Search

The molecular structure of the title salt, C11H12N3O3+·Br−, reveals near co-planarity between the the imidazole and 4-nitrobenzene moieties with a dihedral angle of 8.99 (14)° between their planes. A prominent feature in the molecular packing is the bromide anion acting as a double acceptor for O—H...Br and C—H...Br hydrogen-bonds, leading to a linear chain propagating along [110]. The crystal studied was refined as an inversion twin, with the minor component = 0.081 (8).

The extensive utilization of nitrogen (N) fertilizers within maize cultivation systems has resulted in diminished nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and contributed to nitrogen pollution on a global scale. To assess the ecological repercussions of excessive fertilization, it is imperative to elucidate both the nitrogen use efficiency and the fate of nitrogenous fertilizers upon application. The current research evaluated the potential of a newly developed slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on maize growth and its behavior in soil under controlled conditions. Six different levels of urea fertilizer (UF) and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF) were administered within the field, representing 100%, 85%, and 70% of the recommended application rates. The slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF) exhibited superior performance regarding growth, yield and nutrient retention in comparison to urea fertilizer (UF). Moreover, minimal ammonia emissions were detected with the employment of the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF), while other urea-based fertilizers proved inefficient in mitigating ammonia emissions, despite enhancing various growth and yield parameters. The efficiency in nutrient recovery followed a distinct pattern, with polymer-coated fertilizers demonstrating superiority. The plots treated with SRNF displayed significantly higher growth and yield characteristics compared to those treated with urea fertilizer. In terms of NH3 volatilization, the urea fertilizer (UF) treatment at 100% application rate showed higher emissions (1.99 mg g-1) after a 27-day incubation period, as opposed to the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF) treatment (1.68 mg g-1). Leaching data indicated that urea fertilizer treatments led to greater losses of NO3-N (2.01 mg L-1) compared to SRNF treatments (0.88 mg L-1).

The influence of the support on catalytic activity and stability of supported 2Cr-Fe bimetallic catalysts for the CO2-assisted dehydrogenation (DH) of n-octane has been investigated. Four MgO modified supports viz; MgO-CeO2 (MgCe), MgO-ZrO2 (MgZr), MgO-CeO2-ZrO2 (MgCeZr) and MgO-SiO2 (MgSi) were synthesized by the sol-gel combustion technique. The supported catalysts were in turn prepared by vacuum impregnation and thereafter tested for the CO2-assisted DH of n-octane. The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron dispersive x-ray (EDX), temperature programmed desorption of CO2 (CO2-TPD), temperature programmed reduction and oxidation (H2-TPR and CO2-TPO), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Raman results showed that the CrOx is stabilized as mono- and/or polynuclear Cr(VI) species over the 2Cr-Fe/MgCe catalyst, which are reduced to lower oxidation state species during the DH reaction. The 2Cr-Fe/MgZr, 2Cr-Fe/MgCeZr and 2Cr-Fe/MgSi catalysts stabilized the CrOx as polymerized species, forming the more active Cr-O-Fe polymer units on the catalysts’ surface. XRD, TEM and EDX results showed that the ZrO2-containing supports have smaller particles and stabilized the active metal oxides in a more dispersed amorphous state. The CO2-TPO of the pre-reduced catalysts and EPR of the used catalysts indicated that the 2Cr-Fe/MgCeZr undergoes significant re-oxidation by CO2 during the catalytic process. The 2Cr-Fe/MgCe was the least active, while the 2Cr-Fe/MgZr catalyst showed the best performance and stability over three regeneration cycles. Selectivity to C8 products (octenes and aromatics) was found to strongly depend on the surface basicity of the catalysts. Deactivation of the catalysts was found to follow first order kinetics and coke deposition was identified as the major cause.

Introduction: Preterm birth is linked to various complications in both infancy and adulthood. We assessed the association between preterm birth and hypertension in adulthood. Materials and Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL Register were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing systolic and diastolic blood pressures in individuals born preterm and those born full-term, from inception till April 11th, 2022. Data were extracted, pooled, and analyzed. Forest plots were created for a visual demonstration. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included in our meta-analysis. SBP and DBP across all categories (Mean, Ambulatory, Daytime, and Nighttime) were higher in the preterm group compared to the term group. Mean SBP, mean ambulatory SBP, mean daytime SBP and mean nighttime SBP were 4.26 mmHg [95% CI: 3.09–5.43; P < 0.00001], 4.53 mmHg [95% CI: 1.82–7.24; P = 0.001], 4.51 mmHg [95% CI: 2.56–6.74; P < 0.00001], and 3.06 mmHg [95% CI: 1.32–4.80; P = 0.0006] higher in the preterm group, respectively. Mean DBP, mean ambulatory DBP, mean daytime DBP, and mean nighttime DBP were 2.32 mmHg [95% CI: 1.35–3.29; P < 0.00001], 1.54 mmHg [95% CI 0.68–2.39; P = 0.0004], 1.74 mmHg [95% CI: 0.92–2.56; P < 0.0001], and 1.58 mmHg [95% CI: 0.34–2.81; P = 0.01] higher in the preterm group, respectively. Conclusion: Our observations suggest that individuals who were born preterm may have higher blood pressures as compared to those who were born full-term.

Unutilized CO2 can be utilized to decompose carbonates at low temperatures through the magnetic field effect so that it can reduce air CO2 gas emissions. This study identifies the optimal parameters required in the carbonate dissociation reaction by considering volume, temperature, electric current, and pressure. Tests were conducted by monitoring hourly pressure and weight changes before and after CO2 injection. The results showed that the optimal carbonate dissociation parameters were volume 50 ml, weight 50.01 g, electric current 15 A, and temperature 90oC with an inlet pressure of 30 psi. Utilization of a magnetic field with a strength of 9 - 10 T resulted in a weight reduction of 8.3 g. The carbonate dissociation reaction under the influence of the magnetic field degraded the elemental levels of C (8%) and O (4%) and increased the elemental level of Ca (31%). CO2 can effectively induce carbonate dissociation when in a magnetic field.

The use of metal compounds such as cisplatin and its derivatives as therapeutic and diagnostic agents against various diseases is well established. Although metallodrugs have been very successful clinically, low therapeutic selectivity and the potential toxicity of the metal compounds mandate the need for a continuous search for more efficient and specific treatments. Hence, the use of computer-aided drug design (CADD), molecular modelling and theoretical studies in designing, selecting and applying potential drug candidates have become ever more necessary. Among the many computational and theoretical techniques, molecular docking and density functional theory play significant roles in predicting drug activity. Recent methodologies, within the past 5 years, that rely on these techniques to advance the adoption of potential metallodrugs are highlighted and thoroughly discussed. This is because advancements in computing power have led to the wide use of CADD approaches for drug discovery, development and analysis to shorten the time and reduce the costs associated with drug discovery.

A series of new chelating bidentate (SS) alkylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (3ai, 3aii, 3aiii, 3bii/4aiii, 4bi, 4bii), and the tridentate (SNS) pyridine-2,6-diylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (5bi, 5civ/6bi, 6ci, 6civ) in the forms [MII(cym)(L)Cl]PF6 and [MII(cym)(L)]PF6 (M = Ru or Os, cym = η6-p-cymene, and L = heterocyclic derivatives of thiourea) respectively, were successfully synthesized. Spectroscopic and analytical methods were used to characterize the complexes and their ligands. Solid-state single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed a “piano-stool” geometry around the Ru(II) or Os(II) centers in the respective complexes. The complexes were investigated for in vitro chemotherapeutic activities against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and the non-cancerous cell line (Hek293) using the MTT assay. The compounds 3aii, 5civ, 5bi, 4aiii, 6ci, 6civ, and the reference drug, 5-fluorouracil were found to be selective toward the tumor cells; the compounds 3ai, 3aiii, 3bii, 4bi, 4bii, and 6bi, which were found not to be selective between normal and tumor cell lines. The IC50 value of the tridentate half-sandwich complex 5bi (86 ± 9 μM) showed comparable anti-proliferative activity with the referenced commercial anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (87 ± 15 μM). The pincer (SNS) osmium complexes 6ci (36 ± 10 μM) and 6civ (40 ± 4 μM) were twice as effective as the reference drug 5-fluorouracil at the respective dose concentrations. However, the analogous pincer (SNS) ruthenium complex 5civ was ineffective and did not show anti-proliferative activity, even at a higher concentration of 147 ± 1 μM. These findings imply that the higher stability of the chelating (SS) and the pincer (SNS) ligand architectures in the complexes improves the biological (anti-proliferative) activity of the complexes by reducing the chance of ligand dissociation under physiological conditions. In general, the pincer (SNS) osmium complexes were found to be more cytotoxic than their ruthenium analogues, suggesting that the anti-proliferative activity of the imidazole-2-thione-Ru/Os complexes depends on the ligand’s spatial coordination, the nature of the metal center, and the charge of the metal complex ions.

This study aimed to investigate the role of religious and cultural education in solving radicalism conflicts that occurred in the Sibolga community in Indonesia. The method used in this research was qualitative with the type of grounded research. This study involved educational stakeholders and traditional as well as cultural leaders as informants in collecting data. These informants were chosen by using a purposive sampling technique. The data obtained in this study were qualitative data that were analysed descriptively by applying the data triangulation technique. This study’s results indicated that two elements were used as steps to resolve the radicalism conflict that occurred in the Sibolga community in Indonesia. The two elements were educational elements and cultural elements. The educational element played a role in building the students’ character and creating tolerance among religious communities to maintain unity and integrity among citizens. Cultural elements acted as controllers of differences in society with all customs that were binding in society. Contribution: This article contributes to the completion of solutions for the many perpetrators of religious radicalism involving students. The role of religious and cultural education as a resolution of radicalism conflicts. In fact, the conflict resolution steps taken through these two elements had been successfully implemented in the Sibolga community, Indonesia, as one of the areas affected by radicalism.

Sebagai salah satu negara penghasil hidrokarbon terbesar di Asia Tenggara, saat ini Indonesia masih menggarap cadangan energi yang terdampak dari penundaan eksplorasi sumur pada tahun 2020. Kondisi target eksplorasi pada cekungan di wilayah Indonesia membutuhkan peran seluruh pemangku kebijakan dalam mencegah dan mengurangi emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan dari sumur minyak dan gas yang mati, lapangan minyak dan gas yang sudah tua, dan blok yang berpotensi untuk eksplorasi minyak dan gas. Pada kajian ini, terdapat analisis CCS dengan mengidentifikasi karakteristik dari penyekat patahan, menganalisis sekuestrasi yang bekerja tepat untuk blok migas, serta analisis terhadap isu SDGs dengan sudut pandang analisis SWOT dan PESTLE di Indonesia. Langkah ini sejalan dengan Rencana Aksi Nasional Indonesia dalam mengurangi hingga 40% emisi CO2. Dalam studi ini, keikutsertaan dari para pegiat industri dan pemangku kebijakan dalam rangka pencapaian SDGs sangat krusial dari berbagai aspek. Hal ini diperlukan untuk melancarkan transformasi besar dari sistem energi global agar mampu mengubah prospeksi untuk merealisasikan tiga nilai SDGs yang terkait dengan energi, yaitu mengurangi dampak kesehatan yang parah akibat polusi udara (SDGs no.3), untuk mencapai akses energi yang terjangkau secara menyeluruh (SDGs no.7), dan untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim (SDGs no. 13).

Objectives: Reported a case demonstrate the double approach repair of niche treatment through the hysteroscopy and laparoscopy technique. Methods: Case report. We reported a case starting from the patient admission untill 3 months postoperative condition. Case: A 33 years old woman came with abnormal uterine bleeding, already got medication and combine oral contraception pill, but the bleeding never stopped. We found a cavity (niche) filled by menstrual blood with thin lower uterine segment (just serous layer) from transvaginal ultrasound. We did hysteroscopy and laparoscopy approach. We illuminated the niche by hysteroscopy, then resected it by laparoscopy. Patient had a day hospital admission and no symptoms anymore after the procedure. Conclusion: Many treatment methods have been described for repair of niche with varies effectivities. Double approach (hysteroscopy and laparoscopy) technique was a minimal access, but optimal approach of niche resection with up to 100% effectivity. Keywords: abnormal uterine bleeding, caesarean scar defect, hysteroscopy, istmochele laparoscopy, niche Abstrak Tujuan: Melaporkan sebuah kasus yang menggambarkan pendekatan ganda dalam memperbaiki niche dengan histeroskopi dan laparoskopi. Metode: Laporan kasus. Kami melaporkan sebuah kasus dimulai dari pasien masuk sampai dengan 3 bulan pascaoperasi. Kasus: Perempuan 33 tahun datang dengan perdarahan uterus abnormal, telah diberikan terapi obat dan pil kombinasi, namun perdarahan tidak berhenti. Dari ultrasonografi ditemukan rongga berisi darah menstrusasi dengan segmen bawah uterus yang tipis (hanya lapisan serosa). Kami melakukan pendekatan histeroskopi dan laparoskopi. Dilakukan iluminasi dengan histeroskopi, kemudian reseksi dengan laparoskopi. Perawatan pasien di rumah sakit selama satu hari, dan tidak terdapat keluhan pada pasien setelah tindakan. Kesimpulan: Terdapat banyak metode dalam tata laksana niche dengan efektivitas yang beragam. Pendekatan ganda dengan histeroskopi dan laparoskopi merupakan tehnik dengan akses minimal namun hasil optimal, dengan efektivitas hingga 100%. Kata Kunci: perdarahan uterus abnormal, defek skar sesar, histeroskopi, istmpchele, laparoskopi, niche

Abstract Background This study was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary level of tryptophan (Trp) supplementation at which broiler chickens have better growth with efficient immune system and anti‐oxidant status. Method One hundred and twenty (n = 120) 1‐day‐old broiler chicks were fed a common commercial diet from days 1 to 7. On day 7, the chicks were randomly divided in three treatment groups, that is, Trp 0.2 [national research council (NRC) recommended level of tryptophan], Trp 0.3 (tryptophan supplemented at 0.3%) and Trp 0.5 (tryptophan supplemented at 0.5%). All the experimental diets were iso‐caloric (ME; 3,000 kcal/kg) and iso‐proteic (CP; 18.5%). Weekly data on feed intake and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 19, avian tuberculin was injected to note the cellular immunity. On day 21, two birds per replicate were killed to determine carcass and visceral organ weights. Blood serum samples were collected for analysis of humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells, total oxidant and anti‐oxidants by spectrophotometric method. Results Feed intake, carcass and visceral organ weights remained unaffected by dietary treatments while BWG and FCR tended to improve (p

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) from bacteria shares high amino acid sequence homology and nearly identical structure. Despite of that, their characteristics are diverse, which likely due to their bacterial origin and adaptation to the environment. Most importantly, their structural similarity extends to eukaryotic MnSOD, i.e. human. Therefore, structural study of bacterial MnSOD is relevant to its human SOD and henceforth for its use in human as a therapeutic agent or a cosmetic ingredient. Further, eukaryotic MnSOD occurs as a tetramer while almost all of the prokaryotic are dimeric. In this review, relationship between the amino acid sequences and structures of MnSOD as well as their origin and evolution is discussed. The structures of FeSOD and cambialistic SOD, which are MnSOD closest homologs, are visited as the comparison. This study provides an insight to potential safe application of bacterial MnSOD, including necessary modifications to obtain desired characteristics for applications in human.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has burdened the health system and medical education programmes both locally and globally, requiring medical students to continue their education whilst engaging in prevention programmes to support primary health services. This study aims to describe medical students’ knowledge, attitudes in the prevention of COVID-19, and to determine the relationship between the knowledge of COVID-19 preventive behaviour and attitudes towards it. This study used an analytical cross-sectional observational design with a sample of 290 students. Data were collected through a self-assessment method using a validated questionnaire. Analysis of the frequency distribution test for knowledge found that 54.1% of the respondents and 99.0% of the students had a good understanding of the mode of transmission of COVID-19. The majority of medical students (73.1%) also had a good attitude towards COVID-19 and around 84.3% of the students considered that good ethics is needed when coughing or sneezing during this pandemic. As many as 46.6% of the respondents had good preventive behaviour against COVID-19 and always imposed restrictions on using public transportation during a pandemic. The Spearman’s correlation test shows a weak but meaningful relationship between knowledge (r = 0.214, p = 0.000) and COVID-19 preventive behaviour, and a significant relationship between attitudes (r = 0.477, p = 0.000) towards COVID-19 preventive behaviour. This study concludes that medical students have good knowledge, preventive behaviour and an understanding of infection risk. An enhanced knowledge and awareness will increase preventive behaviours that will provide support in controlling the disease.

User-centric joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) has been shown to enhance the capacity of terrestrial cellular systems, by overcoming cell-edge interference. This paper investigates how JT-CoMP can be extended to a new high altitude platform (HAP) system architecture by exploiting a phased array antenna, which generates multiple beams that form cells, each of which can map on to pooled virtual base-station equipment, thereby replacing multiple terrestrial cell sites. The strategy to implement CoMP is designed to best enhance the user experience at the edge of the HAP cells, including the overall performance of the system. Methods to overcome the known tradeoff for JT-CoMP between carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio (CINR) gain and loss of capacity accessible to the users are considered. Two different methods of identifying non-CoMP and CoMP users are introduced based upon the centralized CINR threshold and flexible CINR threshold approaches. For the bandwidth allocation technique, two approaches are used: full bandwidth (FBW) and half bandwidth (HBW). These four approaches are combined, delivering the FBW, HBW, Flex FBW, and Flex HBW schemes that are used to control the JT-CoMP. It is shown that 57% and 45% of users gain benefit from the use of HBW and FBW, respectively. Overall, the schemes based on the flexible CINR threshold approach provide the best balance between loss and gain of the user capacity, while the centralized CINR threshold-based schemes performed well, beneficiary up to 57% of the users, but with the drawbacks of a higher percentage of losing users.

Four new Schiff base functionalized 1,2,3-triazolylidene nickel complexes, [Ni-(L1NHC)2](PF6)2; 3, [Ni-(L2NHC)2](PF6)2; 4, [Ni-(L3NHC)](PF6)2; 7 and [Ni-(L4NHC)](PF6)2; 8, (where L1NHC = (E)-3-methyl-1-propyl-4-(2-(((2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)imino)methyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate(V), 1, L2NHC = (E)-3-methyl-4-(2-((phenethylimino)methyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate(V), 2, L3NHC = 4,4′-(((1E)-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(3-methyl-1-propyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium) hexafluorophosphate(V), 5, and L4NHC = 4,4′-(((1E)-(butane-1,4-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(3-methyl-1-propyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium) hexafluorophosphate(V), 6), were synthesised and characterised by a variety of spectroscopic methods. Square planar geometry was proposed for all the nickel complexes. The catalytic potential of the complexes was explored in the oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde, using hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant in the presence of acetonitrile at 80 °C. All complexes showed good catalytic activity with high selectivity to benzaldehyde. Complex 3 gave a conversion of 88% and a selectivity of 70% to benzaldehyde in 6 h. However, complexes 4 and 7–8 gave lower conversions of 48–74% but with higher (up to 90%) selectivity to benzaldehyde. Results from kinetics studies determined the activation energy for the catalytic oxidation reaction as 65 ± 3 kJ/mol, first order in catalyst and fractional order in the oxidant. Results from UV-visible and CV studies of the catalytic activity of the Ni-triazolylidene complexes on styrene oxidation did not indicate any clear possibility of generation of a Ni(II) to Ni(III) catalytic cycle.

Geotechnical design is carried out according to one of two main methods; the Working Stress Design (WSD) and the Limit States Design (LSD) methods. The LSD can be carried out according to two main approaches; the Factored Strength Approach (FSA), and the Factored Resistance Approach (FRA). The use of LSD in Egypt is limited to the design of reinforced concrete structures. The geotechnical design is still based on the WSD method. The updated Egyptian Geotechnical Code will include both methods for a transition period before fully adopting the LSD. This study describes the methodology and results of determination of the partial factors for the limit states FSA for cantilever walls in dry cohesionless soils such that the LSD matches the WSD. These calibrated values are essential for the transition period when both the WSD and LSD design philosophies are applicable. The study recommends a partial factor of 1.25 in the future version of the Egyptian Code for the limit states FSA design of cantilever walls in dry cohesionless soils, which agrees with the current state of practice in different international codes. Keywords: Working stress design, Limit states design, Factored strength approach, Egyptian code of practice, Cantilever walls

Background: Cigarette smoking is a widespread social habit in Nigeria with extensive deleterious multisystemic effect. Ventilatory dysfunction is one of the cigarette smoking-related illnesses that affect the respiratory system. Spirometry is an investigative method that can be used for the early detection of ventilatory dysfunction even before the onset of the symptoms. Subjects and Methods: A questionnaire adapted from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey was administered to collect demographic, clinical, and cigarette smoking data. Ventilatory function test was conducted using Clement Clarke (One Flow) Spirometer, version 1.3. The highest value of each ventilatory function index was chosen for analysis, and individual(s) with ventilatory dysfunction were subjected to post bronchodilator spirometry. Results: For the purpose of this research, 150 participants who were currently cigarette smokers were enrolled, and 50 apparently healthy, age-matched individuals who were never smokers served as controls in the ratio of 3:1. Eighty percent of participants and 68% of controls were aged 40 years or below. The mean age of participants (34.27 ± 8.91 years) and the controls (35.08 ± 10.35 years) was not significantly different (P = 0.592). Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences between the mean anthropometric indices (weight: P = 0.663, height: P = 0.084, and body mass index: P = 0.099) of both participants and controls. The mean values of FEV1 (forced expiratory flow in one second) and FEV1/FVC (FVC=forced vital capacity) were lower in the participants compared to the controls, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a weak negative correlation between pack-years of cigarette smoking and FEV1 (r = −0.237 and P = 0.004). Obstructive ventilatory defect was found among six study participants (4%) and two controls (4%). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is associated with decline in ventilatory function test indices (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) in adult males. Decline in FEV1 is directly related to pack-years of cigarette smoking.

Several biologically relevant phospholipids were assessed as potential carriers/additives for rapidly dissolving solid formulations of piroxicam (Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II drug). On the basis of in vitro dissolution studies, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) was ranked as the first potent dissolution rate enhancer for the model drug. Subsequently, the solid dispersions of varying piroxicam/DMPG ratios were prepared and further investigated. Within the concentration range studied (6.4-16.7 wt %), the dissolution rate of piroxicam from the solid dispersions appeared to increase as a function of the carrier weight fraction, whereas the cumulative drug concentration was not significantly affected by piroxicam/DMPG ratio, presumably due to a unique phase behavior of the aqueous dispersions of this carrier phospholipid. Solid state analysis of DMPG-based formulations reveled that they are two-component systems, with a less thermodynamically stable form of piroxicam (Form II) being dispersed within the carrier. Finally, oral bioavailability of piroxicam from the DMPG-based formulations in rats was found to be superior to that of the control, as indicated by the bioavailability parameters, cmax and especially Tmax (53 µg/mL within 2 h vs. 39 µg/mL within 5.5 h, respectively). Hence, DMPG was regarded as the most promising carrier phospholipid for enhancing oral bioavailability of piroxicam and potentially other Class II drugs.

In the title salt, C9H8N3O2+·Cl−, the least-squares planes of the imidazolium and benzene rings are almost coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 4.59 (1)°. In the crystal, the chloride anion links the organic molecules through N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains that run diagonally across the bc face, which compliment strong C—H...O hydrogen bonds between neighbouring molecules. These chains are connected to adjacent chains through two weak C—H...Cl interactions, resulting in hydrogen-bonded sheets extending along the b and c axes. The absolute structure of the title compound was determined using a Flack x parameter of 0.00 (6) and a Hooft y parameter of 0.03 (2).

In the title salt, C21H29N2O+·Cl−, the benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 6.13 (1)°. In the crystal, N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into chains extending along the c axis.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C11H10N2O·H2O, the solvent water molecule links the organic molecules through O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming chains that run diagonally across the bc face. These chains are connected to adjacent chains through weak C—H...O interactions, resulting in hydrogen-bonded sheets extending along the b and c axes. The sheets are connected along the a axis through π–π interactions, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.7571 (9) and 3.7231 (9) Å.

The title compound, C38H30OP2S·CH2Cl2, belongs to the xanthene family of ligands containing S- and O-donor atoms in the central heterocylic ring. Positions 2 and 8 on the xanthene backbone are functionalized with methyl groups to allow for the selective functionalization of the backbone at positions 4 and 6 with diphenylphosphanyl units. The title compound shows a significant `roof-like' bending along the axis of planarity involving the O- and S-donor atoms and the benzene rings, resulting in a dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene rings of 32.88 (13)°.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C36H26OP2, comprises two molecules which have slightly different conformations of the phenyl ring substituents. In both molecules, the dibenzofuran unit is close to being planar, with dihedral angles of 3.20 (3) and 1.86 (2)° for the two molecules. Its planarity affects the intramolecular distances between P atoms, with P...P distances of 5.574 (2) and 5.485 (2) Å for the two molecules.

The crystal structure of the title salt, C44H38P22+2BF4−, consists of discrete dications interlaced with the BF4− counter-ions. In each cation, both phosphonium groups lie on the same side of the plane of the central benzene ring. The tetrafluoroborate anions are involved in intensive thermal motion, thus some B—F bond lengths [range 1.329 (6) to 1.391 (6) Å] deviate significantly from their standard values.

The title compound, C8H6O4, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The benzodioxole ring system is almost planar in each molecule, with maximum deviations of 0.008 (1) and 0.007 (1) Å. The molecular structure is characterized by strong electrostatic intramolecular O...O contacts [2.649 (3) Å] and intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. Intermolecular O...O interactions [3.001 (2) Å] are observed in the crystal structure.

In the structure of the title compound, [Fe{η5-C5(CH3)5}(NCCH3)(CO)2]BF4, the arrangement of ligands around the Fe atom is in a pseudo-octahedral three-legged piano-stool fashion in which the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) ligand occupies three apical coordination sites, while the two carbonyl and one acetonitrile ligands form the basal axes of the coordination. The Fe—N bond length is 1.924 (3) Å and the Fe—Cp* centroid distance is 1.722 Å.

The title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C8H9S)(CO)2], is a three-legged piano-stool iron(II) complex that is characterized by a thioethyl-linked phenyl ring and a cyclopentadienyl moiety that occupies the apical coordination site. The two aromatic rings are essentially planar with the same maximum deviation of 0.009 Å. The mean planes of the phenyl and cyclopentadienyl rings bisect at an acute angle of 50.08°.

The title compound, C21H21NO6S2, is organized around a twofold axis parallel to the crystallographic c axis and containing the N atom and a C atom of the pyridine ring. The tosyl moiety and the pyridine ring are both essentially planar [maximum deviations 0.028 (2) and 0.020 (3) Å, respectively]; their mean planes form a dihedral angle of 33.0 (2)°.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C27H39N2+·I3−, the imidazolidinium ring is perpendicular to a mirror plane which bisects the cation. The dihedral angle between the imidazolidinium ring and the benzene ring is 89.0 (2)°. The triiodide anion also lies on a mirror plane and is almost linear with an I—I—I bond angle of 178.309 (18)°.

The crystal structure of the title compound, (C23H33N2)[FeCl4], consists of 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)imidazolium (BAIM) cations and tetrahedral tetrachloridoferrate(III) (TCF) anions. The BAIM cation possesses m symmetry, with the central imidazole ring and four C atoms of each terminal adamantyl group located on a mirror plane. The Fe and two Cl atoms of the TCF anion are also located on the mirror plane. The cyclohexane rings of the adamantyl groups adopt normal chair conformations.

The title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C14H19N2)], is characterized by a ferrocenyl group separated from an imidazole functionality by a straight-chain hexyl unit. The two cyclopentadienyl rings of the ferrocenyl group show a marginal inward tilt of 2.17 (2)°. The imidazole unit, which is essentially planar (with a maximum deviation of 0.007 A for one of the N atoms) and tilted away from the ferrocenyl group [dihedral angle between the substituted ferrocenyl ring and the imidazole = 122.6 (1)°], is involved in intermolecular C—H...N interactions.

There are two symmetry-independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H19NO3S. The cyclohexane rings in the two molecules adopt chair configurations. The hydroxy and amino groups on the cyclohexane ring assume axial and equatorial orientations, respectively, with respect to the plane of the ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by two intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds from the two symmetry-independent molecules.

The title compound (systematic name: 3,6-dimethyl-10-p-tolyl-9-oxa-10-phosphaanthracene), C21H19OP, is a precursor for the preparation of a bidentate xanthene-based ligand, in which the dihedral angle between the toluene ring and the phenoxaphosphine ring system is 83.26 (3)°. The geometry at the P atom is pyramidal, resulting in a longer C—P bond length as compared to the two ring C—P bonds.

The title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C11H9O)], is of interest as a precursor to the synthesis of cheap ferrocene-based liquid crystals. The –OH substituent only results in weak C—H...O weak interactions between one of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring H atoms and the O atom of a neighbouring molecule with a distance of 3.308 (3) Å between the donor and acceptor atoms. The interplanar angle between the Cp and benzene rings is 13.0 (4)°. There are also weak O—H...π and C—H...π interactions involving the unsubstituted Cp and the benzene ring, respectively.

The effect of operating parameters on the batch scale separation of hydrocarbon mixture (benzene and hexane) using emulsion liquid membrane technique is reported. Sparkleen detergent was used as surfactant and heavy mineral oil as solvent to receive the permeates. From the experimental results, the parameters that influenced the permeation are, composition of feed, contact time with solvent, ratio of volume of solvent to volume of hydrocarbon feed, ratio of volume of surfactant solution to volume of hydrocarbon feed, surfactant concentration, mixing intensity and glycerol as polar additive in the surfactant solution to eliminate drop breakup. The best conditions for the separation in this study were found to be: composition of feed (mole fraction of benzene=0.5245), contact time of 10min. , ratio of volumes of solvent to feed equal 3.5 , ratio of volumes of surfactant solution to feed of 0.4, surfactant concentration of 1wt%, mixing intensity equal 1000rpm and 70% by weight of polar additive. These conditions gave a separation factor of (8.0).

In the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C11H8Br)], the distance of the Fe atom from the centroids of the unsubstituted and substituted cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings is 1.644 (1) and 1.643 (1) Å, respectively. The ferrocenyl moiety deviates from an eclipsed geometry, with marginally tilted Cp rings and an interplanar angle between the Cp and benzene rings of 13.0 (4)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H...π interactions between a cyclopentadienyl H atom and the cyclopentadienyl ring of a neighbouring molecule.

In the title compound, [Mo(C5H5)(CO)2(C3H9P)2]CF3SO3, the cationic complex displays a classical four-legged piano-stool square-pyramidal geometry with a trans configuration of the basal ligands around the Mo atom. The cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand occupies the apical position of the piano-stool configuration. The average Mo—P bond length of the two trans PMe3 ligands is 2.474 (5) Å and the Mo—Cp centroid distance is 2.003 (2) Å.

In the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C9H9N2)], the distances of the Fe atom from the centroids of the unsubstituted and the substituted cyclopentadienyl (cp) rings are 1.639 (1) and 1.647 (1) Å, respectively. The ferrocenyl unit deviates from an eclipsed geometry with tilted cp rings; the interplanar angle between the cp and imidazole rings is 114.11 (4)°.

The title compound, C42H39NO2P2, is a P,O,P′-tridentate scorpionate-type ligand and has one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The angles involving the P atoms range from 100.21 (7) to 104.89 (7)°. The N-hexanol group was found to be disordered and was refined over two positions with final occupancies of 0.683 (3) and 0.317 (3) which affected the C—O and C—N bond lengths. The bond lengths for C—O range from 1.402 (2) to 1.415 (2) Å and for C—N from 1.410 (2) to 1.448 (3) Å for the major disorder component; the corresponding ranges for the minor disorder component are 1.429 (3)–1.408 (3) and 1.474 (3)–1.474 (4) Å.

The structure of 10-(3-bromo/chloropropyl)-4,6-bis(diphenylphosphino)-10H-phenoxazine, C39H32Br0.27Cl0.73NOP2, shows chloro/bromo substitutional disorder in a 3:1 ratio. For application as a ligand in catalysis, the intramolecular P...P distance of 4.263 (2) Å is relevant. The phenoxazine ring system is essentially planar.

The title compound, C36H27NOP2, has been reported as a ligand on rhodium for the catalysis of hydroformylation reactions. The key feature of the compound is the intramolecular P...P distance of 4.255 (2) Å. The bond angles at the P atoms range from 99.93 (10) to 103.02 (10)°. The phenoxazine ring system is essentially planar and a non-crystallographic mirror plane through the N...O vector bisects the molecule. The C—O bond lengths range from 1.388 (2) to 1.392 (2) Å and the C—N bond lengths range from 1.398 (3) to 1.403 (3) Å.