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Цель – изучение региональных особенностей возраста матерей, проживающих в Республике Крым, и основных антропометрических показателей новорожденных детей Республики Крым (массы тела, длины тела) в зависимости от возраста женщины. Материал и методы. Исследование проводилось на базе ГБУЗ РК «Симферопольский клинический родильный дом № 1». Проведен ретроспективный анализ медицинской документации: 1300 Истории родов (форма № 096/у) женщин, проживающих в Республике Крым. Результаты. Проведено исследования возраста матерей, проживающих в Республике Крым, при рождении ребенка. Установлено, что наибольшее количество родов пришлось на интервал возраста 26-30 лет (35,69 %), примерно одинаковое количество родов приходится на интервалы 31-35 (26,08 %) и 21-25 лет (23,31 %). Минимальное количество родов приходится на интервалы возраста моложе 20 лет (3,92 %) и старше 40 лет (1 %). Средний возраст матерей был в пределах 28,91 ± 5,05 лет. Минимальный возраст – 16 лет, максимальный – 47 лет. Среднее количество беременностей составило 2,22 ± 1,32, родов – 1,76 ± 0,86. В возрастном периоде до 20 лет женщины имели первые и вторые роды, в остальных возрастных промежутках присутствуют роды от первых до шестых. Разница между средним возрастом матерей при рождении первого ребенка и второго ребенка составляет 3,76 года. Между последующими рождениями она уменьшается и составляет между вторым и третьим – 1,9 года, третьим и четвертым – 1,67 года, четвертым и пятым – 0,6 года в сторону четвертого ребенка, и только между пятым и шестым увеличивается и составляет 4,47 года. Выявлены региональные особенности возраста матерей, проживающих в Республике Крым. Регион встраивается в общую картину РФ повышения возраста матери при рождении ребенка. Средний возраст матерей при рождении первого ребенка составил 26,47 ± 4,54 лет, второго – 30,23 ± 4,51 лет, третьего – 32,13 ± 3,99 лет, четвертого – 33,80 ± 4,50 лет, пятого – 33,20 ± 4,13 лет, шестого – 37,67 ± 8,62 лет. В зависимости от возраста матери была проведена оценка основных антропометрических показателей новорожденных Республики Крым (масса и длина тела). Заключение. Полученные результаты позволили выявить региональные особенности возраста матерей, проживающих в Республике Крым, и основные антропометрические показатели новорожденных Республики Крым (массы тела, длины тела) в зависимости от возраста женщины., The study aims – study of regional characteristics of the age of mothers living in the Republic of Crimea and the main anthropometric indicators of newborn children of the Republic of Crimea (body weight, body length) depending on the age of the woman. Material and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of GBUZ RK "Simferopol Clinical Maternity Hospital No. 1". A retrospective analysis of medical documentation was carried out: 1300 Childbirth histories (form N 096/y) of women living in the Republic of Crimea. Results. A study was made of the age of mothers at the birth of a child living in the Republic of Crimea. It was found that the largest number of births occurred in the age interval of 26-30 years (35.69 %), approximately the same number of births occurred in the intervals of 31-35 (26.08 %) and 21-25 years (23.31 %). The minimum number of births falls on the intervals of age younger than 20 years (3.92 %) and older than 40 years (1 %). The average age of mothers was within 28.91 ± 5.05 years. The minimum age is 16 years, the maximum is 47 years. The average number of pregnancies was 2.22 ± 1.32, childbirth – 1.76 ± 0.86. In the age period up to 20 years, women had the first and second births, in the remaining age intervals there are births from the first to the sixth. The difference between the average age of mothers at the birth of the first child and the second child is 3.76 years. Between subsequent births, it decreases and is between the second and third – 1.9 years, the third and fourth – 1.67 years, the fourth and fifth – 0.6 years towards the fourth child, and only between the fifth and sixth increases, and is 4,47 years old. Regional features of the age of mothers living in the Republic of Crimea were revealed. The region fits into the general picture of the Russian Federation of increasing the age of mothers at childbirth. The average age of mothers at the birth of the first child was 26.47 ± 4.54 years, the second – 30.23 ± 4.51 years, the third – 32.13 ± 3.99 years, the fourth – 33.80 ± 4.50 years, the fifth – 33.20 ± 4.13 years old, the sixth – 37.67 ± 8.62 years old. Depending on the age of the mother, an assessment was made of the main anthropometric indicators of newborns in the Republic of Crimea (body weight and length). Conclusion. The results obtained made it possible to identify regional features of the age of mothers living in the Republic of Crimea and the main anthropometric indicators of newborns of the Republic of Crimea (body weight, body length) depending on the age of the woman.

This study exploits a natural experiment to investigate the impact of land reform on the fertility outcomes of households in rural Ethiopia. Public policies and customs created a situation where Ethiopian households could influence their usufruct rights to land via a demographic expansion of the family. The study evaluates the impact of the abolishment of these pronatal property rights on fertility outcomes. By matching aggregated census data before and after the reform with administrative data on the reform, a difference-in-differences approach between reform and non-reform districts is used to assess the impact of the reform on fertility outcomes. The impact appears to be large. The study estimates that women in rural areas reduced their life-time fertility by 1.2 children due to the reform. Robustness checks show that the impact estimates are not biased by spillovers or policy endogeneity.

The Russian Federation's population has been declining since 1992, but recently the decline appears to be over. Although fertility has risen since the 2007 introduction of the family policy package, which focused on stimulating second and higher-order births, total fertility rates still remain significantly below replacement rate. Unlike some Western European countries, low overall fertility in Russia can be explained predominantly by a high prevalence of one-child families, despite the two-child ideal family size reported by the majority of Russians. This paper examines the correlates of Russian first-time mothers' desire and decision to have a second child. Using the 2004–12 waves of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the study focuses on the motherhood-career trade-off as a potential obstacle to higher fertility in Russia. The preliminary results indicate that among Russian first-time mothers, being in stable employment is positively associated with the likelihood of having a second child. Moreover, the desire to have a second child is positively associated with the first child attending formal childcare, which suggests that the availability, affordability, and quality of such childcare can be important for promoting fertility. These results are broadly consistent with previous studies in other European countries that indicate that the ability of mothers to combine work and family has important implications for fertility, and that pro-natalist policies focusing on childcare accessibility can offer the greatest payoffs. In addition to these factors, better housing conditions, being married, having an older child, and having a first-born boy are also positively associated with having a second child.

Improved outcomes for women and children - more education, lower fertility rates, higher nutritional status, and lower incidence of illness, among other outcomes - have broad individual, family, and societal benefits. For nearly 15 years, the targets of the millennium development goals (MDGs) have been a bellwether for progress, particularly for maternal and child health (MCH) - a two-thirds reduction in under-five mortality in MDG 4 and a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio in MDG 5. This systematic review by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) is a learning exercise that looks beyond World Bank experience. It is intended to be used a reference for practitioners in the Bank and elsewhere with an interest in interventions that have demonstrated attributable improvements in skilled birth attendance and reductions in maternal and child mortality. This review also identifies important gaps in the impact evaluation evidence for interventions that may be effective in reducing maternal and child mortality but whose impacts have not yet been tested using robust impact evaluation methods. The systematic review provides findings on what is known about the effects of interventions on skilled birth attendance, maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, infant mortality, and under-five mortality, as well as the effect of skilled birth attendance on these and other intermediate MCH outcomes. Finally, the review highlights the main gaps in the body of impact evaluation knowledge for maternal and child mortality.

Recent surveys show considerable progress in maternal and child health in Ethiopia. The improvement has been in health outcomes and health services coverage. The study examines how different groups have fared in this progress. It tracked 11 health outcome indicators and health interventions related to millennium development goals one, four, and five. These are stunting, underweight, wasting, neonatal mortality, infant mortality, under -five mortality, measles vaccination, and full immunization, modern contraceptive use by currently married women, antenatal care visits, and skilled birth attendance. Trends in rate differences and rate ratios are analyzed. The study also investigates the dynamics of inequalities, using concentration curves for different years. In addition, a decomposition analysis is conducted to identify the role of proximate determinants. The study finds substantial improvements in health outcomes and health services. Although there still exists a considerable gap between the rich and the poor, the study finds some reductions in inequalities of health services. However, some of the improvements in selected health outcomes appear to be pro-rich.

P(論文), As the media report frequently, it is a fear that the academic ability of students is lowering by the effect ofthe government course and a decline in the number of births. It is also a fear how the academic ability of students inour college is. In this paper, I report the recent change of physics record and analyzed this cause and the background.The amount of data is not sufficient and we cannot say definitely, but the physics record might be lowering rapidlyand it might be the effect of the government course.

Policymakers in many countries, including the Russian Federation, are attempting to encourage fertility as part of their response to the challenge of population aging. Whether pro-natalist policies will be effective depends crucially on how well they address the underlying causes of low fertility and barriers to larger family size. While in some countries in Western Europe postponing childbearing and increased childlessness seem to be driving the fertility decline, these factors do not appear to be as influential in Russia. Instead, the problem seems to be the relatively low frequency of second and higher-order births, which persists despite major changes to pro-natalist policies introduced in 2007 and the prevalence of the two-child ideal of family size. This study analyzes current and prospective fertility trends in contemporary Russia, with special attention to second-child birth dynamics and its determinants. Stable employment and accessibility of formal childcare options are found to be factors that are correlated with mothers preferences for additional children and the probability that they will have a second child. In light of this observation and international experience, a menu of policies to improve work-family balance is suggested.

Russia’s population is expected to age significantly over the next few decades. The coming decline in Russia’s working-age population will pose serious social and economic challenges, but it can also open up opportunities. Without adequate adjustments of policies and behaviors, an aging population can impair national growth and fiscal sustainability. These pessimistic forecasts, however, are based on the unrealistic assumption that individuals and government policy will not change. Achieving healthy, active, and prosperous aging will require policy changes across a host of areas. Policies to support women can both limit population aging and increase labor force participation. Changes in behavior and policy can greatly mitigate the impact of aging on growth and fiscal sustainability. Promoting adult education and better age-management human resources policies at the firm level is essential to improve the employment prospects for older workers and raise productivity across the age spectrum. This volume presents research from the World Bank on the impact of demographic trends in Russia. The first section focuses on the macroeconomic impacts of aging and considers how aging has affected gross domestic product (GDP) growth and convergence among Russian regions since the early 1990s; it also offers alternative approaches to forecasting the relationship between aging and growth. The second section, dealing with the relationship of human development outcomes and demographics, discusses how family policies can help women have more children, and still attain greater and longer participation in the labor force. The last part addresses the role of adult education in improving Russia’s competitiveness and enabling longer and more productive working lives. A final section pulls together the main conclusions.

Traditional benchmarks to assess performance rely on unconditional rankings or regional averages. This paper uses a recently developed methodology based on quantile regressions and initial conditions to propose alternative benchmarks for social sectors in Kyrgyz Republic. Covering a wide set of indicators, the analysis reveals mixed results for Kyrgyz Republic. The country has made important strides in many social areas, with outstanding results in reducing child mortality and undernourishment. However, other areas are still key challenges and demand further attention and resources, as evidenced by the underachievement in maternal mortality, educational performance, and increasing informality in labor markets.

Verification in results-based financing (RBF) mechanisms is one of the key differentiators between it and related health financing structures such as social health insurance. Verifying that providers have achieved reported performance in RBF mechanisms is considered a crucial part of program implementation and key to maintaining trust through transparency, as well as the viability of the mechanism. Verification is however a process which has thus far been little studied. Information on the methodologies used in different settings (including frequency and sampling methodology), the effectiveness of the verification process, the direct and tangential effects, and the cost is scarce. Plan Nacer employs one of the largest RBF mechanisms in the world and is therefore an excellent case study for the role, methodology and effects of the verification process. This study will give the background to Plan Nacer, detail the major characteristics of the verification process and draw lessons on the process which can inform the design of verification in RBF mechanisms in other countries.

Nearly 60 percent of Uganda's population is aged below twenty. This generation faces health and economic challenges associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), early pregnancy, and unemployment. Whether these challenges are due to a lack of information and or vocational skills is however uncertain. A programme was conducted to provide: (i) vocational training to run small-scale enterprises; and (ii) information on health and risky behaviors. The programme conducted, positively impacts behaviors on both economic and health margins. On economic margins, the intervention raises the likelihood that girls engage in income generating activities by 32 percent mainly driven by increased participation in self-employment. On health related margins, self-reported routine condom usage increases by 50 percent among the sexually active, and the probability of having a child decreases by 26 percent. Strikingly, the share of girls reporting sex against their will drops from 21 percent to almost zero. The findings suggest combined interventions might be more effective among adolescent girls than single-pronged interventions aiming to improve labor market outcomes solely through vocational training, or to change risky behaviors solely through education programmes.

This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HDN). The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The cost of a health insurance program will largely be determined by the size and composition of the covered population, the benefit package, cost sharing arrangements, the current and future supply of health care providers and facilities, and the provider payment mechanisms used. This note summarizes in broad strokes the subset of the possible Universal Coverage (UC) transition scenarios and their related costs in Indonesia. These scenarios were selected based on initial discussions with key stakeholders, and further broad-based discussion with stakeholders will be needed to finalize the design, financing and transition options. This note shows how decisions regarding the transition steps, benefit package and the choice of eligible population affect public Health Insurance (HI) expenditures as Indonesia transitions to UC. This work follows closely the earlier World Bank report health financing in Indonesia; a road map for reform.

In the six decades since 1950, fertility has fallen substantially in developing countries. Even so, high fertility, defined as five or more births per woman over the reproductive career, characterizes 33 countries. Twenty-nine of these countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa. High fertility poses health risks for children and their mothers, detracts from human capital investment, slows economic growth, and exacerbates environmental threats. These and other consequences of high fertility are reviewed in the first half of this paper. Recognizing these detrimental consequences motivates two inter-related questions that are addressed in the second half of the paper: Why does high fertility persist? And what can be done about it? The high-fertility countries lag in many development indicators, as reflected for example in their rate of progress toward achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These countries have also received less development assistance for population and reproductive health than countries more advanced in their transitions to lower fertility, and the assistance they did receive increased only marginally from 1995 to 2007, a period during which commitments to both health and HIV/AIDS rose substantially.

Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.

Despite its volatile history, the Islamic Republic of Iran has performed well on social indicators, especially in providing basic services such as health care and education. Iran's fertility decline may have proceeded in two stages, the first beginning in the late 1960s. The Iranian government introduced a family planning program during the 1960s with explicit health and demographic objectives. Between 1967 and 1977, fertility declined-mainly in urban areas-to an average of 4 children per woman. Although the family planning program continued after the 1979 Islamic revolution, it was suspended after war broke out with Iraq in 1980. During the war, the government pursued a pronatalist population policy, including incentives for childbearing. The fertility decline coincided with improvements in primary and secondary education, possibly affecting the rapid decline in adolescent fertility during 1997-2006, especially when compared to other Middle East and North Africa region countries. Today regional disparities in fertility exist with higher fertility in less developed districts. Yet Iran's example shows how good public policy interventions in health (including family planning) and education can reduce fertility and contribute to human development.

Bachelor thesis is focused on the comparison and the relationships between selected demographic indicators for the Czech Republic. First part is concentrated on characteristic of basic demographic indicators, further on description of used analysis method and also on brief description of surveyed regions of Czech Republic. Second part, analytic one, focuses on examining specific demographic relationships, their mutual relations and comparison using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis (linear and multiple). These assays shown some very strong relationship (statistically significant dependences) between the demographic indicators, such as the numbers of divorces and the rate of unemployment, when unemployment significantly affects number of divorces.