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Introduction: In the era of technological promotion, considering technological approaches in education is a necessity, not a choice. The importance of paying attention to such approaches in universities of medical sciences is more obvious, because new information replaces previous ones constantly and if universities wish to transfer this information in the shortest time, there is a need for modern teaching methods, as traditional methods do not account for the transmission of such large volume of information. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers of developing virtual education in Urmia University of Medical Sciences from the viewpoint of faculty members. Method: The statistical population of this research consisted of all the faculty members of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2017, from which 137 subjects were selected randomly. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha (89%). The Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Results: The results showed that the cumulative percentage of variance for the eight factors was 62/575 percent, which prevented technical support with 9/720 percent of the major share of the variance percentage, and cultural barrier with 3/315 percent of the lowest share of the percentage of variance Allocated. Conclusion: According to faculty members, technical support was considered the most important barrier so with the increasing speed of the Internet, new systems must be replaced for disabled ones and through strengthening technological infrastructures, hindering factors for application of virtual learning is reduced.

Ali Khodadadian,1 Somaye Darzi,1 Saeed Haghi-Daredeh,2 Farzaneh Sadat Eshaghi,3 Emad Babakhanzadeh,1,4 Seyed Hamidreza Mirabutalebi,1 Majid Nazari1 1Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; 3Department of Medical Genetics, Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Science, Yazd, Iran; 4Yazd Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranCorrespondence: Ali Khodadadian Email Ali.khodadadian@yahoo.comAbstract: In a clinical trial, people with the same disease can show different responses after treatment with the same drug and exactly under the same conditions. Some of them may improve, some may not show any response, and occasionally side effects may be observed. In other words, people with the same disease process under the same therapeutic conditions may have different responses. Today, some diseases are resistant to conventional (standard) treatment procedures. Why do people with the same disease show different responses to the treatment with the same drug? This is primarily due to differences in molecular pathways (especially genetic variations) associated with the disease. On the other hand, designing and delivery of a new drug is a time-consuming and costly process, so any mistake in any stage of this process can have irreparable consequences for pharmaceutical companies and consumer patients. Therefore, we can achieve more accurate and reliable treatments by acquiring precise insight into different aspects of precision medicine including genomics and transcriptomics. The aim of this paper is to address the role of genomics and transcriptomics in precision medicine.Keywords: precision medicine, personalized medicine, genomics, transcriptomics, pharmacology

Emad Babakhanzadeh,1,2,* Ali Khodadadian,1,* Majid Nazari,1 Masoud Dehghan Tezerjani,1 Seyed Mohsen Aghaei,1 Sina Ghasemifar,1 Mehdi Hosseinnia,3 Mahta Mazaheri1,4 1Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; 4Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mahta Mazaheri Email mahta.mazaheri2019@gmail.comIntroduction: DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) contributes to miRNA biogenesis, and defects in its expression could lead to defects in spermatogenesis.Methods: Here, we assess gene and protein expression levels of DGCR8 in the testicular biopsy specimens obtained from men with obstructive azoospermia (OA, n = 19) and various types of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) including maturation arrest (MA, n = 17), Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS, n = 20) and hypospermatogenesis (HYPO, 18). Also, samples of men with NOA were divided into two groups based on successful and unsuccessful sperm recovery, NOA+ in 21 patients and NOA− in 34 patients.Results: Examinations disclosed a severe decrease in DGCR8 in samples with MA and SCOS in comparison to OA samples (P < 0.001). Also, the results showed DGCR8 has significantly lower expression in testis tissues of NOA− group in comparison to NOA+ group (p< 0.05). Western blot analysis confirmed that the DGCR8 protein was not expressed in SCOS samples and had a very low expression in MA and HYPO samples.Discussion: The results of this survey showed that DGCR8 is an important gene for the entire spermatogenesis pathway. Moreover, DGCR8 gene plays an important role in the diagnosis of NOA subgroups, and also the expression changes in it might contribute to SCOS or MA phenotypes. This gene with considering other related genes can also be a predictor of sperm retrieval.Keywords: DGCR8, obstructive azoospermia, non-obstructive azoospermia, spermatogenesis

Maryam Nazari,1 Vazgen Minasian,1 Silva Hovsepian2 1Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 2Imam Hossein Children’s Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranCorrespondence: Vazgen Minasian Email v.minasian@spr.ui.ac.irObjective: The current study aimed to compare the effects of two modes of moderate- and high-intensity interval training on serum Salusin-α and Salusin-β and lipid profile in women with overweight/obesity.Subjects and Methods: A number of forty females were assigned to each of (1) Control (BMI= 30.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2, n=14), (2) Moderate-intensity (BMI= 31.2 ± 3.3 kg/m2, n=13) and (3) High-intensity interval training (BMI=30.9± 3.4 kg/m2, n=13) groups. The subjects of experimental groups participated in the selected interval trainings for eight weeks. The first blood sampling was performed within 48 hours prior to the first training session and the second samples were obtained 48 hours after the last training session.Results: The findings revealed that there were significant increases in Salusin-α (36% vs. 3%; p = 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein levels (7% vs. 5%; P = 0.039), while significant reductions in the levels of Triglyceride (− 8% vs. − 9%; p= 0.012) and total cholesterol (− 1% vs. − 8%; P =0.01) levels of moderate- and high-intensity interval training groups, respectively. Also, there were insignificant changes in Salusin-β (− 7% vs. − 5%; P = 0.108), low-density lipoproteins (− 3% vs. − 11%; P =0.046) and very-low-density lipoprotein (− 10% vs. − 8%; P = 0.056) compared to control group. There were only significant differences between Salusin-α and high-density lipoprotein levels of training groups (P< 0.05).Conclusion: It is suggested that, although improvements in lipid profile was nearly similar for two training modes, moderate intensity interval training was more effective to prevent and control atherosclerosis.Keywords: exercise, lipid profile, obesity, Salusin-α, Salusin-β

Mohsen Aghaei,1 Ali Khodadadian,1 Karimi-Nazari Elham,2 Majid Nazari,1 Emad Babakhanzadeh1,3 1Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 3Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranCorrespondence: Emad Babakhanzadeh Email emad.babakhanzadeh71@gmail.comAbstract: Insulin is implicated as a leading factor in glucose homeostasis and an important theme in diabetes mellitus (DM). Numerous proteins are involved in insulin signaling pathway and their dysregulation contributes to DM. microRNAs (miRNAs) as single-strand molecules have a critical effect on gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Intensive investigation done by DM researchers disclosed that miRNAs have a significant role in insulin secretion by direct targeting numerous proteins engaged in insulin signaling pathway; so, their dysregulation contributes to DM. In this review, we presented some major miRNAs engaged in the insulin production and secretion.Keywords: insulin, diabetes mellitus, microRNAs, insulin signaling pathway

Emad Babakhanzadeh,1,2 Majid Nazari,1 Sina Ghasemifar,1 Ali Khodadadian1 1Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranCorrespondence: Ali KhodadadianGenetic Department, Clinical and Research Centre for Infertility, Bou-Ali Avenue, Safayeh, Yazd, IranTel +98 351 8247085Fax +98 351 8247087Email a.khodadadian.ak@gmail.comAbstract: Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to have a baby after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, affecting 10 to 15% of couples. According to the latest WHO statistics, approximately 50– 80 million people worldwide sufer from infertility, and male factors are responsible for approximately 20– 30% of all infertility cases. The diagnosis of infertility in men is mainly based on semen analysis. The main parameters of semen include: concentration, appearance and motility of sperm. Causes of infertility in men include a variety of things including hormonal disorders, physical problems, lifestyle problems, psychological issues, sex problems, chromosomal abnormalities and single-gene defects. Despite numerous efforts by researchers to identify the underlying causes of male infertility, about 70% of cases remain unknown. These statistics show a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved in male infertility. This article focuses on the histology of testicular tissue samples, the male reproductive structure, factors affecting male infertility, strategies available to find genes involved in infertility, existing therapeutic methods for male infertility, and sperm recovery in infertile men.Keywords: male infertility, spermatogenesis, azoospermia, non-obstructive azoospermia

Mahboubeh Nazari,1 Esmaeil Mohammadnejad,2 Sahar Dalvand,3 Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh4,51Department of Nursing, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran; 2Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Biostatistics Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; 5Clinical Care Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IranBackground: Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent condition among children in developing and developed countries that leads to impaired development, activity intolerance, behavioral changes, irritability, and reduced learning ability. The studies conducted in Iran have reported different prevalence rates for this condition. This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed at estimating the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Iranian children under 6 years of age.Methodology: Persian and English articles published from 2001 to 2018 were collected. The search process was conducted in national and international databases, including SID, MagIran, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using the following keywords and their combinations: Iron, Iron deficiency, Iron deficiency anemia, Ferritin, Child, Children, and Iran. The data were analyzed using the meta-analysis and random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2, statistic. All analyses were performed using the STATA software, version 12.Results: Analysis of six selected articles with a total sample size of 1,700 showed that the prevalence rates of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the Iranian children under 6 years of age were 27.7% (95% CI: 11.9–43.5) and 18.2% (95% CI: 14.3–22), respectively. In addition, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was higher in boys (17.7% with 95% CI: 5.9–29.5) than in girls (14.4% with 95% CI: 4.5–24.2).Conclusion: About one-fifth of Iranian children under the age of 6 years suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Identification of those at risk of developing this condition with the goal of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment seems to be an important and necessary task.Keywords: anemia, iron deficiency anemia, iron, meta-analysis, Iran, prevalence