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Background: Single spinal anesthetic has been shown to be ineffective in preventing obturator nerve activation and adductor muscle contraction, which can lead to problems such as bladder perforation during transurethral resection of lateral wall bladder tumor (TURBT) under SA. To counteract this, numerous additional approaches are still being investigated, with the inguinal approach lately gaining traction. The aim of the study was to observe the incidence of jerk/ muscle spasm after obturator nerve block by Inguinal Approach in TURBT of lateral wall urinary bladder tumor under SA. Material & Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology & ICU of National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 6 months, from January 2022 to July 2022. During this period, a total of 20 cases of transurethral resection of lateral wall bladder tumor (TURBT) had been included as the study population, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Among the participants, 45% had been from the age group of 60-69 years, 30% had been from the age group of 50-59 years, 15% had been between the ages of 70-79, and 10% had been of 80 years or older. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, observed in 70% of the participants. 45% had diabetes, 15% had chronic kidney disease, another 15% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 10% had heart disease, and 15% had benign enlargement of prostate. During TURBT, majority of the patients had no jerk, while only 10% had minimal jerk and 1 patient had maximum jerk. During the 24-hour follow-up, 20% of patients regarded their outcome condition as excellent, while 60% had regraded their outcome as good. Only 1 patient regarded their outcome as poor, while follow-up data was unavailable for 15% of patients. Conclusion: The study observed very few incidence of muscle spasm or jerk during TURBT after using the inguinal approach. The study also found positive short-term outcome in most of the patients.

The concept of using bio-inspired healing mechanisms in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-based laminated composites is one of the trending areas of research for lightweight high-performance materials.

This work revealed the role of altering vanadium (V) content in Mn–Zn ferrites. We used the traditional solid-state reaction method to prepare the Mn_0.5 Zn_0.5 V_x Fe_(2 - x) O_4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) ferrites. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the samples' crystal structures, revealing the prepared sample's spinal cubic crystal structure. With increasing Vanadium concentration, the lattice constant drops proportionately. We used Debye-Scherrer (D-S), Williamson-Hall (W-H) Plot, Halder-Wagner (H-W) Langford, and Size Strain Plot (SSP) methods to compare different structural properties. We also used the impedance analyzer to investigate the samples' dielectric characteristics and AC conductivity at room temperature over a frequency range of 1 KHz to 100 MHz. The magnetic properties, i.e., Saturation magnetization (Ms), Coercive field (Hc), and Remanent magnetization (Mr), were estimated from the ferromagnetic hysteresis behavior of the samples measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization was observed to decrease with an increase in V content. The Mr and HC vary non-linearly with V contents. The prepared samples' initial permeability was tested, and a reasonably constant complex permeability (µ') was recorded over a wide frequency range (~ 1000 Hz).

Nitrogen doped ZnO (ZnO:N), thin films have been deposited on glass substrate at the temperature of 350ºC by low cost homemade thermal spray pyrolysis (TSP) technique at a normal environmental conditions. In this study the average reflectance, transmittance and absorbance were measured (20%), (35%), and (45%), respectively. Absorption coefficient is 3.5x104cm-1 for N doped ZnO. Direct bandgap energy varies from 3.08-2.99eV and indirect band gap energy varies from 2.86-2.67eV for N doped ZnO. XRD analysis shows the (002) plane is present of samples and the average grain size decrease with increasing N concentration. Surface morphology of N doped ZnO films is studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is seen that hexagonal crystal grains few voids are present for N doped ZnO samples. The surface exhibits more or less uniform surface morphology with some clusters on the whole surface. Hall Effect study confirms that Nitrogen doped ZnO (ZnO:N), thin films using Vander pauws method were made at room temperature at a constant field of 9.75 KG. Experimentally (1, 2, 3, and 4) % N doped ZnO thin films have shown in negative Hall Constant (RH). Which exhibited n-type characteristics. Hall Constant (RH), and Hall concentration (n), increases with increasing N doping concentration. Initially Hall mobility (μH), increases linearly for (1-2) % N doping concentration then it decreases for the rest of the doping concentration. We also found that the resistivity (ρ) decreases and the conductivity (s) increases with increasing N doping concentration which exhibits the semiconducting nature.

We explore “the horizontal lift” of the structure J satisfying J 2 − α J − β I = 0 and establish that it as a kind of metallic structure. An analysis of Nijenhuis tensor of metallic structure J H is presented, and a new tensor field J ˜ of 1,1 -type is introduced and demonstrated to be metallic structure. Some results on the Nijenhuis tensor and the Lie derivative of J ˜ in TM are proved and explicit examples are given. Moreover, the metallic structure J ˜ endowed with projection operators l ˜ and m ˜ in TM is studied.

It is well known that ?an almost complex structure? J that is J2 = ?I on the manifold M is called ?an almost Hermitian manifold? (M, J,G) if G(JX, JY) = G(X,Y) and proved that (F2M, JD,GD) is ?an almost Hermitian manifold? on the frame bundle of the second order F2M. The term ?an almost complex structure? refers to the general quadratic structure J2 = pJ + qI, where p = 0, q = ?1. However, this paper aims to study the general quadratic equation J2 = pJ + qI, where p, q are positive integers, it is named as a metallic structure. The diagonal lift of the metallic structure J on the frame bundle of the second order F2Mis studied and shows that it is also a metallic structure. The proposed theorem proves that the diagonal lift GD of a Riemannian metric G is a metallic Riemannian metric on F2M. Also, a new tensor field ?J of type (1,1) is defined on F2M and proves that it is a metallic structure. The 2-form and its derivative dF of a tensor field ?J are determined. Furthermore, the Nijenhuis tensor N?J of a metallic structure ?J and the Nijenhuis tensor NJD of a tensor field JD of type (1,1) on the frame bundle of the second order F2M are calculated.

The stannite structured ZnAg2SnS4 was developed from its parent composition ZnAg2GeS4, which is considered to be an excellent photocatalytic material, as the demands for photocatalytic effect on organic and waste water treatment have been increasing around the globe. First and foremost, the geometry optimization was performed by density functional theory (DFT) of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE)-ballpark figured as the successful candidate for computational screening containing heavy metal complexes. The structural geometry parameters were determined along with the electronic band structure, density of state (DOS), partial density of state (PDOS), Mulliken charge population, elastic constant, and optical characteristics. When the Ge (ZnAg2GeS4) atom has been swapped out by a Sn (ZnAg2SnS4) atom, the changes in band gap is noticeable, which rises from 0.94 eV to 1.15 eV with the same geometry and surface area. But, after 7% Fe doping, it has decreased to 0.32 eV. The PDOS demonstrates that the production of hydrogen for photocatalytic influence on wastewater treatment is dependent on the Fe atom's ability to induce and boost the electron density in both the conduction band and the valence band. The study of the elastic constant and mechanical constant revealed that these crystals are extremely stable in any environment. The dielectric constant and optical absorptions illustrate the superior evidence for photocatalytic activity. To sum up, it could be said that after doping of Fe, the elastic constant and mechanical constant show all universal anisotropic index crystals and ZnAg2Sn0.93Fe0.07S4 can absorb a variety of UV radiation, which raises the possibility that it could function as a photocatalyst.

f(R,T)-gravity is a generalization of Einstein’s field equations (EFEs) and f(R)-gravity. In this research article, we demonstrate the virtues of the f(R,T)-gravity model with Einstein solitons (ES) and gradient Einstein solitons (GES). We acquire the equation of state of f(R,T)-gravity, provided the matter of f(R,T)-gravity is perfect fluid. In this series, we give a clue to determine pressure and density in radiation and phantom barrier era, respectively. It is proved that if a f(R,T)-gravity filled with perfect fluid admits an Einstein soliton (g,ρ,λ) and the Einstein soliton vector field ρ of (g,ρ,λ) is Killing, then the scalar curvature is constant and the Ricci tensor is proportional to the metric tensor. We also establish the Liouville’s equation in the f(R,T)-gravity model. Next, we prove that if a f(R,T)-gravity filled with perfect fluid admits a gradient Einstein soliton, then the potential function of gradient Einstein soliton satisfies Poisson equation. We also establish some physical properties of the f(R,T)-gravity model together with gradient Einstein soliton.

In this paper, we study the properties of ϵ-Kenmotsu manifolds if its metrics are *η-Ricci-Yamabe solitons. It is proven that an ϵ-Kenmotsu manifold endowed with a *η-Ricci-Yamabe soliton is η-Einstein. The necessary conditions for an ϵ-Kenmotsu manifold, whose metric is a *η-Ricci-Yamabe soliton, to be an Einstein manifold are derived. Finally, we model an indefinite Kenmotsu manifold example of dimension 5 to examine the existence *η-Ricci-Yamabe solitons.

Background This study focused on nutritional status of the rickshaw pullers, their dietary energy and nutrients consumption along with their energy intake gap as compared to expenditure. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out at 15 different important locations of Dhaka city during December-January 2018. In total, 670 rickshaw pullers from these locations were randomly selected. Printed predesigned and validated semi structured questionnaire was used to record necessary information. Nutritional status was determined according to Asia specific BMI cut- off values. Energy expenditure was calculated using their Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Physical Activity Level (PAL) value. 24-hour dietary recall method was administered for dietary analysis. Results About 65.4% of them were found within normal BMI range. About 11.5% were underweight and about 23.1% were found having more than normal BMI. Percentage of both underweight (39.0%) and overweight (35.8%) were found higher among those who were between 25 and 35 years. Average daily dietary energy consumption was 2391 kcal and energy expenditure were found 4608 kcal. Their energy consumption was found 2217 kcal less compared to their energy expenditure. Conclusion The current study revealed the nutritional status, dietary intake of the rickshaw pullers of Dhaka city and found energy gap in their dietary intake compared to their expenditure. For their better health and nutrition outcome integrated approach should be taken by the responsible authorities.

A series of Cr3+-substituted Mn-Ni–Zn ferrites; Mn0.5Ni0.1Zn0.4Fe2-xCrxO4 (x = 0.0 - 0.4 in a step of 0.1) were prepared by traditional solid-state reaction route. The structural, magnetic, dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy of these compositions were studied. Phase identification and lattice constant (a0) determination were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns established the fabrication of a single-phase spinel structure. The FESEM micrographs exposed that the average grain size () increased slightly with chromium (Cr) substitution and then decreased for a higher concentration of chromium in the composition. The real part of initial permeability () diminished owing to the enhanced porosity of the compositions with the increase of Cr3+ content in the composition. The highest relative quality factor (RQF) was attained for the samples with x = 0.1. The magnetic hysteresis was investigated to know the effect of Cr3+ substitution in the composition of the magnetic properties. The decrease of saturation magnetization (Ms) with an enhancement in Cr3+ might be triggered by switching of Fe3+ ions from octahedral to tetrahedral site. The samples with x = 0.1 exhibited the highest anisotropy constant (K). Curie temperatures of the investigated samples were significantly modified to lower temperatures with the Cr3+ content. The frequency characteristics of dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy had been investigated. The highest dielectric constant (e') and resistivity were observed for x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 samples. The complex impedance spectra analysis reveals in-depth information about the conduction mechanism, microstructure, and orientation of the grains in the samples.

The present paper aims to study the Cauchy-Riemann structures and the general even order structure and find the general even order structure that acts on complementary distributions and as an almost complex structure and a null operator, respectively. We also discuss integrability conditions and prove certain theorems on the Cauchy-Riemann structures and the general even order structure. Moreover, we construct examples of it.

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticle (CFN) has received attention in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a promising contrast agent due to its higher saturation magnetization and magneto-crystalline anisotr...

The anatomical variations and pathological conditions of the sinonasal area can be easily identified using computed tomography (CT) scan. The study was done to observe the prevalence of concha bullosa (CB) and nasal septal deviation (DNS) in sinusitis patients. 135 CT scan of nose and paranasal (PNS) sinuses were taken and reviewed retrospectively for the presence of concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and sinusitis in the department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Border Guard Hospital, Dhaka from March 2019 to January 2020. Out of 135 patients, CT scan of nose and PNS revealed 74.81% patients exhibited some sinus disease, 68.14% nasal septal deviation and 42.22% had concha bullosa. In this study, we have done a retrospective analysis of the CT scan of PNS in order to assess the prevalence CB, DNS and sinusitis. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; April 2020; 26(1): 18-23

Introduction: Food insecurity refers to a household’s having “limited or uncertain availability of food, or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways”. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia, are the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide and related to household food insecurity. Objectives: To find out the association between household food security and anaemia in children of a selected rural area of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children ranging age from 12 to 60 months during the period ofJanuary 2009 to June 2009in Chandpur district. Mothers of the children were the respondents. A total of 192 children selected by simple random sampling were included in the study. Data were collected by face-to-face interview of the respondents and by estimation of haemoglobin of the children. Results: The mean age of the children was 34.5 ± 16.8 months. Male children were more than the female children with male to female ratio being 3:2. The average monthly family income was taka 7500. More than 60% of the mother had secondary level education. Farming was the prime occupation (36.4 %) of the father followed by business (25.5%) and service (22.4%). About 36% of the household did not have food security and nearly 45% of the children wereanaemic (Hb

f(R,T)-gravity is a generalization of Einstein’s field equations (EFEs) and f(R)-gravity. In this research article, we demonstrate the virtues of the f(R,T)-gravity model with Einstein solitons (ES) and gradient Einstein solitons (GES). We acquire the equation of state of f(R,T)-gravity, provided the matter of f(R,T)-gravity is perfect fluid. In this series, we give a clue to determine pressure and density in radiation and phantom barrier era, respectively. It is proved that if a f(R,T)-gravity filled with perfect fluid admits an Einstein soliton (g,ρ,λ) and the Einstein soliton vector field ρ of (g,ρ,λ) is Killing, then the scalar curvature is constant and the Ricci tensor is proportional to the metric tensor. We also establish the Liouville’s equation in the f(R,T)-gravity model. Next, we prove that if a f(R,T)-gravity filled with perfect fluid admits a gradient Einstein soliton, then the potential function of gradient Einstein soliton satisfies Poisson equation. We also establish some physical properties of the f(R,T)-gravity model together with gradient Einstein soliton.

The subject of the present paper is the investigation of a new type of solitons, called η-∗-Ricci solitons in (k,μ)-almost co-Kähler manifold (briefly, ackm), which generalizes the notion of the η-Ricci soliton introduced by Cho and Kimura. First, the expression of the ∗-Ricci tensor on ackm is obtained. Additionally, we classify the η-∗-Ricci solitons in (k,μ)-ackms. Next, we investigate (k,μ)-ackms admitting gradient η-∗-Ricci solitons. Finally, we construct two examples to illustrate our results.

The subject of the present paper is the investigation of a new type of solitons, called η-∗-Ricci solitons in (k,μ)-almost co-Kähler manifold (briefly, ackm), which generalizes the notion of the η-Ricci soliton introduced by Cho and Kimura. First, the expression of the ∗-Ricci tensor on ackm is obtained. Additionally, we classify the η-∗-Ricci solitons in (k,μ)-ackms. Next, we investigate (k,μ)-ackms admitting gradient η-∗-Ricci solitons. Finally, we construct two examples to illustrate our results.

Women in Bangladesh are involved with agriculture in planting, harvesting and post-harvest processing. Present study investigated the socio-economic, hygienic and maternal health of the women working in agricultural sector (employee) and women who are involved in other works (non-employee) in the same community to evaluate impacts of agriculture on women life style. Data was collected from Chittagong, Dinajpur and Mymensingh district using questionnaire survey. The survey results revealed that medium household size (61.9% and 57.8%), primary education (51.4% and 49.1%), married (93.6% and 91.4%) was dominant among employee and non-employee women, respectively. Average monthly household income and expenditure of the employees were Tk. 11532 and Tk. 8926, respectively while in non-employee women were Tk. 9686 and Tk. 7848, respectively. Most of the employee and non-employee women had facilities for drinking tube-well water (91.9% and 81.5%) and use polli electricity (69.9% and 68.2%) in the areas. This indicates that higher income from agriculture has a positive impact on life style of employee women. Clean house, hand washing, garbage disposal and ingredients wash before cooking constituted highest percentage of the respondents in both cases. Current study revealed that health check during pregnancy, T.T. coverage and normal delivery process was good among the employee women. Body Mass Index (BMI) results revealed that 68.2% employee women was under normal weight while 42.8% non-employee women was underweight. Besides, obesity rate was significantly higher among the non-employee women (25.4%) which is only 2.9% among the employee community. The study observed and suggesting that employee women in agriculture have better life style, more income, hygiene practice, good maternal health and better nutritional status than the non-employee women in the same community. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 375–379, 2019

In this work, we report matrix and interfacial healing capabilities for hybrid DA-based polymer nanocomposites. Thermo-reversible self-healing nanocomposites were prepared by reinforcing bismaleimide grafted graphite nanoplatelets (B-GNPs) in a DA-based hybrid polymer matrix (HPM). The maleimide functional moieties were found grafted on B-GNPs that form globular networked structures on the nanoplatelets. Data from the TG-DSC revealed increased exothermic peaks corresponding to DA and retro-DA bond formation due to the incorporation of B-GNPs in HPM. This indicates the formation of DA bonds proficient enough to establish self-healing at the interfaces of B-GNPs and HPM. We also found that incorporation of B-GNPs in HPM having 40 wt% irreversible epoxy resin (DA40) has the potential to uplift the mechanical stability along with self-healing efficiency demonstrating successful interfacial healing. The resulting B-GNPs reinforced nanocomposites of DA40 showed maximum healing efficiency of ~87% with multiple times healing capability. The tensile strength and modulus were also significantly increased by ~242% and ~41% in comparison to pristine DA40. This study espouses the potential use of B-GNPs for multiple interfacial healing along with matrix healing of hybrid polymer nanocomposites.

The present work is focused on investigating the effect of rare earth ion on structural, magnetic and transport properties of (Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2-x)SmxO4[x = 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10] ferrites which were prepared by solid state reaction technique at 1100°C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that rare earth free sample shows formulation of single phase cubic spinel structure with no extra peak whereas Sm substituted Cu-Zn ferrite samples show additional peaks that correspond to a secondary orthoferrite phase. Lattice parameter, bulk density, X-ray density and porosity of the studied samples are increased with Sm substituted ions. Lattice parameter of both series are slightly decrease with increase Sm content. The initial permeability decreases with increasing Sm ions in ferrite. Quality factor signifies the merit of the material from the application point of view. The dielectric constant was found to decrease continuously with increasing frequency and remain almost constant at higher frequency range. The dielectric behavior of the experimental ferrite samples can be explained on the basis of the mechanism of the dielectric polarization and conduction process. The saturation magnetization decreases with increasing rare earth Sm contents. Key words: Solid state reaction technique, sintering temperature, quality factor, dielectric polarization.

This study demonstrates the effect of pristine and oxidized fullerene dispersion on the mechanical properties of fullerene C60-epoxy nanocomposite. Fullerene was dispersed in the epoxy system by ultrasonic mixing. Results reveal that incorporation of pristine fullerene in epoxy system enhances the tensile strength and Young’s modulus by ∼13% and ∼16.5% respectively with respect to neat epoxy system, whereas oxidized fullerene enhances the same by ∼23% and ∼46%, respectively. However, the percentage elongation and toughness got reduced, whereas, the fracture toughness and strain energy release rate got enhanced by ∼101.35 % and ∼85.14 % due to the incorporation of oxidized fullerene.