1. Coronavirus disease-2019: A review on the disease exacerbation via cytokine storm and concurrent management
- Author
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Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan and Haripriya Sunkara
- Subjects
MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase ,MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,MyD88, Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response dependent ,RdRp, RNA dependent- RNA polymerase ,MAPKKK/MAP3K, Mitogen activated protein Kinase Kinase Kinase ,Cytokine storm ,Repurposing of drugs ,Severity of Illness Index ,NF-κB ,Efficacy ,IFN, Interferons ,SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ,PORCN, Porcupine O Acetyl transferase ,Immunology and Allergy ,COVID, Coronavirus Disease ,PLpro, Papain like protease ,Wnt, Wingless related Integration site ,SP, Spike Protein ,VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ,Cytokine Therapy ,HCoV, Human Corona Virus ,ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ,IP, Inducible Protein ,Drug repositioning ,Cytokine release syndrome ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (novel corona virus) ,STAT, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Proteins ,ADAM-17, Disintegrin and Metallopeptidase Domain ,MAPKs, p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases ,Disease Progression ,pp, polyproteins ,Cytokines ,JAK, Janus Kinase ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,MAPKK, Mitogen activated Protein Kinase Kinase ,NK cells, Natural Killer cells ,Combination therapy ,TMPRSS2, Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 ,Immunology ,ACE, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ,SFRP, Secreted Frizzled related proteins ,Context (language use) ,IL, Interleukins ,Article ,WHO, World Health Organization ,IKK, IKb kinase Complex ,NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa B ,CSF, Colony Stimulating Factor ,MCP, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein ,medicine ,Humans ,PRRs, Pattern Recognition Receptors ,TLR, Toll like Receptor ,TRIF, TLR domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-β ,Cathepsin L, Cathepsin of Lysosome ,Disease burden ,Pharmacology ,VUI, Variant Under Investigation ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Drug Repositioning ,COVID-19 ,RBD, Receptor Binding Domain ,NLR, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors ,medicine.disease ,RIG-1, Retinoic acid inducible gene-1 ,HGF, Hepatocyte Growth Factor ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,Coronavirus ,Ag, Angiotensin ,Mpro, main protease ,PAMPs, Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns ,nsps, nonstructural proteins ,TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor ,MIP, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein ,business ,APCs, Antigen Presenting Cells ,CLR, C-type lectin receptors - Abstract
Setting up treatment strategies is the highest concern today to reduce the fatality of COVID-19. Due to a very new kind of virus attack, no specific treatment has been discovered to date. The most crucial way to dominate the disease severity is now the repurposing of drugs. In this review, we focused on the current treatment approaches targeting the crucial causative factors for the disease burden through cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome. Several vaccines have been developed and have been applied already for prevention purposes, and several are on the way to be developed, although the effects and side effects are under observation. Presently, regulation of the immune response through intervention treatment methods has been adjusted on the basis of the COVID-19 severity stage and generally includes vaccines, immunotherapies including convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin treatment, monoclonal antibodies, cytokine therapy, complement inhibition, regenerative medicine, and repurposed anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory drugs. Combination therapy is not acceptable in all respects because there is no concrete evidence in clinical trials or in vivo data. Target-specific drug therapies, such as inhibition of cytokine-producing signaling pathways, could be an excellent solution and thus reduce the severity of inflammation and disease severity. Therefore, gathering information about the mechanism of disease progression, possible goals, and drug efficacy of immune-based approaches to combat COVID-19 in the context of orderly review analysis is consequential.
- Published
- 2021