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Sharing of sanitation is common in low-income settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared (limited) sanitation facilities have been thought to pose health risks due to poor hygiene levels. Interventions to improve user behavior and cleanliness of shared sanitation are few, both in literature and in practice. This study details the codesign and testing of strategies to improve the cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income areas of Kisumu City in Kenya. The strategies included a cleaning plan, monitoring system, and discussions among users, and were codesigned through workshops with stakeholders and group discussions with landlords and tenants. These strategies were tested in 38 compound houses through the Trials of Improved Practices approach over a 5-month period. Field staff visited the compounds, observed the cleanliness of the shared toilets, and through discussions, encouraged users to develop a formal cleaning system and a monitoring plan. The discussions built social capital and collective action and facilitated uptake of the cleaning plan with notable improvements in cleanliness of shared toilets. The results support the acceptability of shared sanitation in low-income settlements, the importance of codesigning and coproducing solutions with users, and the need to evaluate the effects of these strategies on cleanliness of shared sanitation.

Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1 mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150 mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068 mg/L). The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186 mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210 mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water.

Assessing and treating cardiovascular disease (or heart disease) is a growing concern for institutions housing great apes, as it is a major cause of mortality in all four taxa managed in human care. As part of a proactive monitoring plan, zoological managers and veterinarians often elect to perform electrocardiograms (ECGs) on their great ape populations. ECGs noninvasively evaluate cardiac electrical activity, and are thereby capable of providing information regarding heart function. This electrical signature is transcribed as a visual display of waveforms, referred to as telemetry strips, and can detect irregularities in heart rhythm, also known as arrhythmia. While traditional 6- or 12-lead ECGs are recommended periodically as part of a thorough heart performance evaluation, here we discuss the KardiaMobile (KM) device as an additional primate welfare tool. KM is a small, Food and Drug Administration-cleared, clinical-grade mobile ECG monitor that requires only 30 s of pressure to flag heart rate or arrhythmic abnormalities. We detail the training process and applicability to great apes in human care.

This article examines the performance of the adaptive cumulative sum (CUSUM) plans and three simultaneous CUSUM statistics with different levels of temporal memory for monitoring changes in dispers...

The objective for this initiative was to reduce parental anxiety and thus improve their satisfaction related to hospital admission by ensuring that the child’s management plan and basic amenities were communicated to the parents within the first hour of arrival at the Children’s Hospital inpatient unit. The intervention for this project was developed based on the Theory of Change framework. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by comparing change in parent-reported anxiety scores and improvement in patient satisfaction scores at 24 hours post-admission as an indicator of experience. The frequency of delivery of each individual message was also tracked and compared at baseline and post-intervention. The results showed a significant reduction in parental anxiety levels within the first 24 hours of admission (3.5 to 3.2, P = .01). The parent satisfaction score was significantly improved from baseline to post-intervention (4.00 vs 4.82 respectively; P < .001). Comparison between the baseline and post-intervention demonstrated a statistically significant ( P < .001) increase in frequency of messages delivered. This initiative highlighted that reengineering the current system using existing resources to standardize admission communication along with an adequate monitoring and feedback plan can help reduce parental anxiety, thus improving parent satisfaction with the services.

The Arctic is undergoing biological and environmental changes, and a coordinated effort to monitor is critical to detect these changes. The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP) of the Arctic Council biodiversity working group, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), has developed pan-Arctic biodiversity monitoring plans that aims to improve the ability to detect and report on long-term changes. Whilst introducing this special issue, this paper also presents the making of the terrestrial monitoring plan and discusses how the plan follows the steps required for an adaptive and ecosystem-based monitoring programme. In this article, we discuss how data on key findings can be used to inform circumpolar and global assessments, including the State of the Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report, which will be the first terrestrial assessment made by the CBMP. Key findings, advice for future monitoring and lessons learned will be used in planning next steps of pan-Arctic coordinated monitoring.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) can persist in food processing environments (FPEs), surviving environmental stresses and disinfectants. We described an intensive environmental monitoring plan performed in Central Italy and involving food producing plants (FPPs) and retail grocery stores (RSs). The aim of the study was to provide a snapshot of the Lm circulation in different FPEs during a severe listeriosis outbreak, using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the genetic diversity of the Lm isolated, evaluating their virulence and stress resistance profiles. A total of 1217 samples were collected in 86 FPEs with 12.0% of positive surfaces at FPPs level and 7.5% at RSs level, 133 Lm isolates were typed by multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Clonal complex (CC) 121 (25.6%), CC9 (22.6%), CC1 (11.3%), CC3 (10.5%), CC191 (4.5%), CC7 (4.5%) and CC31 (3.8%) were the most frequent MLST clones. Among the 26 cgMLST clusters obtained, 5 of them persisted after sanitization and were re-isolated during the follow-up sampling. All the CC121 harboured the Tn6188_qac gene for tolerance to benzalkonium chloride and the stress survival islet SSI-2. The CC3, CC7, CC9, CC31 and CC191 carried the SSI-1. All the CC9 and CC121 strains presented a premature stop codon in the inlA gene. In addition to the Lm Pathogenicity Island 1 (LIPI-1), CC1, CC3 and CC191 harboured the LIPI-3. The application of intensive environmental sampling plans for the detection and WGS analysis of Lm isolates could improve surveillance and early detection of outbreaks.

Over the past decades, significant advances have been accomplished in developing SHM techniques to detect the existing damages in deteriorating structures and maintenance techniques to extend the service life of these structures. The application of SHM can lead to more accurate damage detection. By using the information obtained from SHM, the uncertainties associated with structural performance assessment and prediction can be reduced. If the advanced SHM techniques are optimally integrated in life-cycle management, the efficiency and effectiveness of service life management of deteriorating structures can be maximized. In this paper, a computational platform for optimum monitoring planning based on multi-objective optimization (MOPT) and decision making is presented. The main components integrated in this computational platform are (a) formulation of objectives for optimum monitoring planning; (b) MOPT and decision making for application of the best monitoring plan; and (c) updating the damage propagation and structural performance prediction. The objectives for optimum monitoring planning are formulated considering the availability of monitoring data, damage detection, maintenance, service life and life-cycle cost. Through the MOPT and decision making, the best monitoring plan is determined. The updating process integrates the information obtained from monitoring to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty associated with the damage occurrence and propagation prediction and monitoring planning.

In the frame of the project EDOC@WORK3.0, Education and Work on Cloud, a monitoring plan has been carried out in the highly industrialized town of Taranto (one of the most polluted sites of Italy) in order to investigate contemporary indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 and SO2 by passive sampling devises (Radiello). Simultaneously indoor and outdoor samplings of NO2 and SO2 were performed from 2nd November 2015 to 2nd December 2015 in nine sites scattered in the investigated area at different quotes and distances from the industrial complex. Our findings show substantial differences between the spatial distributions of the two pollutants and support the hypothesis of two different prevalent sources for NO2 and SO2. In particular, we find diffusive sources of NO2 linked mainly to the vehicular traffic and secondarily to industrial sources. In contrast, SO2 was mainly associated to industrial sources present in the area, representing also a proxy of the mixture of air contaminants associated to industrial processes. Our hypothesis is also confirmed by analysis of data measured by ARPA air quality monitoring stations. Comparison between indoor and outdoor concentrations confirms that outdoor pollutants infiltrate to indoor environments, moreover it highlights potential NO2 indoor sources basically linked to cooking activities, representing adverse health effects for population risk categories such as children or cooks. Considering that urban people spend a lot of their time in indoors, attention should be paid both to outdoor pollutant sources and to indoor sources.

Cities and nations worldwide are pledging to energy and carbon neutral objectives that imply a huge contribution from buildings. High-performance targets, either zero energy or zero carbon, are typically difficult to be reached by single buildings, but groups of properly-managed buildings might reach these ambitious goals. For this purpose we need tools and experiences to model, monitor, manage and optimize buildings and their neighborhood-level systems. The paper describes the activities pursued for the deployment of an advanced energy management system for a multi-carrier energy grid of an existing neighborhood in the area of Milan. The activities included: (i) development of a detailed monitoring plan, (ii) deployment of the monitoring plan, (iii) development of a virtual model of the neighborhood and simulation of the energy performance. Comparisons against early-stage energy monitoring data proved promising and the generation system showed high efficiency (EER equal to 5.84), to be further exploited.

Oilseed rape 73496 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substance glyphosate through the expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase protein GAT4621. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses identify no issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences between oilseed rape 73496 and its conventional counterpart in the agronomic/phenotypic endpoints tested needs further assessment. Differences identified in seed composition of oilseed rape 73496 as compared to its conventional counterpart raise no safety and nutritional concerns in the context of the scope of this application. No safety concerns are identified regarding toxicity and allergenicity of the GAT4621 protein as expressed in oilseed rape 73496. No evidence is found that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of oilseed rape 73496. Based on the outcome of the comparative and nutritional assessments, the consumption of oilseed rape 73496 does not represent any nutritional concern, in the context of the scope of this application. The implementation of a post-market monitoring plan is recommended to confirm the predicted consumption data and to verify that the conditions of use are those considered during the pre-market risk assessment. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape 73496 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape 73496 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape 73496. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape 73496, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the non-genetically modified oilseed rape reference varieties tested with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment., European Commission: EFSA-Q-2012-00617.

Exposure to an atmosphere rich in volatile pollutants can endanger collections in museums, galleries, libraries or archives. Monitoring volatile pollutants in museum microclimates remains an unusual practice in most institutions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released by many sources, including the artefacts’ materials themselves. The presence of pollutants in an enclosed space with poor ventilation, adding to high temperature and relative humidity levels or significant fluctuations, may increase the risk of damage for the more susceptible materials. The tendency observed in museums to enclose artefacts in vitrines or boxes may contribute to the formation of microclimates with high VOCs concentration. Based on the studies developed in the last decades, this work intends to draw attention to the risks associated with gaseous pollutants in museum environment and outline some recommendations that encourage cultural heritage institutions to implement a pollutant monitoring plan associated with risk prevention., A exposição a uma atmosfera rica em poluentes voláteis pode colocar em risco as coleções de museus, galerias, bibliotecas ou arquivos. Monitorizar poluentes voláteis em museus é ainda hoje uma prática pouco habitual na maioria das instituições. Compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) podem ser libertados de diversas fontes, incluindo os materiais que compõem os próprios artefactos. A existência de poluentes em locais fechados, com inadequada renovação de ar, em simultâneo com valores elevados ou oscilações significativas de temperatura e humidade relativa (HR), pode conduzir à degradação acentuada dos materiais mais reativos. A tendência que se observa nos museus para enclausurar os artefactos em vitrinas ou caixas poderá potenciar a formação de microclimas com elevada concentração de COVs. Pretende-se neste trabalho alertar para o risco dos poluentes gasosos em ambiente museológico e traçar recomendações que incentivem as instituições detentoras de património a implementar um plano de monitorização destes poluentes, associado à prevenção de riscos.

El análisis de Mercurio (Hg) en sedimentos de la bahía de Cartagena especialmente las muestras tomadas en un puerto de carga, demostró que hay presencia de este metal, el cual es catalogado como nocivo para los seres vivos. Los valores de Mercurio oscilaron entre 109 y 288 µg/Kg peso seco, con un valor de mediana de 169 µg/Kg y una media de 183.33 ± 55.41 µg/Kg. Por otro lado, se realizó la determinación de Hidrocarburos Disueltos y Dispersos (HDD), detectando valores entre 4.51 y 18.04 µg/L en aguas tomadas en el mismo puerto de carga, mientras que en puntos de muestreo distantes al puerto no se encontró presencia de hidrocarburos. Los resultados sugieren que se realice un plan de monitoreo para determinar si el contenido de Mercurio y de HDD va en incremento o se trata de una contaminación residual. Además, se recomienda realizar estudio de otros tipos de contaminantes en la zona como otros metales pesados y carbón total, debido a la contaminación que se ha observado por las malas prácticas de lavado de la plataforma por el personal del puerto.

Suite aux premiers cas d’infection de visons par le SARS-CoV-2 aux Pays-Bas, fin avril 2020, une surveillance clinique renforcée des quatre élevages français de visons a été mise en place par les DDcsPP dès le mois de mai. Une instruction technique DGAL/SDSPA/2020-342 du 08 juin 2020 est ensuite venue préciser les mesures de prévention et de surveillance de l’infection par le virus SARS-CoV-2 dans les élevages de visons et de furets en France. Dans le même temps, les services du ministère de la santé et des solidarités ont été alertés et les Agences régionales de santé (ARS) se sont rapprochées des exploitants de ces sites pourproposer des précautions sanitaires vis-à-vis du travail auprès de ces élevages.La surveillance évènementielle renforcée (basée sur la surveillance des signes cliniques) mise en place dans les élevages courant mai n’avait pas montré de signe de contamination des animaux par le SARS-CoV-2.L’Anses a été saisie une première fois le 24 juin 2020 par la DGAL sur les modalités de surveillance des élevages de visons français. Un premier avis du 1er juillet 2020 a été complété le 21 septembre 2020 , suite à l’information par la DGAL de l’impossibilité pratique de réaliser certains prélèvements sur visons vigiles.Dans le cadre d’un programme scientifique conduit par le laboratoire de l’Anses « Rage et faune sauvage » basé à Nancy, des analyses sérologiques et virologiques ont été réalisées mi-novembre 2020, à l’occasion des abattages d’animaux pour la production de fourrure. Le plan de prélèvement a été réalisé sur la base des préconisations de l’avis de l’Anses 2020-SA-0080, en vue d’établir le statut sanitaire des visons des quatre élevages. Le 20 novembre2020, l’un de ces quatre élevages, situé dans le département de l’Eure-et-Loir, s’est alors révélé infecté. Les résultats étaient positifs en sérologie et en RT-qPCR (reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) témoignant d’une circulation virale en cours au sein du cheptel. L’ensemble des animaux de l’exploitation a été abattu en novembre 2020. Suite à la mise en œuvre de cette surveillance sérologique et virologique, les trois autresélevages français ont été trouvés indemnes de SARS-CoV-2 en novembre et décembre 2020. Les mesures de biosécurité renforcées et la surveillance évènementielle sont cependant maintenues dans ces trois élevages . Par ailleurs, l’analyse de séquençage du virus découvert dans l’élevage infecté a permis d’exclure un lien direct avec les variants du SARSCoV-2 identifiés aux Pays-Bas avant l’été 2020 et fin 2020 au Danemark, dans des élevagesde visons. Cette analyse de séquençage est compatible avec une transmission locale à partir d’humains infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 en France. Trois des 12 séquences obtenues montrent la cooccurrence d’une mutation synonyme dans l’ORF1ab et d’une substitution N501T dans la protéine spike, ces changements faisant partie de mutations dites récurrentes chez le vison.Dans ce contexte, l’Anses a été saisie par la DGAL et la DGS sur les questions suivantes :Question 1 : Dans le contexte sanitaire actuel, avec une circulation active du virus dans la population humaine, et vu la découverte récente d’un élevage positif sans aucune expression clinique, quelle surveillance faut-il mettre en œuvre dans les élevages de visons pour les mois à venir ? Des compléments aux recommandations du précédent avis rendu sur la surveillance des visons sont nécessaires au regard des nouvelles connaissances acquises liées à la surveillance en cours (éléments épidémiologiques et modalités de prélèvements). En fonction du dispositif de surveillance recommandé, le plan d’échantillonnage (unité épidémiologique, taille de l’échantillon, type de prélèvement, …) et le rythme de la surveillance devront être précisés. Les contraintes relatives à la manipulation des animaux pendant les prélèvements devront être prises en compte.Question 2 : Dans le cas où un élevage serait positif en sérologie mais sans mise en évidence de circulation virale (virologie négative), quel serait le risque sanitaire pour les compartiments humain et animal lié au fait de ne pas abattre les animaux ? Ces animaux peuvent-ils constituer un réservoir significatif du virus ?Question 3 : Quelles sont les conditions sanitaires de santé animale à mettre en place à l’introduction de visons extérieurs à l’élevage considéré dans les deux situations suivantes :- dans le cadre du fonctionnement normal d’un élevage non infecté ;- outre un nettoyage/désinfection standard qui semble suffisant dans ce cadre7 (à commenter ou moduler par l’Anses en tant que de besoin), même question dans le cadre du repeuplement d’un élevage après un abattage lié à la détection du virus SARS-Cov-2?Question 4 : En raison des mesures de biosécurité renforcées mises en place dans les élevages de visons, la principale source d’exposition des animaux au SARS-Cov-2 est liée au portage et activité de l’homme (nourrissage, soins, entretien des litières…) : de ce fait, quelle articulation mettre en place entre surveillances humaine et animale? L’existence de variations génétiques et leur portée de santé publique pourraient-elles être de nature à moduler la surveillance ? Quelle conduite tenir en cas de positivité (RT-PCR et/ou sérologie) vis-à-vis du SARS-Cov-2 dans un des « compartiment » humain ou animal et quelles en seraient les conséquences sur la surveillance de l’autre compartiment ?

Social housing represents a part of the whole building stock with a high risk of energy poverty, and it should be treated as a priority in renovation strategies, due to its potential for improvement and the need to fight that risk. Renovation actions are currently designed based on patterns that have been shown to be disparate from the reality of social housing. Thereby, a monitoring study is essential for the evaluation of the actual conditions. An in-depth characterization of a social housing neighborhood, located in the North of Portugal, was carried out. Indoor hygrothermal conditions were analyzed through a monitoring campaign. It was possible to identify the differences in indoor conditions of the dwellings and understand the influence of occupancy density and occupants’ behavior. In order to identify the actual occupancy and the type of use, a social survey was performed. A renovation action will soon take place, and a monitoring and survey plan is proposed for the post-renovation period, based on a previous evaluation of the renovation impact, using DesignBuilder software and the real occupancy profiles. In social housing context, since energy consumption for heating and cooling is punctual or non-existent, the focus of low energy renovation should be based on passive strategies that reduce the energy demand. The remaining energy needs should be supplied by renewable energy sources, reducing energy poverty, and enhancing quality of life.

Background and objectives: An Italian nationwide pre-participation screening approach for prevention of sudden cardiac death in athletes (SCD-A) in competitive sportspeople showed promising results but did not achieve international consensus, due to cost-effectiveness and the shortfall of a monitoring plan. From this perspective, we tried to provide an epidemiological update of SCD-A in Italy through a year-long internet-based search. Materials and Methods: One year-long Google search was performed using mandatory and non-mandatory keywords. Data were collected according to prevalent SCD-A definition and matched with sport-related figures from Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) and Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI). Results: Ninety-eight cases of SCD-A in 2019 were identified (48.0% competitive, 52.0% non-competitive athletes). Male/female ratio was 13:1. The most common sports were soccer (33.7%), athletics (15.3%) and fitness (13.3%). A conclusive diagnosis was achieved only in 37 cases (33 of cardiac origin), with the leading diagnosis being coronary artery disease in 27 and a notably higher occurrence among master athletes. Combining these findings with ISTAT and CONI data, the SCD-A incidence rate in the whole Italian sport population was found to be 0.47/100,000 persons per year (1.00/100,000 in the competitive and 0.32/100,000 in the non-competitive population). The relative risk of SCD-A is 3.1 (CI 2.1&ndash, 4.7, p &lt, 0.0001) for competitive compared to non-competitive athletes, 9.9 for male (CI 4.6&ndash, 21.4, 0.0001) with respect to female. Conclusions: We provided an updated incidence rate of SCD-A in both competitive and non-competitive sport in Italy. A higher risk of SCD-A among competitive and male athletes was confirmed, thus corroborating the value of Italian pre-participation screening in this population.

This work proposes a workflow for baseline quantitative characterisation at Smeaheia, a possible candidate for future phases of the Norwegian full-scale CCS project. Geophysical and rock physics characterisation are performed to quantify key rock physics properties for the storage complex. A two-steps inversion workflow combining geophysical inversion and rock physics inversion is introduced and applied to derive 2D sections describing properties like porosity and bulk moduli with their associated uncertainties. The derived properties can be very useful for constraining reservoir modelling and for the design of a cost-efficient monitoring plan ensuring both conformance and containment.

Simple Summary The extensive use of tetracyclines in clinical practice and livestock has subjected bacterial populations to selection pressure and increased the prevalence of tetracycline resistance, one of the most abundant antibiotic resistances among pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. In the present survey, DNA extracted from cloacal swabs from 195 broiler chickens in Tunisia were molecularly tested for 14 tetracycline resistance genes. A high frequency and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in the chickens sampled were detected. The results confirm the antimicrobial resistance urgency in Tunisia’s poultry sector and suggest that the investigation of antibiotic resistance genes directly in biological samples could be a useful means for epidemiological studies on the spread of the antimicrobial resistance. Abstract Tetracycline resistance is still considered one of the most abundant antibiotic resistances among pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tetracycline resistance (tet) genes in broiler chickens in Tunisia, and this was done by PCR. Individual cloacal swabs from 195 broiler chickens were collected at two slaughterhouses in the governorate of Ben Arous (Grand Tunis, Tunisia). Chickens were from 7 farms and belonged to 13 lots consisting of 15 animals randomly selected. DNA was extracted and tested for 14 tet genes. All the lots examined were positive for at least 9 tet genes, with an average number of 11 tet genes per lot. Of the 195 animals tested, 194 (99%) were positive for one or more tet genes. Tet(L), tet(M) and tet(O) genes were found in 98% of the samples, followed by tet(A) in 90.2%, tet(K) in 88.7% and tet(Q) in 80%. These results confirm the antimicrobial resistance impact in the Tunisian poultry sector and suggest the urgent need to establish a robust national antimicrobial resistance monitoring plan. Furthermore, the molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes directly in biological samples seems to be a useful means for epidemiological investigations of the spread of resistance determinants.

Use of constructed wetlands for the disposal and treatment of wastewater is emerging as an alternative to conventional approaches for small communities and industries. Operation and maintenance of any process control system are dependent on a monitoring plan that provides information for judging the attainment of treatment objectives, performance, efficiency and the long-term viability of the system. Basic elements of a monitoring plan include clearly and precisely stated goals of the treatment project and specific objectives of monitoring. This chapter presents monitoring strategies in a hierarchical order according to increasing complexity and implementation effort. Monitoring for compliance with a discharge permit probably represents the minimum sampling requirements and complexity. The exception may rest with a small wetland system that features domestic wastewater treatment with no surface discharge and subsurface flow. To optimize and sustain the long-term treatment capacity of a constructed wetland requires maintenance of a healthy and functional community of aquatic plants and animals.

El presente documento contiene la información de un proyecto titulado “diseño e implementación del área de planeación para la gestión del mantenimiento de los sistemas de automatización y desarrollo de proyectos de la empresa Abrafelh” que se realizará en la empresa Abrafelh ubicada en el centro de la ciudad de Montería, en razón a una práctica empresarial con el objetivo de optar por el título de Ingeniero Mecánico de la Universidad de Córdoba, cede principal. La empresa distribuye puertas automáticas y partes para las mismas que requieren instalaciones, servicio técnico, servicio de posventa, mantenimientos, por lo que el proyecto consiste en diseñar e implementar un área que se encargue de administrar estas actividades que permitan el buen servicio al cliente. En la primera parte del documento se encuentra una descripción de la empresa, su estructura organizacional seguidamente el diagnostico general con respecto a los recursos humanos, recursos técnicos, recursos económicos e infraestructura física, seguido de una sección llamada diagnóstico donde se explica el cómo se encontraba la empresa al iniciar con este proyecto. Luego se puede encontrar los objetivos, un desarrollo metodológico, los aportes del estudiante, recomendaciones para la empresa y la Universidad, todo esto consecutivamente. Un aspecto relevante es contar con una base de datos actualizada, reportes e información de los clientes sobre los servicios y mantenimientos, formatos de guías de rutas. Los formatos de guías tienen un rol importante en la elaboración y planificación de servicios de reparaciones y mantenimientos, dado que permite evaluar las fallas más comunes que presentan los equipos. En el caso dado de no contar con un software de mantenimiento, los formatos de guían se convierten un mecanismo útil. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................ 13 2. INFORMACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA ................................................................................. 14 2.1. Plataforma estratégica .................................................................................................. 16 2.1.1. Misión de Abrafelh ................................................................................................. 17 2.1.2. Visión de Abrafelh .................................................................................................. 17 2.1.3. Valores de Abrafelh ............................................................................................... 17 3. ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZACIONAL Y DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA DE TRABAJO 4. DIAGNOSTICO GENERAL ............................................................................................... 22 4.1 Recursos humanos ......................................................................................................... 22 4.2 Recursos técnicos para el área de producción y el área de ventas ............................ 23 4.3 Recursos económicos ..................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Recursos de la infraestructura física ........................................................................... 33 5. OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................................... 47 5.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................................ 47 5.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ....................................................................................... 47 6. DESARROLLO METODOLÓGICO ................................................................................. 48 6.1. Diagnostico actual de prestación de servicios de reparación y mantenimiento ....... 48 6.2 Reestructuración del proceso de prestación de servicios ........................................... 52 6.3 Creación de base de datos para registro de visitas técnicas ...................................... 56 6.4 Diseño de una metodología de planeación de servicios y mantenimientos ............... 58 6.5 Validación de la metodología para la planeación de servicios................................... 62 6.5.1 Análisis estadístico .................................................................................................. 66 7. APORTE DEL ESTUDIANTE ............................................................................................ 74 7.1. Aporte en el área de planeación ................................................................................... 74 7.2. Aporte en el área de mantenimiento ............................................................................ 75 8 RECOMENDACIONES....................................................................................................... 76 8.1 Para la empresa: ............................................................................................................ 76 8.2 Para la universidad ........................................................................................................ 76 9 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................... 78 10 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................ 79 Práctica empresarial Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Mecánico(a)

Tetracycline resistance is still considered one of the most abundant antibiotic resistances among pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tet genes encoding tetracycline resistance in broiler chickens in Tunisia, by PCR. Individual cloacal swabs from 195 broiler chickens were collected at two slaughterhouses in the governorate of Ben Arous (Grand Tunis, Tunisia). Chickens were from 7 farms and belonged to 13 lots consisting of 15 animals randomly selected. Individual whole genomic DNA was extracted and tested for 14 tet genes. All the lots examined were positive for at least 9 tet genes, with an average number of 11 tet genes per lot. Of the 195 animals tested, 194 (99%) were positive for one or more tet genes. Tet(L), tet(M) and tet(O) genes were found in 98% of the samples, followed by tet(A) in 90.2%, tet(K) in 88.7% and tet(Q) in 80%. These results confirm the antimicrobial resistance impact in the Tunisian’s poultry sector and suggest the urgent need to establish a robust national antimicrobial resistance monitoring plan.