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Chemical products, such as plastics, solvents, and fertilizers, are essential for supporting modern lifestyles. Yet, producing, using and disposing of chemicals creates adverse environmental impacts which threaten the industry's license to operate. This study presents seven planet compatible pathways towards 2050 employing demand-side and supply-side interventions with total investment costs of US$1.2-3.7 billion. Resource efficiency and circularity interventions reduce global chemicals demand by 23–33% and are critical for mitigating risks associated with using fossil feedstocks and carbon capture and sequestration, and constraints on available biogenic and recyclate feedstocks. Replacing fossil feedstocks with biogenic/air-capture sources, shifting carbon destinations from atmosphere to ground, and electrifying/decarbonizing energy supply for production technologies, could enable net negative emissions of 200 MtCO2eq yr-1, while still delivering essential chemical-based services to society.

Developing effective strategies to alleviate increasing water stress in China requires an understanding of how consumption and production drive water stress footprints (WSF) at a high resolution and multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, current Chinese multi-regional input-output (CMRIO) models have limited resolution. Here, we build a high-resolution international MRIO model covering 31 Chinese provinces, 163 sectors, to address this issue, and then analyze the impact of changes in China's interprovincial and international trade patterns on the WSF from 2012 to 2017. We find that China's water stress embodied in inter-provincial trade has increased year after year, to 5606 km

We report the complete genomic sequence of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain 80-045, isolated from autopsy lung tissue of the first patient diagnosed with Legionnaires’ disease in Japan.

Aphthous stomatitis is one of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Rebamipide (RB) mouthwash for stomatitis acts as a radical scavenger. However, RB is poorly soluble in water, which leads to aggregation and precipitation of the dispersoid. The particle size of the drug needs to be less than 100 nm for the particles to reach the mucus layer in the oral cavity. In this study, we attempted to prepare nanoparticles of RB by cogrinding with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using a mixer ball mill, and evaluated the physicochemical properties of RB nanoparticles, the stability of dispersion in water, and permeation of the mucus layer in vitro. By cogrinding, the particle size decreased to around 110 nm, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of the particles showed totally broad halo patterns, which suggested a decreased crystalline region. Furthermore, the solubility of RB nanoparticles increased by approximately fourfold compared with RB crystals, and the water dispersibility and permeation of the mucus layer were improved. The results suggest that in a ternary ground mixture of RB, PVP or HPC, and SDS, the RB nanoparticles obtained can be applied as a formulation for stomatitis.

The term “science-based targets” has gained recent popularity. It is used to refer both to overall science-based targets (established through intergovernmental treaties), and to their disaggregation into specific science-based targets (determining contributions of individual actors). Biophysical achievability, measurability, and underpinning rationale are requirements for considering a target to be “science-based”.

Summary: Tolerance to severe tumor microenvironments, including hypoxia and nutrient starvation, is a common feature of aggressive cancer cells and can be targeted. However, metabolic alterations that support cancer cells upon nutrient starvation are not well understood. Here, by comprehensive metabolome analyses, we show that glutamine deprivation leads to phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) accumulation in cancer cells via the downregulation of PEtn cytidylyltransferase (PCYT2), a rate-limiting enzyme of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. PEtn accumulation correlated with tumor growth under nutrient starvation. PCYT2 suppression was partially mediated by downregulation of the transcription factor ELF3. Furthermore, PCYT2 overexpression reduced PEtn levels and tumor growth. In addition, PEtn accumulation and PCYT2 downregulation in human breast tumors correlated with poor prognosis. Thus, we show that glutamine deprivation leads to tumor progression by regulating PE biosynthesis via the ELF3-PCYT2 axis. Furthermore, manipulating glutamine-responsive genes could be a therapeutic approach to limit cancer progression. : Osawa et al. find that accumulation of phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) protects cancer cells under glutamine starvation through the downregulation of PCYT2. Glutamine regulates PE biosynthesis through PCYT2, resulting in pro-tumorigenic metabolite PEtn accumulation. PEtn stimulates the tolerance of cancer cells to starvation, and lowered PCYT2 expression correlates with decreased survival in patients. Keywords: cancer metabolism, tumor microenvironments, hypoxia, nutrient starvation, glutamine deprivation, amino acids, phosphoethanolamine, PCYT2, PE biosynthesis

Anticancer drug-induced stomatitis develops in 30% to 40% of cancer cases that undergo chemotherapy. However, medications for this condition are not commercially available in Japan. Upon obtaining approval of the ethics committee, a mouthwash containing rebamipide as the active ingredient (rebamipide mouthwash) was administered to one inpatient and four outpatients, who had developed stomatitis caused by cancer chemotherapy. Starting from 14 d after the administration of the rebamipide mouthwash, the patients scored a stomatitis survey on oral state, pain level, and diet and recorded the number of times they gargled, as well as any stomatitis observations, in a stomatitis diary. The total scores for the points for each of the three types of survey sections were classified into Grades 0 to 4 and evaluated as a stomatitis evaluation score (SES). The SES became "0" in three out of the five patients within 14 d of treatment. No change in SES was found in one patient. In the remaining patients, SES became "0" once but increased again later. Using image analysis software (ImageJ), the area at which the stomatitis was observed was measured. When comparing SES and change in the area in patients who agreed to participate, gradual reductions in the extent of stomatitis was observed even during the period when SES did not change. Having patients fill in an observation chart was effective for grasping changes in symptoms in outpatients.

We know about the “tragedy of the commons”. But how about the opportunity they present? The crisis facing the ultimate global commons – the very conditions that make human civilization and economic prosperity possible – confronts us with the necessity of making our societies and economies more sustainable and less inequitable

Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus causing rice blast disease, should contend with host innate immunity to develop invasive hyphae (IH) within living host cells. However, molecular strategies to establish the biotrophic interactions are largely unknown. Here, we report the biological function of a M. oryzae-specific gene, R equired-for-Focal- B IC- F ormation 1 (RBF1). RBF1 expression was induced in appressoria and IH only when the fungus was inoculated to living plant tissues. Long-term successive imaging of live cell fluorescence revealed that the expression of RBF1 was upregulated each time the fungus crossed a host cell wall. Like other symplastic effector proteins of the rice blast fungus, Rbf1 accumulated in the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and was translocated into the rice cytoplasm. RBF1-knockout mutants (Δrbf1) were severely deficient in their virulence to rice leaves, but were capable of proliferating in abscisic acid-treated or salicylic acid-deficient rice plants. In rice leaves, Δrbf1 inoculation caused necrosis and induced defense-related gene expression, which led to a higher level of diterpenoid phytoalexin accumulation than the wild-type fungus did. Δrbf1 showed unusual differentiation of IH and dispersal of the normally BIC-focused effectors around the short primary hypha and the first bulbous cell. In the Δrbf1-invaded cells, symplastic effectors were still translocated into rice cells but with a lower efficiency. These data indicate that RBF1 is a virulence gene essential for the focal BIC formation, which is critical for the rice blast fungus to suppress host immune responses., Author Summary Biotrophic pathogens grow inside living host cells by secreting “effector” proteins that suppress host innate immunity. Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes the most serious damage to rice, and recently also to wheat, is a hemibiotrophic fungus. During the biotrophic invasion, a host membrane-rich structure called the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) is focally formed at the periphery of the invasive hyphae. Several effectors have been reported to accumulate in the BIC; however, its role is unknown. In this study, we identified a novel M. oryzae-specific virulence effector gene, R equired-for-Focal- B IC- F ormation 1 (RBF1). When RBF1 was absent, the fungus was incapable of forming the focal BIC structure. RBF1 expression was transiently increased each time the fungus penetrated a neighboring rice cell, which is consistent with the BIC formation in each invaded cell. The RBF1-disrupted mutants triggered higher immune responses and showed drastically reduced pathogenicity; however, it was able to cause disease in immuno-depressed rice plants. These results indicate that the focal BIC formation is critical for suppressing host immune responses and to the virulence of M. oryzae. The mode of action of the focal BIC is unknown, but the acquisition of RBF1 might enable M. oryzae to combat effectively against host innate immunity.

Chitin is a major molecular pattern for various fungi, and its fragments, chitin oligosaccharides, are known to induce various defense responses in plant cells. A plasma membrane glycoprotein, CEBiP (chitin elicitor binding protein) and a receptor kinase, CERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase) (also known as LysM-RLK1), were identified as critical components for chitin signaling in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. However, it is not known whether each plant species requires both of these two types of molecules for chitin signaling, nor the relationships between these molecules in membrane signaling. We report here that rice cells require a LysM receptor-like kinase, OsCERK1, in addition to CEBiP, for chitin signaling. Knockdown of OsCERK1 resulted in marked suppression of the defense responses induced by chitin oligosaccharides, indicating that OsCERK1 is essential for chitin signaling in rice. The results of a yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that both CEBiP and OsCERK1 have the potential to form hetero- or homo-oligomers. Immunoprecipitation using a membrane preparation from rice cells treated with chitin oligosaccharides suggested the ligand-induced formation of a receptor complex containing both CEBiP and OsCERK1. Blue native PAGE and chemical cross-linking experiments also suggested that a major portion of CEBiP exists as homo-oligomers even in the absence of chitin oligosaccharides.

Two new oxindole alkaloids, rankiniridine ( 1 ) and humanteniridine ( 2 ), having a nitrogen–carbon linkage between a humantenine-type monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and a monoterpene unit with an iridoid skeleton, were isolated from Gelsemium rankinii and Gelsemium elegans , respectively.

An optical flow injection analysis (FIA) system for glucose measurement in tomato was constructed by using a glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilized reactor and a photodiode sensor, a peristaltic pump and a personal computer. The GOD reactor was crammed with strip-shaped of a GOD immobilized membrane to an acrylic pipe. The GOD was immobilized on polytetrafluoroethylene membrane by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Hydrogen peroxide generated by the GOD reaction oxidized luminol to produce chemiluminescence in the presence of horseradish peroxide. The chemiluminescence was detected by using the photodiode. The glucose measurement system was calibrated with standard glucose solutions. The calibration range of the system for glucose was 2.0–100.0 mmol L−1. Measurement time for every sample was within 3 min. Glucose concentrations of a fresh and processed tomato samples measured with this glucose measurement system could be evaluated rapidly and non-laboriously.

We show that a rice GRAS family protein, CIGR2, is a bonafide transcriptional activator, and through this function, targets the B-type heat shock protein-encoding gene OsHsf23 (Os09g0456800). CIGR2 (Os07g0583600) is an N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor-responsive gene whose activity, through the direct transcriptional control of OsHsf23, is required for mediating hypersensitive cell death activation during pathogen infection. RNAi lines of CIGR2 and OsHsf23 similarly exhibited the higher level of granulation in the epidermal cells of leaf sheath inoculated with an avirulent isolate of rice blast fungus. Interestingly, we did not observe altered levels of resistance, suggesting that CIGR2 suppresses excessive cell death in the incompatible interaction with blast fungus via activation of OsHsf23.

A biochemical gas-sensor (bio-sniffer) was constructed for convenient measurement of odourless hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapour, which is harmful to skin and mucous membranes. An enzyme-immobilized membrane was fabricated by spreading the mixture of catalase and photo-crosslinkable polymer on a dialysis membrane. An H2O2 biosensor was constructed by attaching this catalase-immobilized membrane to the sensitive top of a Clark-type oxygen electrode, and the oxygen generation from the decomposition of H2O2 catalysed by catalase was measured amperometrically. This biosensor was first applied to the measurement of H2O2 solution and was able to quantify the concentrations of H2O2 solution from 0.02 to 10.0 mmol L−1. Then, this biosensor was applied to gaseous phase as a bio-sniffer and was able to detect the odourless H2O2 vapour with the calibration range from 0.5 to 30 ppm, where the threshold limit value assigned by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1 ppm) is covered.

Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and serves as a molecular pattern for the recognition of potential pathogens in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. In plants, chitin oligosaccharides have been known to induce various defense responses in a wide range of plant cells including both monocots and dicots. To clarify the molecular machinery involved in the perception and transduction of chitin oligosaccharide elicitor, a high-affinity binding protein for this elicitor was isolated from the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured rice cells. Characterization of the purified protein, CEBiP, as well as the cloning of the corresponding gene revealed that CEBiP is actually a glycoprotein consisting of 328 amino acid residues and glycan chains. CEBiP was predicted to have a short membrane spanning domain at the C terminus. Knockdown of CEBiP gene by RNA interference resulted in the suppression of the elicitor-induced oxidative burst as well as the gene responses, showing that CEBiP plays a key role in the perception and transduction of chitin oligosaccharide elicitor in the rice cells. Structural analysis of CEBiP also indicated the presence of two LysM motifs in the extracellular portion of CEBiP. As the LysM motif has been known to exist in the putative Nod-factor receptor kinases involved in the symbiotic signaling between leguminous plants and rhizobial bacteria, the result indicates the involvement of partially homologous plasma membrane proteins both in defense and symbiotic signaling in plant cells.

Two monomeric lectins, SSA-b-3 and SSA-b-4, were purified from the bark tissue of Japanese elderberry, Sambucus sieboldiana. SDS-PAGE of the purified lectins showed the presence of single bands of 35 and 33 kDa for SSA-b-3 and SSA-b-4, respectively, irrespective of the presence of reducing agent. MS analysis as well as gel filtration of these lectins indicated that they exist mostly as monomeric lectins. Analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of SSA-b-3 and SSA-b-4 yielded an identical sequence, indicating their close structural relationship. Four cDNA clones with extensive homology were obtained from the bark cDNA library and indicated to encode SSA-b-3 or SSA-b-4 from the comparison with the N-terminal sequences of these lectins. These clones were classified into two groups, three for SSA-b-3 and one for SSA-b-4, based on the predicted isoelectric points. The amino acid sequences of the encoded polypeptides were almost identical with the B-chain of a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from the same bark tissue, sieboldin-b, except for the absence of a small peptide containing a cystein residue, which is critical for the heteromeric dimerization with an A-subunit. Carbohydrate binding specificity and biological activity of these lectins are also reported.

Four new iridoids structurally related to gelsemide (5) were isolated from two Loganiaceous plants, Gelsemium elegans and G. rankinii. Among them, GEIR-1 (1) has a novel tetracyclic caged structure.

手術不能非小細胞肺癌患者23例について, CBDCACLの予測式として利用されているCalvert, Jelliffe, Chatelut式の妥当性を検討した.対象患者のCBDCA500mg/m2投与時のAUCを測定し各予測式から逆算したAUCとともに, AUCと血小板減少率との相関を比較したところ, 有意な相関を示したのは実測AUCとCalvertのAUCのみであった.また23例のCBDCA CLの実測値と予測値との関係を評価したところ, いずれの予測値も実測値より高く評価される傾向にあった.CBDCA CLとの間に有意な相関を認めた患者年齢と24時間Ccrを変数として重回帰分析によりCBDCA CLの予測式を作成した.CBDCACL (ml/min) =0.52×Ccr24h-2.62×age+223.3 (r=0.71, p

A type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) was isolated from the bark tissue of Japanese elderberry (Sambucus sieboldiana) and named sieboldin-b. Sieboldin-b is a heterodimeric protein consisting of 27- and 33-kDa subunits and showed strong ribosome-inactivating activity in vitro but did not show in vivo toxicity. The amino acid sequence of sieboldin-b deduced from the structure of the cDNA showed that both subunits of sieboldin-b are encoded on a single precursor polypeptide. Sieboldin-b has a structure homologous with the Neu5Ac(alpha 2-6)Gal/GalNAc-specific bark lectin from S. sieboldiana (SSA) and also typical type II RIPs such as ricin and abrin. Detailed analyses of carbohydrate binding properties of sieboldin-b revealed that sieboldin-b binds to Gal/GalNAc, similar to ricin/abrin, in spite of its highly homologous structure with SSA. The biological properties of these toxins/lectins are compared, and the possible explanation for such diversity is discussed.

A simple application of chemiluminescence (CL) to multicomponent analysis of glucose, glutamic acid and lactic acid for food analysis using flow injection analysis (FIA) is described. The oxidative enzyme for each analyte and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was employed. The sample solutions were analysed by the catalytic reaction on luminol/H2O2 CL reaction system. The CL generated by catalytic reactions was detected by a FIA system consisted of a photodiode, enzyme-immobilized reactor, a peristaltic pump and a personal computer. Glucose oxidase (GOD), glutamate oxidase (GLOD) and lactate oxidase (LOD) was immobilized on the hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, respectively. A small volume, 5.0 μL of the standard solution of each analyte was injected and the CL was detected and measured by a photodiode. And the measurement of glucose, glutamic acid and lactic acid is concurrently also possible by using GOD, GLOD and LOD enzyme-immobilized reactors.

TrpA1 is an ion channel involved in nociceptive and inflammatory pain. It is implicated in the detection of chemical irritants through covalent binding to a cysteine-rich intracellular region of the protein. While performing an HTS of the Pfizer chemical collection, a class of pyrimidines emerged as a non-reactive, non-covalently binding family of agonists of the rat and human TrpA1 channel. Given the issues identified with the reference agonist Mustard Oil (MO) in screening, a new, non-covalently binding agonist was optimized and proved to be a superior agent to MO for screening purposes. Compound 16a (PF-4840154) is a potent, selective agonist of the rat and human TrpA1 channel and elicited TrpA1-mediated nocifensive behaviour in mouse.

The biological role of a secretory catalase of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae was studied. The internal amino acid sequences of the partially purified catalase in the culture filtrate enabled us to identify its encoding gene as a catalase-peroxidase gene, CPXB, among four putative genes for catalase or catalase-peroxidase in M. oryzae. Knockout of the gene drastically reduced the level of catalase activity in the culture filtrate and supernatant of conidial suspension (SCS), and increased the sensitivity to exogenously added H2O2 compared with control strains, suggesting that CPXB is the major gene encoding the secretory catalase and confers resistance to H2O2 in hyphae. In the mutant, the rate of appressoria that induced accumulation of H2O2 in epidermal cells of the leaf sheath increased and infection at early stages was delayed; however, the formation of lesions in the leaf blade was not affected compared with the control strain. These phenotypes were complimented by reintroducing the putative coding regions of CPXB driven by a constitutive promoter. These results suggest that CPXB plays a role in fungal defense against H2O2 accumulated in epidermal cells of rice at the early stage of infection but not in pathogenicity of M. oryzae.

The synthesis and reactivities of double bond compounds between Group 14 and Group 16 elements have been reported. Specifically the chemistry of M[dbnd]X type compounds (C[dbnd]Se, Ge[dbnd]S, Ge[dbnd]Se, Sn[dbnd]S, Sn[dbnd]Se) are described.

Four new iridoids structurally related to gelsemide (5) were isolated from two Loganiaceous plants, Gelsemium elegans and G. rankinii. Among them, GEIR-1 (1) has a novel tetracyclic caged structure.

Two new oxindole alkaloids, rankiniridine ( 1 ) and humanteniridine ( 2 ), having a nitrogen–carbon linkage between a humantenine-type monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and a monoterpene unit with an iridoid skeleton, were isolated from Gelsemium rankinii and Gelsemium elegans , respectively.

A measurement system for food nutrient with flow injection analysis (FIA) system was constructed. The sensing system consisted of a peristaltic pump, a glucose oxidase (GOD) reactor and a photodiode. GOD was immobilized on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane by crosslinking using glutaraldehyde. H2O2 generated by the GOD reaction oxidized luminol to produce chemiluminescence in the presence of horseradish peroxide. The chemiluminescence was detected using a photodiode. The calibration range of the nutrient sensor for glucose was from 2.0 to 100.0 mmol/1. The glucose concentration of tomato extraction measured with the glucose FIA system and the spectroscopy measurement were 78.4 mmol/1 and 94.4 mmol/1, respectively.

[reaction: see text] New types of four gelsenicine-related oxindole alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of Gelsemium elegans Benth. Gelsedilam (1) and 14-acetoxygelsedilam (2) are the first examples of 18,19-nor-type monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Gelsefuranidine (3) and gelseiridone (4) have, respectively, an additional furan residue or an iridoid unit on the gelsenicine-related monoterpenoid indole alkaloid.

We isolated three cDNA clones (pSGJl, pSGJ2 and pSGJ3) for DnaJ-like proteins of the Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana Seemen). The insert in pSGJ2 included the entire nucleotide sequence of the insert in pSGJl that was separated into four parts by three intron-like sequences, and it might correspond to the cDNA for a precursor to the SGJ1 mRNA. The predicted amino acid sequences of SGJ1 (47.5 kDa) and SGJ3 (46.6 kDa) exhibited about 70 to 91% homology to plant cytoplasmic DnaJ-like proteins. SGJ1 was encoded by one or a few genes within the willow genome while SGJ3 was encoded by several genes. Expression of the SGJ1 and SGJ3 genes was compared with that of Hsp70 (SGK1) gene. Constitutive expression of SGJ1, SGJ3 and SGK1 was detected in all organs examined. The SGJ1 mRNA was most abundant in male catkins (inflorescences). High-level expression of SGJ3 and SGK1 was detected in catkins and roots of both male and female plants. The level of the SGJ3 mRNA in the leaves increased about 10-fold after 1 h of heat stress while the expression of SGJ1 mRNA reached a maximum level after 6 h. However, the extent of induction of SGJ1 mRNA was quite low. The levels of SGJ1 and SGJ3 mRNAs in the leaves increased about 6-fold and 2-fold, respectively, after 24 h of treatment with 100 mM NaCl. Thus, the SGJ1 and SGJ3 genes showed differential expression patterns in a variety of organs and in response to different environmental conditions.

Ophthalmoplegia and dementia are not usually observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We report the case of a 60-year-old female with ophthalmoplegia and frontal-type dementia which appeared at an early stage of her illness that presented with dysarthria and weakness in the upper extremities. Notable autopsy findings in the central nervous system were, in addition to the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, moderate neuronal loss and spongy degeneration in layer II of the frontal cortex with prominent astrocytosis, and moderate neuronal loss with astrocytosis in both the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. Central chromatolysis of a few neurons in the oculomotor nucleus was seen. This case is considered to be a new subtype of motor neuron disease.

The frequencies of mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene and ras proto-oncogenes were investigated systematically in surgically resected oral squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs) using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and/or dot-blot hybridization analysis of DNA fragments which had been amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). p53 gene mutations, within the region of exons 5 to 8, were detected in 17 out of 27 (63%) tumor specimens. The role of p53 mutations in cell-line establishment was investigated. p53 gene mutations were detected in 5 out of 6 tissue samples from which cell lines were established and in 4 out of 5 specimens from which cell lines could not be established, suggesting that the presence of p53 gene mutations is not by itself sufficient for cell-line establishment. Tumor samples were also analyzed for point mutational activation of the ras proto-oncogenes. One out of 30 (3%) tumors showed an activating point mutation in codon 12 of H-ras, this being consistent with reports from Europe and USA but not with any from India. Compared to frequencies of the other genetic changes so far reported for oral SCC, the p53 mutations have been observed most often to undergo genetic change. p53 gene mutation is thus intimately involved in the genesis of oral SCC and consequently should be useful as a marker for the diagnosis of this neoplasm. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A detailed uv-spectral investigation on the interaction of Direct Sky Blue 6B (C, I. Direct Blue 1) with a cationic polyelectrolyte (methyl-hydroxyethyl-diallylammonium chloride-SO2 copolymer) in dilute aqueous solution has been carried out.Under appropriate conditions the binding of the dye to the polycation gives rise to a marked change in its spectrum.When approximately equivalent polycation and dye are present in the solution, the so-called stacking spectrum due to polymolecular adsorption of the dye to the polymer is found. When polycation concentration exceeds largely, the so-called binding spectrum due to monomolecular adsorption of the dye is observed. Complex formation on the polymer between Sky Blue 6B and Chrysophenine G was found.The effects of urea, caustic soda and sodium chloride on the spectrum of Sky Blue in the presence of the polymer are also discussed.

In this paper we examine the macroeconomic interdependence of Japan and the United States using the McKibbin-Sachs global (MSG) simulation model of the world economy. Our goal is to determine how shifts in macroeconomic policies in the United States or Japan affect the other country as well as the rest of the world. In particular, we examine the following three issues: (1) the likely macroeconomic ramifications for the United States, Europe, and Japan of significant budget cuts in the United States; (2) the macroeconomic implications of a protectionist tariff imposed by the United States; and (3) the scope for policy coordination among the United States, Japan, and Europe.

The properties of the microenvironments of methyl orange, ethyl orange, and butyl orange solubilized in alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (alkyl-TAB, involving alkyl group such as decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl or octadecyl group) micellar solutions have been examined by means of spectroscopic procedures. The absorption maximum frequencies (vmax) of methyl orange, ethyl orange, and butyl orange in the mixtures of ethanol-water, dioxane-water, and acetone-water have been successfully correlated with the solvent polarity parameter, Grunwald-Winstein's Y value, respectively. By comparing the Y values obtained from vmax of the dye in micellar solution with those in the solvent mixtures, the properties of the microenvironments of the dye is discussed. Butyl orange, the most hydrophobic dye of three, is supposed to be solubilized in hydrophobic environments of the micellar solutions of decyl-, dodecyl-, and tetradecyl-TAB, but in relatively less hydrophobic environments of hexadecyl-, and octadecyl-TAB. Ethyl orange and methyl orange are supposed to be solubilized in relatively less hydrophobic environments of micellar solutions of all the alkyl-TAB, respectively. The microenvironments of the dyes solubilized in alkyl-TAB micellar solutions are considered to be primarily dependent on the alkyl group of the dye and secondly dependent on the length of alkyl chain of alkyl-TAB.

The reactions between the dyes having sulfonic groups and the alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (ATB) in the solution have been examined quantitatively by means of conductometric method at 15, 25 and 35°C. The dyes having larger nonpolar groups was found to interact with the ATB having smaller alkyl groups. The molecules with small nonpolar groups, e. g. sulfanilic acid, was found not to interact with any ATB having large nonpolar groups. The complex formed by the reactions of the dyes having large nonpolar groups was slightly water soluble. The thermodynamic properties of the reactions shows that the reactions between them are dependent on not only the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged ions, but also on the interactions between the nonpolar groups of the dyes and ATB.