authors hope that the research could aid the decision on dehumidification strategies and provide guidance for further moisture control in underground stations. Practical Application: This article analyzed the moisture environment of the underground metro stations in the commissioning phase and conducted a numerical approach to assess the condensation risk. Potential dehumidification solutions including increasing the exhaust air volume and using industrial dehumidifiers have been proposed, and their effects have been investigated and compared. The authors hope that this research can aid the decision on dehumidification strategies for facilities maintenance and provide a guidance to further moisture control in underground stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead dust emissions can occur when lead powder it is transported via ship-loading facilities. Significant health and environmental hazards of fine lead dusts mean that minimising dust emissions during ship-loading is critical for industry, yet there is limited information on controlling such emissions for lead powder. This study investigated and quantified the impact of moisture on lead dust emissions via both single drop and continuous drop tests in the range 0% to 11% moisture. With increasing moisture, image analysis of single drop tests found increased agglomeration of small plate-like particles into larger spherical clusters. Average particle areas of particles dispersed to the outside of a central core of powder were shown to increase linearly in the range 0% to 11% moisture. Continuous drop tests showed that increasing powder moisture from 0% to 7% could reduce dust emissions by three orders of magnitude, demonstrating the importance and potential benefits of moisture control in ship-loading operations. Modelling of bulk lead powder and lead particle drying were used to identify critical issues and constraints in controlling moisture. Humidity control was identified as a critical control measure during the final stage of ship-loading, where drying rates are fast. [Display omitted] • Single drop and continuous drop tests performed on lead concentrate powder. • Dust investigations between 0% to 11% moisture were undertaken. • Images show agglomeration of smaller particles into larger spheres. • Dust emissions can be substantially reduced using moisture control. • Particle drying must be limited via control of ambient humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The rubber dam (RD) system is globally recognized as an indispensable component of dental treatments, ensuring the highest standards of care. The use of RD isolation profoundly impacts the clinical aspects of dental procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of dental students toward the use of RD, with an emphasis on evaluating the factors influencing its use among students at Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed to a population sample of 203 undergraduate dental students in their clinical years at Umm Al-Qura University. Questions covered various aspects, including the frequency of RD use, perceptions of its effectiveness, and prospective intentions for its future use, as well as factors influencing these attitudes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software Version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). In addition, the chi-square test and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test were used for the comparison of the data at a significance level of p<0.05. Results The questionnaire was completed by 191 participants, with a response rate of 95.5%. Of the students, 189 (99%) used RD during operative procedures for adhesive restorations. Furthermore, 157 (82.2%) students agreed that proper isolation cannot be achieved without RD application. All the advantages of RD application were recognized by 165 (85.9%) of the students. Notably, there was a significant association between the factors limiting the RD application and the students' academic year (p<0.05), with senior students reporting fewer limitations. Responses indicated that 163 (85.3%) of the students received satisfactory training for RD and 165 (86.4%) students had a high intention to continue using RD following graduation. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the results presented a positive attitude toward RD use. However, there is a continued necessity to enhance education and advocate consistent RD application for improved patient care and clinical outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Saleem et al.)

Introduction: Rubber dam is an indispensable tool for dentists. It serves to provide an absolute moisture control in the oral cavity, ensures complete isolation of the treated area from other parts of the oral cavity as well as from exhaled humid air. The use of rubber dam in modern dentistry is a prerequisite for a well-done procedures mainly in the field of aesthetics and patient protection during restorative and prosthetic treatment. Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out, through original anonymous questionnaires, the opinion of patients and selected group of dentists on a treatment using rubber dam. Methodology: Two types of original questionnaires (for patients and dentists) were created. In total, 77 questionnaires were distributed to patients. The questionnaires for dentists were prepared in a printed and online version. The printed form of the questionnaire was distributed to the dentists of the Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics as well as the Prosthetic Department of the Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the Palacký University in Olomouc (totally 16), who daily perform treatment requiring rubber dam use. The online questionnaire was distributed via e-mail with a link to younger dentists from private dental offices in Olomouc Region. An online questionnaire was distributed to 113 dentists. After receiving of the completed questionnaires from patients and dentists, the evaluation, statistical processing and comparison of the survey results were performed (methods of descriptive statistics, χ2 test, Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.05). Results: The return of patients questionnaires was 70.1%. Most of patients reported that treatment using rubber damwas more comfortable (72,2 %; χ2 test, p = 0,003) and professional (92,6 %) (χ2 test, p < 0.00001). The return rate of questionnaires from the dentists of the Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences was 100% and 56% from the private dentists. The total number of dentists in the group was 79. Most of the dentists (84.8%) in their daily practice use rubber dam. The length of clinical practice and gender did not have a statistically significant effect on the attitude to the use of rubber dam. There was no statistically significant difference between the use of rubber dam by dentists from the Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences and the private dentists (p = 0.737). Conclusions: The results of the study showed a positive attitude of the patients to the treatment using rubber dam, most of them considered this type of treatment as more pleasant and professional. Dentists of younger age group use rubber dam in their regular practice. The gender of dentists, the length of clinical practice and the type of practice (private practice, university clinic) have no statistically significant effect on the frequency of the treatment with rubber dam.

Building façades must endure severe climatic exposure throughout their lifetimes. To prevent damage and expensive repairs, ageing tests are used in durability assessments. The NT Build 495 describes an artificial ageing procedure to address building material and component resistance to ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, water, and frost using a climate simulator. The test has been used for decades to investigate exterior surface materials and façade products but has only recently been adopted for multi-layered systems. This study investigates moisture accumulation in a façade system for retrofitting based on concrete and thermal insulation. Hygrothermal simulations of the façade system subjected to ageing were conducted. Moisture accumulation was considered theoretically for the current test procedure and compared to a modified setup in which the interior climate was controlled at 21 °C. Physical measurements were performed in the climate simulator to determine the boundary conditions. Results showed that moisture accumulation in the thermal insulation was largely affected by the type of concrete, that applying a water-repellent surface treatment reduced moisture accumulation, and that the current setup resulted in less moisture accumulation compared to the modified setup. The latter implicates accelerated degradation with the modified setup.

This paper analyses the cause of failures in resin, vinyl and other resilient floor finishes and build-ups attributed to vapour drive. First, it examines the constituents and formation of concrete and why it contains a high quantity of moisture (vapour) and the damage it can cause to the floor build-up, finish and the concrete itself. Secondly, it outlines the analysis and diagnosis of the problem and thirdly, describes the preparation and prevention in line with current technical guidelines. It concludes that an appropriate system should be included in the design on new or problematic floors to prevent future failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and humidity are two important factors affecting the quality of aviation equipment in the air material depot. Controlling them within a certain range is conducive to the safety management of air material. It is of great significance to guarantee the supply of air material, implement the storage of air material and improve the efficiency of equipment. At present, the great majority of temperature and moisture controller employ the traditional proportional-integral-differential control principle, which is difficult to obtain higher control accuracy and better control quality. In the article, humanoid intelligent control algorithm is introduced into temperature and humidity control. Practice proves that good results have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-voltage direct current interconnectors are used for long-distance electricity transfer. • They transfer 100 s GW of electrical power with around 1% losses mainly to heat. • This paper compares alternative solutions for heat recovery and reutilisation. • Data from the Moyle interconnector between Scotland and Northern Ireland is used. • Heat-to-electricity and heat-to-cooling technologies are compared. High-voltage direct current interconnection stations are increasingly used for long-distance electricity transport worldwide, due to efficiency and economic reasons. The identification and evaluation of cost-effective waste heat sources appropriate for recovery and reutilisation represent an opportunity that can improve the efficiency of high-voltage direct current stations, resulting in significant savings in energy consumption and reduction of the carbon footprint. The paper is the first to investigate the technological and economic feasibility of heat recovery at a major interconnector power station. Once identified the potential recoverable heat sources and evaluated the latest advancements in thermal energy recovery technology, a technological and economic analysis of two potential heat recovery strategies has been performed. While the heat-to-electricity technology was proved to be technologically but not economically feasible, the realisation of a combined liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling heat recovery strategy was proved to present the best economic performance with a payback period of about 5 years and a levelised cost of saved energy of 0.155 €/kWh, depending on the heat recovery and size of the system. Additional economic savings can be obtained for high-voltage direct current stations located in hot and humid climates, where the moisture removal ability of liquid desiccant technology could be particularly advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a method for estimating model parameters $\varepsilon _{s}$ and $\Delta \varepsilon = \varepsilon _{s} - \varepsilon _{\infty }$ from the peaks in the imaginary permittivity and loss-tangent spectra. The analysis describes how measured parameters obtained from an impedance spectrometer, the magnitude of the impedance, and phase angle, are directly converted into complex permittivity and loss tangent. As an application, the method is used to detect and quantify the crystallization of skim-milk powder, which shows a dramatic change in the Debye parameters as it converts from the amorphous to crystalline state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Thermal conductivity measurement. Highlights • The hygrothermal properties of bamboo particles are studied. • Novel binders from natural resources are used for building bio-insulation materials. • Influence of high relative humidity on durability of bamboo particles is investigated. • Thermal insulation of bio-materials is evaluated under different humidity conditions. Abstract Bio-insulating materials are well known to reduce the environmental impact of constructions and are able to regulate the indoor temperature and humidity of buildings. This study investigates the influence of high-absorbing bio-glues based on a protein and lignin compound on moisture transfer and storage as well as on thermal performance of bamboo particleboards. The investigations are based on the moisture buffer value, vapor permeability, isothermal vapor sorption and thermal conductivity. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties and mold growth of these materials, manufactured for the study, are also investigated. The results demonstrate excellent moisture buffer capacity, from 2.13 to 3.26 g/(m2·%RH). The vapor sorption isotherm results exhibit the materials’ high moisture storage, and the vapor permeability behaves like commercial bio-insulating materials. The thermal conductivity of particleboards shows a low value, in accordance with their density and variation in moisture content. In addition, the results indicate mold appearance on the surfaces of specimens after 14 days exposure to 84% relative humidity. Moreover, a comparison of the hygrothermal characterizations between bamboo particleboards and fiberboards (Nguyen et al., 2017) is carefully made to highlight the exceptional features of those bio-boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of moisture is critical for retention of sealants, which can reduce the incidence of caries in high-risk groups., Objectives: We investigated the safety and efficacy of the novel SS-suction device in the laboratory and a small clinical trial in children aged 6 to 8-years-old., Methods: First, a laboratory test of 52 SS-suction devices was conducted to determine the pressure generated by the chin plate to maintain suction at different intervals and to determine the pressure resistance of the spring to maintain suction in a child's mouth. Second, 12 healthy children with sound lower molars participated in a clinical trial of the use of SS-suction during sealant application., Results: The laboratory test showed that when pressed to the maximum distance of 25 mm, the chin plate produced a pressure of 247.5 ± 116.6 mmHg. At this pressure, the SS-suction could be used safely for up to 120 min without damaging the soft tissues. In the clinical study, the dentists inserted and removed the SS-suction in 7.80 ± 2.48 s. The range by which the chin plate was pressed down varied between 0 and 13 mm. The highest pressure on the skin was 120 mmHg (at 13 mm) and the device effectively maintained suction and effectively removed water and saliva. The time required to apply sealant was 7.01 ± 2.26 min., Conclusions: The SS-suction is a safe, effective device for two-handed application of sealants in children, with no negative side effects., Clinical Significance: We demonstrate the unique SS-suction device can quickly drain water and saliva to help dentists treat young patients using a two-handed approach; this device provides good control of moisture during sealant application. The device prevents the tongue and cheeks from interfering with the operation area, reduces tension, and does not require a dental assistant., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The relative humidity level in the immediate vicinity of objects such as foods and technical items has an influence on transpiration and undesired relative humidity dependent reactions on their surfaces such as water vapour condensation, chemical reactions and microbial growth. Desirable are therefore materials that regulate the relative humidity to predefined levels in closed spaces such as in packagings and also in housing spaces. Such materials should be able to adjust the surface humidity of objects via water vapour diffusion in the gas phase without being in direct contact. A strategy to create such humidity regulating materials is the use of substances that absorb and desorb high amounts of water vapour, such as sodium chloride. Sodium chloride (NaCl) particles absorb water vapour at a relative humidity above 75% at 23 °C and then they form NaCl solution. NaCl solution desorbs water vapour when the relative humidity in the immediate vicinity decreases below the equilibrium relative humidity of that salt solution. Therefore, this system is able to regulate the relative humidity in its immediate vicinity. A strategy to provide free space in polymeric structures for the NaCl solution is the creation of cavities by foaming and stretching. However, only little knowledge exists about the influence of the combination of both processes on the functional properties of humidity regulating films with salt as active substance. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate how and to which extend foaming and/or stretching affects the functional properties, i.e. water vapour sorption and mechanical properties, of polypropylene (PP) films containing NaCl particles. For this study, foamed and non-foamed PP with 3 and 6 weight-% NaCl were extruded into films. In the next step, some of these samples were biaxially stretched and their structures, water vapour absorption, porosities and mechanical strengths were analysed. The only-foamed films had a porosity of 0.3, the porosity of only-biaxially stretched films was between 0.1 and 0.2. The porosity increased to 0.7 when the films were first foamed and stretched afterward. Foamed and then stretched films with 6 wt.-% NaCl absorbed a high amount of water vapour from air with a value of 0.8 g H 2 O/g film at 97% relative humidity. Stretching of filled and non-filled foamed films also resulted in higher mechanical strength of the pure matrix polymer in comparison to the pure matrix polymer of non-stretched films. By the results of this study is shown that humidity regulating films with high water vapour sorption capacity can be produced via extrusion, foaming and stretching processes which are established processes in the polymer industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects of mulching on soil moisture and some soil properties. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in randomized block design in cultivated and non cultivated blocks with 3 replications. In the study, five different doses, 0 (control), 4, 8, 12 and 16 t/ha of straw mulch were applied to the field surface. The experiment consisted of one-meter-spaced 30 plots of 4 m2 (2mx2m) size each on a field of 304 m2 in total. With the aim of determining the progress of change in soil properties, disturbed soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-20 cm on each plot before and six months after the experiment; the samples were airdried, passed through sieve and analyzed. At the end of the experiment, tillage increased moisture held in soil and decreased organic matter, cation exchange capacity and aggregate stability. Soil moisture, organic matter, hydraulic conductivity, cation exchange capacity and aggregate stability were detected to increase with increasing mulch dose while the change in electrical conductivity, pH, bulk density and lime values was found insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica gel is a well-known desiccant. Through dispersion of silica gel in a polymer, films can be made that absorb and desorb water vapor. The water vapor absorption becomes reversible by exposing such films to a water vapor pressure below that of the water vapor pressure during absorption, or by heating the film. The intention of this study was to achieve a better understanding about the water vapor absorption, permeability (H2O, N2, O2, CO2), and mechanical properties of films with dispersed silica gel. Low-density polyethylene (PE-LD) monolayer films with a nominal silica gel concentration of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g dispersed silica gel per 1 g film (PE-LD) were prepared and they absorbed up to 0.08 g water vapor per 1 g of film. The water vapor absorption as a function of time was described by using effective diffusion coefficients. The steady state (effective) water vapor permeation coefficients of the films with dispersed silica gel were a factor of 2 to 14 (8.4 to 60.2·10−12 mg·cm·(cm2·s·Pa)−1, 23 °C) higher than for pure PE-LD films (4.3·10−12 mg·cm·(cm²·s·Pa)−1, 23 °C). On the other hand, the steady state gas permeabilities for N2, O2, and CO2 were reduced to around one-third of the pure PE-LD films. An important result is that (effective) water vapor permeation coefficients calculated from results of sorption and measured by permeation experiments yielded similar values. It has been found that it is possible to describe the sorption and diffusion behavior of water by knowing the permeability coefficient and the sorption capacity of the film ( P eff . ≈ S eff . · D eff . ). The tensile stress changed only slightly (values between 10 and 14 N mm−2), while the tensile strain at break was reduced with higher nominal silica gel concentration from 318 length-% (pure PE-LD film) to 5 length-% (PE-LD with 0.6 g dispersed silica gel per 1 g film).

Providing a high-quality indoor environment with appropriate indoor humidity levels for residential buildings is essential for good physical and mental health, occupant comfort, and long-term building performance. The role of moisture recovery in indoor humidity levels in cold climates has long been the subject of controversy; scholars have debated whether it ameliorates the problem of "too dry" air or causes a new problem of "too humid" air. The current study examines a method using moisture balance equations integrated with moisture recovery to analyse moisture recovery's effect in cold climates. A virtual single-family house in Oslo, Norway, was used to demonstrate the impact of moisture recovery on humidity levels in the kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room. The results show that moisture recovery has varying influences on indoor humidity depending on the intensity of moisture recovery, moisture production and ventilation. The indoor moisture production and humidity levels were validated against large-scale field measurements in residential buildings. For the virtual single-family house, the optimal moisture recovery effectiveness is about 50–60% with a 2-min interval, as the "too dry" air (RH<20%) issue is eliminated while the risk of "too humid" air (RH>80%) is not exacerbated. This work also identifies the possibility of controlling or optimising indoor humidity by altering the energy recovery system's moisture recovery effectiveness. Furthermore, the study's findings can be used to optimise thermal comfort or assess epidemiological risk in terms of the impact of indoor humidity. • One of the first studies to reveal the impact of different moisture recovery on indoor humidity. • The moisture production and indoor RH levels are validated against field measurements. • Optimal moisture recovery efficiency to reduce extreme RH was investigated. • Identify the possibility of controlling or optimising indoor humidity with moisture recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination can cause serious problems that compromise in transformer’s safe operation and reduce its lifetime. Online monitoring of moisture concentration in transformer oil would permit the control of moisture buildup. This letter presents a direct optical measurement of moisture concentration in transformer oil using a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG). The refractive index and volume of PMMA-based optical fiber vary with the moisture in the surrounding transformer oil, changing the reflecting wavelength of the grating. A sensitivity of POFBG wavelength change to moisture content of 29 pm/ppm is demonstrated in this letter, indicating detectable water content better than 0.05 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Brief Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness in terms of lateral displacement of knitted cord impregnated with 21.3% aluminum chloride(group A), knitted cord impregnated with 0.05% oxymetazoline hydrochloride(group B) and GingiTrac cordless retraction system (group C) along with their effects on the prepared tooth surface by scanning electron microscopic examination. Materials and Methods 10 students were examined for all three gingival retraction agents. Pre and post retraction impressions were made, cast prepared and sectioned halves were oriented on a mounting jig using spirit level and assessed under traveling microscope. Observations were subjected to Student’s t-test and Paired‘t’ test was used to determine whether the post retraction values significantly differ from pre-retraction value for each of the three groups. Results Gingival retraction done by cord impregnated with group A, group B and group C was 0.5288mm, 0.4413 mm and 0.5105mm respectively. SEM examination reveals that group C produced no alteration of smear layer followed. Summary and Conclusions GingiTrac retraction paste is considered best for not only providing acceptable amount of gingival retraction but also is kind to smear layer and dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]