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BACKGROUND: Audit and Feedback (A&F) interventions based on quality indicators have been shown to lead to significant improvements in compliance with evidence-based care including de-adoption of low-value practices (LVPs). Our primary aim was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding a hypothetical A&F module targeting LVPs for trauma admissions to an existing quality assurance intervention targeting high-value care and risk-adjusted outcomes. A secondary aim was to assess how certain A&F characteristics might influence its cost-effectiveness. METHODS: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using a probabilistic static decision analytic model in the Québec trauma care continuum. We considered the Québec Ministry of Health perspective. Our economic evaluation compared a hypothetical scenario in which the A&F module targeting LVPs is implemented in a Canadian provincial trauma quality assurance program to a status quo scenario in which the A&F module is not implemented. In scenarios analyses we assessed the impact of A&F characteristics on its cost-effectiveness. Results are presented in terms of incremental costs per LVP avoided. RESULTS: Results suggest that the implementation of A&F module (Cost = $1,480,850; Number of LVPs = 6,005) is associated with higher costs and higher effectiveness compared to status quo (Cost = $1,124,661; Number of LVPs = 8,228). The A&F module would cost $160 per LVP avoided compared to status quo. The A&F module becomes more cost-effective with the addition of facilitation visits; more frequent evaluation; and when only high-volume trauma centers are considered. CONCLUSION: A&F module targeting LVPs is associated with higher costs and higher effectiveness than status quo and has the potential to be cost-effective if the decision-makers willingness-to-pay is at least $160 per LVP avoided. This likely represents an underestimate of true ICER due to underestimated costs or missed opportunity costs. Results suggest that virtual facilitation visits, frequent evaluation, and implementing the module in high-volume centers can improve cost-effectiveness.

Background : Previous studies have shown divergent results regarding the survival of injured children treated at pediatric trauma centers (PTC) and adult trauma centers (ATC). Aims : (1) To document, in a regionalized inclusive trauma system, at which level of trauma centers were the injured children treated and (2) to compare the in-hospital mortality over five levels of trauma care, ranging from pediatric level I trauma centers (PTC) to designated local trauma hospitals (level IV) for the whole study sample and for subgroups of severely injured children and head trauma. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis included data on 11,053 injured children (age ≤16 years) treated between April 1998 and March 2005 in 58 designated trauma hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing physiological data and multivariate logistic regression was used to compare mortality over levels of care. Results : PTC treated 52.2% of the children. Children treated at PTC were more often transferred from another hospital (73%) and were more severely injured. ATC level I, II, III and IV centers treated, respectively, 3.0%, 16.2%, 24.3% and 4.3% of children. Compared with children treated at a PTC, the risk of mortality was higher for children treated at each other ATC, i.e. level I (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-7.5), level II (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-5.0), level III (OR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.1-13.1) and level IV (OR = 9.9; 95% CI: 2.4-41.3). Similar findings were observed among the subsamples of children who were more severely injured (Injury Severity Score >15) and who sustained head injuries. Conclusions : In our trauma system, PTC cared for more than half of the injured children and patients treated there have better survival than those treated at all other levels of ATC.

Background: The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) is plagued by the problem of missing physiological data. The Glasgow Coma Scale score, Respiratory Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure are an essential part of risk adjustment strategies for trauma system evaluation and clinical research. Missing data on these variables may compromise the feasibility and the validity of trauma group comparisons. Aims: To evaluate the validity of Multiple Imputation (MI) for completing missing physiological data in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), by assessing the impact of MI on 1) frequency distributions, 2) associations with mortality, and 3) risk adjustment. Methods: Analyses were based on 170,956 NTDB observations with complete physiological data (observed data set). Missing physiological data were artificially imposed on this data set and then imputed using MI (MI data set). To assess the impact of MI on risk adjustment, 100 pairs of hospitals were randomly selected with replacement and compared using adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) of mortality. OR generated by the observed data set were then compared to those generated by the MI data set. Results: Frequency distributions and associations with mortality were preserved following MI. The median absolute difference between adjusted OR of mortality generated by the observed data set and by the MI data set was 3.6% (inter-quartile range: 2.4%-6.1%). Conclusions: This study suggests that, provided it is implemented with care, MI of missing physiological data in the NTDB leads to valid frequency distributions, preserves associations with mortality, and does not compromise risk adjustment in inter-hospital comparisons of mortality.

Background: Injury severity scales have traditionally been used to assess the perform ance of prehospital trauma triage protocols, but they correlate weakly with the urgent needs of specialized trauma care interventions. This study aimed to develop a list of in-hospital urgent and specialized trauma care interventions that require direct transport to the highest-level trauma centre within the catchment area. Methods: Based on a list of potential participants we obtained using data on training, experience, geographic location, affliations and role within key trauma organizations, we recruited multidisciplinary trauma experts (including prehospital, emergency, surgery and intensive care clinicians, epidemiologists and clinician/decision-makers) from across Canada to complete a 3-round modified Delphi survey. We conducted a literature review of the criteria used to define urgent and specialized trauma care, and included all diagnostic and therapeutic interventions presented in previously published studies in the list of interventions to present to the panellists. The final list was determined by our advisory committee, 5 clinicians with experience in trauma care. Participants were asked to rate their level of agreement for potentially including the 38 items as urgent and specialized trauma care interventions on a 9-point Likert scale. Interventions were retained if more than 67% of participants moderately or strongly agreed (7-9 on the Likert scale). Interventions that did not reach consensus were presented again in the subsequent round. Results: Twenty-three panellists were recruited. The response rate was 91%, 96% and 83% for the 3 rounds. After the Delphi process, 30 of the 38 interventions, including endotracheal intubation, blood product administration and angioembolization, and abdominal, thoracic, neurosurgical, spinal and/or orthopedic operations (excluding hip or limb surgery, and toe or finger amputation), were selected. Hospital admission to the intensive care unit and/or for observation of brain, spinal, thoracic or abdominal injuries were also retained. Conclusion: We developed a Canadian consensus-based list of urgent and specialized in-hospital trauma care interventions requiring direct transportation to a major trauma centre. This list should help standardize assessments of current protocols and derive new triage tools. Contexte : Les echelles de gravite des blessures sont habituellement utilisees pour evaluer les performances des protocoles de triage prehospitalier des traumatismes, mais elles sont inadaptees aux besoins urgents des interventions specialisees en traumatologie. La presente etude visait a concevoir une liste des interventions hospitalieres urgentes et specialisees en traumatologie necessitant un transport direct vers le centre de traumatologie du niveau le plus eleve de la circonscription hospitaliere. Methodes : Nous avons constitue une liste de participants potentiels d'apres des donnees sur la formation, l'experience, l'emplacement geographique, les affliations et le poste au sein d'etablissements majeurs en traumatologie pour recruter differents experts en traumatologie (dont des professionnels des soins prehospitaliers, des soins d'urgence, des soins intensifs et de la chirurgie, des epidemiologistes ainsi que des cliniciens decideurs) de tout le Canada a qui nous avons demande de remplir un questionnaire Delphi modife en 3 etapes. Nous avons effectue une revue de la litterature des criteres utilises pour definir les soins urgents et specialises en traumatologie et avons inclus l'ensemble des interventions diagnostiques et therapeutiques decrites dans les etudes precedentes a la liste des interventions presentees aux panelistes. Notre comite consultatif, 5 professionnels de la sante connaissant bien la traumatologie, s'est entendu sur la liste definitive. Les participants ont note la classification potentielle de 38 elements comme des interventions urgentes et specialisees en traumatologie sur une echelle de Likert en 9 points. Les interventions moderement ou fortement approuvees par plus de 67 % des participants (7-9 sur l'echelle de Likert) ont ete retenues, tandis que celles qui n'ont pas abouti a un consensus ont ete presentees a nouveau a l'etape suivante. Resultats : Vingt-trois panelistes ont ete recrutes et ont ete 91 %, 96 % et 83 % a repondre a chaque etape du sondage. A l'issue du processus Delphi, 30 des 38 interventions, dont l'intubation tracheale, l'administration de produits sanguins et l'angioembolisation, ainsi que les chirurgies abdominales, thoraciques, neurochirurgicales, orthopediques et du rachis (a l'exclusion de la chirurgie de la hanche ou des membres et l'amputation des orteils ou des doigts) ont ete selectionnees. L'hospitali sa tion en soins intensifs ou pour observation d'un traumatisme cranien, medullaire, tho ra cique ou abdominal a aussi ete retenue. Conclusion : Nous avons elabore une liste canadienne par consensus des interventions hospitalieres urgentes et specialisees en traumatologie necessitant un transport direct vers un grand centre de traumatologie afin de normaliser les evaluations des protocoles actuels pour en tirer de nouveaux outils de triage., Trauma is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and health-related productivity loss among young adults and carries an estimated annual cost of $27 billion in Canada. (1) For critically injured [...]

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by depressive and manic episodes that affect 2% of the world population. The first-line long-term treatment for mood stabilization is lithium (Li). Induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of BD using hippocampal dentate gyrus-like neurons derived from Li-responsive (LR) and Li-non-responsive (NR) patients previously showed neuronal hyperexcitability. Li treatment reversed hyperexcitability only on the LR neurons. In this study we searched for specific targets of Li resistance in NR neurons and found that the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was severely affected, with a significant decrease in expression of LEF1. Li targets the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting GSK-3β and releasing β-catenin that forms a nuclear complex with TCF/LEF1, activating the Wnt/β-catenin transcription program. Therefore, we propose that downregulation of LEF1 may account for Li resistance in NR neurons. Our results show that valproic acid (VPA), a drug used to treat NR patients that also acts downstream of GSK-3β, upregulated LEF1 and Wnt/β-catenin gene targets, increased transcriptional activity of complex β-catenin/TCF/LEF1, and reduced excitability in NR neurons. In addition, decreasing LEF1 expression in control neurons using shLEF1 caused hyperexcitability, confirming that the impact of VPA on excitability in NR neurons was connected to changes in LEF1 and in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results suggest that LEF1 may be a useful target for the discovery of new drugs for BD treatment.

Background: Comparisons across trauma systems are key to identifying opportunities to improve trauma care. We aimed to compare trauma service structures, processes and outcomes between the English National Health Service (NHS) and the province of Quebec, Canada. Methods: We conducted a multicentre cohort study including admissions of patients aged older than 15 years with major trauma to major trauma centres (MTCs) from 2014/15 to 2016/17. We compared structures descriptively, and time to MTC and time in the emergency department (ED) using Wilcoxon tests. We compared mortality, and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) using multilevel logistic regression with propensity score adjustment, stratified by body region of the worst injury. Results: The sample comprised 36 337 patients from the NHS and 6484 patients from Quebec. Structural differences in the NHS included advanced prehospital medical teams (v. 'scoop and run' in Quebec), helicopter transport (v. fixed-wing aircraft) and trauma team leaders. The median time to an MTC was shorter in Quebec than in the NHS for direct transports (1 h v. 1.5 h, p < 0.001) but longer for transfers (2.5 h v. 6 h, p < 0.001). Time in the ED was longer in Quebec than in the NHS (6.5 h v. 4.0 h, p < 0.001). The adjusted odds of death were higher in Quebec for head injury (odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.51) but lower for thoracoabdominal injuries (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.90). The adjusted median hospital LOS was longer for spine, torso and extremity injuries in the NHS than in Quebec, and the median ICU LOS was longer for spine injuries. Conclusion: We observed significant differences in the structure of trauma care, delays in access and risk-adjusted outcomes between Quebec and the NHS. Future research should assess associations between structures, processes and outcomes to identify opportunities for quality improvement. Contexte : Il est indispensable de comparer entre eux les différents systèmes intégrés de traumatologie pour identifier les secteurs où les soins peuvent y être améliorés. Nous avons donc procédé à une comparaison descriptive des structures, du fonctionnement et des résultats entre le National Health Service (NHS) du Royaume-Uni et le Québec, au Canada. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte multicentrique regroupant des victimes de traumatismes majeurs âgées de 15 ans et plus hospitalisées dans de grands centres intégrés de traumatologie (CIT) de 2014/15 à 2016/17. Nous avons procédé à une comparaison descriptive des structures, de l'intervalle médian avant l'arrivée au CIT et de la durée du séjour aux urgences à l'aide de tests de Wilcoxon. Nous avons comparé la mortalité et la durée des séjours à l'hôpital et à l'unité de soins intensifs (USI) par analyse de régression logistique multiniveau avec redressement des scores de propension stratifiée selon les structures anatomiques les plus gravement touchées. Résultats : L'échantillon comprenait 36 337 cas du NHS et 6484 cas du Québec. Les différences structurelles du NHS incluaient des équipes médicales de soins préhospitaliers d'urgence avancés (c. transport rapide vers un CIT [<< scoop and run >>] au Québec), le transport par hélicoptère (c. avion à voilure fixe) et des chefs d'équipes de traumatologie. L'intervalle médian avant l'arrivée au CIT a été plus court au Québec par rapport au NHS pour les transports directs (1 h c. 1,5 h, p < 0,001), mais plus long pour les transferts (2,5 h c. 6 h, p < 0,001). La durée du séjour aux urgences a été plus longue au Québec par rapport au NHS (6,5 h c. 4,0 h, p < 0,001). Le risque de mortalité ajusté a été plus élevé au Québec dans les cas de traumatisme crânien (rapport des cotes [RC] 1,28, intervalle de confiance de 95 % [IC] 1,09-1,51), mais moins élevé dans les cas de traumatisme thoraco-abdominal (RC 0,69, IC de 95 % 0,52-0,90). La durée médiane ajustée des séjours hospitaliers a été plus longue dans les cas de traumatisme à la colonne vertébrale, aux membres et au thorax avec le NHS qu'au Québec, et la durée médiane des séjours à l'USI a été plus longue dans les cas de traumatisme à la colonne vertébrale. Conclusion : Nous avons observé des différences significatives quant à la structure des soins en traumatologie, quant aux délais pour y accéder et quant aux résultats ajustés en fonction du risque entre le Québec et le NHS. La recherche future devrait se pencher sur les liens entre les structures, le fonctionnement et les résultats afin de mieux cibler les secteurs où il serait possible d'apporter des améliorations., Injuries are a major public health issue. They represent the primary cause of death for people younger than 40 years, as well as loss of active life years and temporary [...]

IntroductionUnderuse of high-value clinical practices and overuse of low-value practices are major sources of inefficiencies in modern healthcare systems. Injuries are second only to cardiovascular disease in terms of acute care costs but data on the economic impact of clinical practices for injury admissions are lacking. This study aims to summarise evidence on the economic value of intrahospital clinical practices for injury care.Methods and analysisWe will perform a systematic review to identify research articles in economic evaluation of intrahospital clinical practices in acute injury care. We will search MEDLINE and databases such as Embase, Web of Science, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIOSIS and CINAHL for randomised or non-randomised controlled trials and observational studies using a combination of keywords and controlled vocabulary. We will consider the following outcomes relative to economic evaluations: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental cost-utility ratio, incremental net health benefit, incremental net monetary benefit (iNMB) and incremental cost-benefit ratio. Pairs of independent reviewers will evaluate studies that meet eligibility criteria and extract data from included articles using an electronic data extraction form. All outcomes will be converted into iNMB. We will report iNMB for practices classified by type of practice (hospitalisation, consultation, diagnostic, therapeutic-surgical, therapeutic-drugs, therapeutic-other). Results obtained with a ceiling ratio of $50 000 per quality-adjusted life year gained for identified clinical practices will be summarised by charting forest plots. In line with Cochrane recommendations for systematic reviews of economic evaluations, meta-analyses will not be conducted.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as original data will not be collected. This study will summarise existing evidence on the economic value of clinical practices in injury care. Results will be used to advance knowledge on value-based care for injury admissions and will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed article, international scientific meetings and clinical and healthcare quality associations.

BackgroundVariations in adjusted costs have been observed among trauma centres in the United States but patient outcomes were not better in centres with higher costs. Attempts to improve injury care efficiency are hampered by insufficient patient-level information on resource use and on the drivers of resource use intensity.ObjectivesTo estimate patient-level resource use for injury admissions, identify determinants of resource use intensity, and evaluate inter-hospital variations in resource use.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study including ≥16-year-olds admitted to adult trauma centres in a mature, inclusive Canadian trauma system between 2014 and 2016. We extracted data from the trauma registry and hospital financial reports. We estimated resource use with activity-based costs, identified determinants of resource use intensity using a multilevel linear model and assessed the relative importance of each determinant with Cohen's f2. We evaluated inter-provider variations with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsWe included 32,411 patients. Median costs per admission were $4857 (Quartiles 1 and 3 2961-8448). The most important contributors to total resource use were the medical ward (57%), followed by the operating room (OR; 23%) and the intensive care unit (13%). The strongest determinant of resource use intensity was discharge destination (Cohen's f2 = 7%). The most resource intense patient group was spinal cord injuries with $11,193 (7115-17,606) per admission. While resource use increased with increasing age for the medical ward, it decreased with increasing age for the OR. Resource use was 18% higher in level I centres compared to level IV centres and we observed significant variations in resource use across centres (ICC = 5% [4-6]), particularly for the OR (28% [20-40]).ConclusionsResource use for acute injury care in Quebec is not solely due to the clinical status of patients. We identified determinants of resource use that can be used to establish evidence-based resource allocations and improve injury care efficiency. The method we developed for estimating patient-level, in-hospital resource use for injury admissions and identifying related determinants could be reproduced using local trauma registry data and our unit costs or unit costs specific to each setting.

Comparative analyses of neuronal phenotypes in closely related species can shed light on neuronal changes occurring during evolution. The study of post-mortem brains of nonhuman primates (NHPs) has been limited and often does not recapitulate important species-specific developmental hallmarks. We utilize induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to investigate the development of cortical pyramidal neurons following migration and maturation of cells grafted in the developing mouse cortex. Our results show differential migration patterns in human neural progenitor cells compared to those of chimpanzees and bonobos both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting heterochronic changes in human neurons. The strategy proposed here lays the groundwork for further comparative analyses between humans and NHPs and opens new avenues for understanding the differences in the neural underpinnings of cognition and neurological disease susceptibility between species.

Background: The knowledge gap regarding acute care resource use for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) impedes efforts to improve the efficiency and quality of the care of these patients. Our objective was to evaluate interhospital variation in resource use for patients with TBI, identify determinants of high resource use and assess the association between hospital resource use and clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study including patients aged 16 years and older admitted to the inclusive trauma system of Quebec following TBI, between 2013 and 2016. We estimated resource use using activity-based costs. Clinical outcomes included mortality, complications and unplanned hospital readmission. Interhospital variation was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Correlations between hospital resource use and clinical outcomes were evaluated using correlation coefficients on weighted, risk-adjusted estimates with 95% CIs. Results: We included 6319 patients. We observed significant interhospital variation in resource use for patients discharged alive, which was not explained by patient case mix (ICC 0.052, 95% CI 0.043 to 0.061). Adjusted mean resource use for patients discharged to long-term care was more than twice that of patients discharged home. Hospitals with higher resource use tended to have a lower incidence of mortality (r -0.347, 95% CI -0.559 to -0.087) and unplanned readmission (r -0.249, 95% CI -0.481 to 0.020) but a higher incidence of complications (r 0.491, 95% CI 0.255 to 0.666). Conclusion: Resource use for TBI varies significantly among hospitals and may be associated with differences in mortality and morbidity. Negative associations with mortality and positive associations with complications should be interpreted with caution but suggest there may be a trade-off between adverse events and survival that should be evaluated further. Contexte : Le manque de donnees sur l'utilisation des ressources en soins aigus chez les patients victimes d'un traumatisme cranien (TC) nuit aux efforts pour ameliorer l'efficience et la qualite de leurs soins. Notre objectif etait d'evaluer les variations quant a l'utilisation des ressources chez les patients victimes de traumatismes craniens entre les hdpitaux, d'identifier les determinants d'une grande utilisation des ressources et d'analyser le lien entre l'utilisation des ressources hospitalieres et les resultats cliniques. Methodes : Nous avons procede a une etude de cohorte retrospective multicentrique sur des patients ages de 16 ans et plus admis dans le systeme integre de traumatologie au Quebec apres un TC, entre 2013 et 2016. Nous avons estime l'utilisation des ressources a partir des couts bases sur les activites. Les resultats cliniques incluaient mortalite, complications et rehospitalisation non planifiee. La variation entre les hdpitaux a ete evaluee a l'aide de coefficients de correlation intra-classe (CCIC), avec des intervalles de confiance (IC) de 95 %. Les correlations entre l'utilisation des ressources hospitalieres et les resultats cliniques ont ete evaluees a l'aide de coefficients de correlation sur les estimations ponderees, ajustees en fonction du risque, avec des IC de 95 %. Resultats : Nous avons inclus 6319 patients. Nous avons observe des variations significatives entre les hdpitaux pour ce qui est de l'utilisation des ressources chez les patients ayant recu leur conge de l'hdpital et elle n'a pas pu etre expliquee par la clientele (CCIC 0,052, IC de 95 % 0,043 a 0,061). L'utilisation moyenne ajustee des ressources chez les patients transferes vers un etablissement de soins prolonges etait au-dela de 2 fois plus elevee que chez les patients ayant recu leur conge de l'hopital. Les hopitaux qui ont utilise davantage de ressources ont eu tendance a avoir une incidence moindre de mortalite (r -0,347, IC de 95 % -0,559 a -0,087) et de readmissions non planifiees (r -0,249, IC de 95 % -0,481 a 0,020), mais une incidence plus elevee de complications (r 0,491, IC de 95 % 0,255 a 0,666). Conclusion : L'utilisation des ressources pour les TC varie significativement d'un hopital a l'autre et pourrait etre associee a des differences de mortalite et de morbidite. Les associations negatives avec la mortalite et positives avec les complications devraient etre interpretees avec prudence, mais suggerent qu'il y aurait lieu d'analyser plus en profondeur le rapport entre evenements defavorables et survie., In North America, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of mortality and disability for youth and older adults. (1,2) TBI is responsible for nearly half of all injury-related [...]

Background: Impaired growth in childhood can lead to poor cognitive development and low school performance. However, literature on the effects of stunting on school trajectory is very limited. The primary objective of this research was to estimate the age at which children start school according to levels of height-for-age z-score (stunting). A second objective was to estimate the gain in terms of age at school entry associated with an improvement in height-for-age z-score. A third objective was to explore the relationship between stunting, grade repetition, and school dropout. Methods: We used longitudinal data from the Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Data from a 2010 health survey of children under 5 years of age were merged with subsequent longitudinal schooling data. The study included 767 children globally who participated in the health and education surveys. Education data allowed us to apprehend academic trajectory measured by age at school entry, repetition, and dropout. The health survey gathered anthropometric information that was used to measure stunting. The adjusted age at school entry was estimated using a Poisson model. The gain represents the difference in adjusted age at school entry for different values of height-for-age. The relationship between stunting and grade repetition and dropout was studied using a discrete-time survival model. Results: Results showed that children entered school on average at 5.7 years old, and the incidence of grade repetition and dropout was 17.7 and 6.6 per 100 persons-years, respectively. The adjusted age at school entry of severely stunted children was 6.2 years [95% confidence intervals (CI): 6.1; 6.3] compared to 5.1 years [95% CI: 5.0; 5.3] for children who had normal growth. The difference (gain) in adjusted age at school entry between severely and non-stunted children was thus 1.06 [95% CI: 0.87; 1.25] years. If a child's growth changed from severe stunting to normal growth, their risk of repeating a grade decreased by 5.0 [95% CI: 0.0; 9.0] per 100 persons-years. We did not observe a relationship between height-for-age and dropout. Conclusion: The results show that schooling is affected in several ways for children who are stunted. The age at school entry of stunted children is more likely to be delayed. Also, being stunted is associated with higher incidence of grade repetition. However, the relationship between stunting and dropout was inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a growing trend toward verification of trauma centres, but its impact remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize available evidence on the effectiveness of trauma centre verification. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the CINAHL, Embase, HealthStar, MEDLINE and ProQuest databases, as well as the websites of key injury organizations for grey literature, from inception to June 2019, without language restrictions. Our population consisted of injured patients treated at trauma centres. The intervention was trauma centre verification. Comparison groups comprised nonverified trauma centres, or the same centre before it was first verified or re-verified. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; secondary outcomes included adverse events, resource use and processes of care. We computed pooled summary estimates using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Of 5125 citations identified, 29, all conducted in the United States, satisfied our inclusion criteria. Mortality was the most frequently investigated outcome (n = 20), followed by processes of care (n = 12), resource use (n = 12) and adverse events (n = 7). The risk of bias was serious to critical in 22 studies. We observed an imprecise association between verification and decreased mortality (relative risk 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 1.06) in severely injured patients. Conclusion: Our review showed mixed and inconsistent associations between verification and processes of care or patient outcomes. The validity of the published literature is limited by the lack of robust controls, as well as any evidence from outside the US, which precludes extrapolation to other health care jurisdictions. Quasiexperimental studies are needed to assess the impact of trauma centre verification. Systematic reviews registration: PROSPERO no. CRD42018107083 Contexte : Le processus d'audit des centres de traumatologie gagne en popularité, mais ses effets concrets ne sont pas bien connus. La présente revue systématique a cherché à résumer les données probantes disponibles sur l'efficacité de l'audit des centres de traumatologie. Méthodes : Nous avons effectué des recherches systématiques dans les bases de données CINAHL, Embase, HealthSTAR, MEDLINE et ProQuest, de même qu'une recherche dans la littérature grise sur les sites Web d'organisations majeures du domaine des traumas, de leur création à juin 2019, sans restriction de langue. La population à l'étude était l'ensemble des patients blessés traités en centre de traumatologie. L'intervention était l'audit du centre de traumatologie. Les groupes de comparaison correspondaient aux centres de traumatologie n'ayant pas subi d'audit, ou le même centre, avant son premier audit ou un audit subséquent. Le principal résultat à l'étude était la mortalité en milieu hospitalier; les résultats secondaires étaient les événements indésirables, l'utilisation des ressources et les processus de soins. Nous avons calculé des estimations sommaires par méta-analyse à effets aléatoires sur données groupées. Résultats : Sur les 5125 citations retenues, 29 publications sur des études menées aux États-Unis répondaient à nos critères d'inclusion. La mortalité était le résultat le plus souvent à l'étude (n = 20), puis suivaient les processus de soins (n = 12), l'utilisation des ressources (n = 12) et les événements indésirables (n = 7). Le risque de biais était important ou critique dans 22 études. Nous avons observé une association imprécise entre l'audit et une baisse de la mortalité (risque relatif 0,74; intervalle de confiance à 95% 0,52 à 1,06) chez les patients ayant subi un trauma grave. Conclusion : Notre revue a conclu qu'il y avait des associations mitigées et manquant d'uniformité entre l'audit et les processus de soins ou les issues pour les patients. La validité des données à l'étude était limitée par un manque de contrôles fiables, ainsi que par l'absence de données provenant d'autres pays que les États-Unis, ce qui empêche l'extrapolation à d'autres systèmes de santé. Des études quasi expérimentales devront être menées pour évaluer les effets de l'audit des centres de traumatologie. Enregistrement de la revue systématique : Registre PROSPERO, numéro CRD42018107083., The introduction of trauma systems, defined as an organized and multidisciplinary response to injury from prehospital care to rehabilitation and community integration, has led to important reductions in injury burdens [...]

The article focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of a provincial prehospital trauma triage protocol (EQTPT) in identifying patients needing urgent trauma care, assessing its sensitivity and specificity in a regional context. Topics include the protocol's performance in distinguishing between different levels of trauma severity based on patient outcomes and the implications for improving prehospital triage practices to enhance timely.