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Caregiving has become an increasingly important medical and social issue in recent decades. We performed a cross-sectional study on pulmonary patients and accompanying informal caregivers who were hospitalized in the chest disease ward of a tertiary center in Turkey between January 2020 and April 2021. Informal caregivers were asked to complete the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. A total of 141 inpatients (39% female, mean age: 76.8 ± 10.2 years) and their informal caregivers (77% female, mean age: 54 ± 11.9 years) were evaluated. The caregivers were classified as light to medium burden (group 1, burden score ≤40) and medium to heavy burden (group 2, burden score40). The mean burden score was 35.7 ± 13.3 points. The number of female caregivers was higher in group 2 (p = 0.025). There was a positive correlation between the burden score and female gender (p = 0.002) and the number of chronic diseases of caregivers (p = 0.020). Statistical analysis revealed a negative correlation between the burden score and the level of education (r = -0.174, p = 0.040). Caregiver burden is related to the characteristics of the caregiver rather than those of the patient being cared for. Female caregivers with lower education and more than one chronic disease perceive a higher caregiver burden.

Sleep disorders associated with COVID-19 pandemic are termed as 'COVID-somnia.' In this study, we sought to assess the prevalence of COVID-somnia in healthcare workers, establish the factors that trigger this condition, and to investigate its relationship with anxiety and depression symptoms.This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2021, and it included healthcare workers who served during the pandemic. Participants' demographic data, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used, and the results were statistically analyzed. Multiple analyses of factors affecting ESS and ISI scores were evaluated using binary logistic regression model and PSQI score were analyzed using a multiple linear regression model.A total of 1,111 healthcare workers who served during the pandemic voluntarily enrolled to the study. The mean age was 37.3 ± 8.48 years, and 63.5% were females. Our study showed that the healthcare workers, evaluated with the PSQI, experienced a deterioration of sleep quality. Primary factors affecting this are working on the front line, the presence of chronic diseases, depression, and anxiety. Regression analyses identified depression and anxiety as the common factors affecting ESS, ISI, and PSQI scores.Raising awareness regarding COVID-somnia among healthcare workers, who play a leading role in curbing the pandemic, would reduce sleep disturbances, depression, and anxiety. It would also contribute to the planning and implementation of preventive and therapeutic mental health programs with a multidisciplinary approach.

Pneumonia is an indisputable cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients especially if they have dementia. We aimed to compare the cost of pneumonia for hospitalized patients with and without dementia and to investigate the factors affecting the direct cost of hospitalization. Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 58 dementia patients hospitalized for pneumonia compared with a matched cohort of 54 patients without dementia. The data were collected from the hospital record system between May 2017 and June 2019. Demographic features, comorbidities, characteristics of pneumonia and factors contributing to the total cost of hospitalization were analysed retrospectively. Results: The total mean cost of all patients for hospitalization of pneumonia was 653.1±1,059.9 American Dollars. The mean cost in the dementia group is 976.14±1,433.83 and 339.01±180.81 American Dollars for the control group per episode (p=0.001). The mean length of stay is 10.24±6.97 days and 7.24±2.89 days in the dementia and control groups, respectively (p

In this article, Early Career Task Force Group members of the Turkish Thoracic Society summarize the European Respiratory Society 2020 virtual congress. Current developments in the field of respiratory diseases were compiled with the addition of sessions specific to coronavirus disease 2019 this year. Almost all of the congress sessions were examined, and the important and striking results of the congress were highlighted. Congress sessions were attended by expert researchers, and the prominent messages of each session were highlighted in short summaries. They were then grouped under relevant titles and ranked in order of meaning and relation. It was finalized by a team of researchers.

Amaç: Pulmoner tromboemboli tanısı ile yatırılarak tedavisi yapılan hastalarda yatışında ve taburcu edildikten sonraki 6 ay boyunca devam eden tedavi sürecinde ortaya çıkabilecek komplikasyonlar ve sağ kalımı etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Göğüs Hastalıkları Kliniğinde pulmoner emboli tanısı ile yatırılarak takip ve tedavi edilen hastalarda yapıldı. 01/01/2014 - 01/12/2016 tarihleri arasında, spiral toraks anjio bilgisayarlı tomografisinde en az segmental pulmoner arterde dolum defekti saptanan erişkin hastalar çalışmaya alındı..Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan toplam 50 hastanın yaş ortalaması 73,04±13,313 yıl ve 13’ü (%26) erkek, 37’si (%74) kadındı. Eksitus olanlarda nabız, Modifiye Geneva ve Wells skorları, pulmoner emboli şiddet indeksi ve basitleştirilmiş pulmoner emboli şiddet indeksi skorları sağ kalanlara göre yüksekti. Eksitus olanlarda hem RDW (Red Cell Distribution With) hem de 1. ve 5. Gün MCV (Mean Corpusculer Volum) ve hematokrit düzeyleri daha düşüktü. Eksitus olanlarda platelet sayısı daha yüksek iken 1. ve 5. gün kan total protein ve albümin düzeyleri düşük bulundu. ALP (Alkalen fosfataz)’ın 1. günde yüksekliği, 5. günde total bilirubin ve CRP (C-Reaktif Protein) yüksekliği mortalite ile ilişkili bulundu. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda Basitleştirilmiş pulmoner emboli şiddet indeksi skorunun yüksekliği, taşikardi, 1. gün ve 5. gün bakılan hemoglobin, total protein, albümin düzeylerinin düşük olması, RDW düzeyi yüksekliği, ALP yüksekliği, 5. Günde WBC, CRP ve total bilirubin düzeylerinin hala yüksek seyretmesi mortalite ile ilişkili bulunmuştur.

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of diseases progressing with recurrent infections. This disease should be considered in cases experiencing recurrent lung infection, otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and urinary tract infection. Since it is generally seen in the childhood age group, the diagnosis in adults may be delayed. A Common Variable Immunodeficiency case, which was followed up in our clinic and characterized by recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia, was presented to raise awareness on this issue. CVID should be kept in mind in patients who are admitted to outpatient clinics with recurrent infections, who do not respond despite appropriate treatments, and who develop complications.

Objective: Changes in pulmonary functions have not been thoroughly investigated in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a single HD session on pulmonary functions, measured by spirometry, in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing chronic hemodialysis (CHD) treatment. Methods: Thirty patients with ESRD who were on CHD treatment for at least 12 months between January 2018 and January 2020 were enrolled. The pre-dialysis and post-dialysis spirometric measurements were recorded by a portable spirometry device. Results: The mean age and HD vintage of 30 patients (70% male, 20% diabetic, mean BMI: 26.0 +/- 4.7 (kg/m(2))) were 55.6 +/- 11.4 years and 117.6 +/- 66.3 months, respectively. Half of the patients (50%) were smokers (mean 11.5 +/- 13.59 packs/year). The spirometric measurements of most of the patients were abnormal (40% restrictive, 30% obstructive respiratory disorder, 30% normal). The FEV3(L), predicted FEV1(%), FEF25(L), and predicted FEF25(%) values were significantly increased after the HD session. A positive correlation between BMI and Delta FEV3 (L) values (r = 0.377, P =.04) was observed. A significant improvement in FEV3 values after a single HD session was recorded, which was independently related to higher BMI (beta = 0.501, P

Tip, sanattir aslinda. Tibbin mesakkatli tum yollarinda sanatla yurumektir. Sanat, renklerin yesilinde, mavisinde, bir fircanin dokunuslarinda serinlemektedir. Muzigin nagmelerinde, notalarinda dinlenmektir. Ve O gercek sanat sahibinden aldigin ilhamin cuzlerinden, kirintilarindan beslenmektir. Tip ve sanat; sanatla taptaze, dopdolu bir nefes almaktir.

Purpose: Although tobacco use is generally perceived as a male gender behavior, the use of tobacco products among women is gradually increasing, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the role of gender in smoking cessation.Materials and Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from a survey conducted among patients registered at the smoking cessation outpatient clinic between January 2019 and January 2020. The survey was conducted with those who agreed to participate in the study. All the collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0. The significance level was accepted as p, Amaç: Tütün kullanımı son yüzyıla kadar erkek cinsiyete ait bir davranış olarak algılansa da özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kadınlarda tütün ürünleri kullanımı gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışma sigara bırakma polikliniğimize başvuran hastalarda cinsiyetin sigara bırakma üzerinde rolünün araştırılması amacı ile yapılmıştır.Araçlar ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2019-Ocak 2020 tarihleri arasında sigara bırakma polikliniğimize başvuran kişilerden çalışmaya katılmayı kabul edenlere uygulanan anketten elde edilen veriler analiz edildi. Analizlerde SPSS 17.0 kullanıldı. p

Amaç: Çalışmamızda toplumdan kazanılmış pnömoni tanısıyla yoğun bakımda yatan hastalarda mortaliteyi etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Ocak 2014- Ocak 2017 tarihleri arasında hastanemiz Göğüs Hastalıkları polikliniği ve acil servis ünitesine başvurmuş ve hastanemiz yoğun bakım ünitelerine toplumdan kazanılmış pnömoni tanısıyla kabul edilen toplam 50 vaka alındı.Olguların demografik özellikleri, ek hastalıkları, yatışının 1.,4. ve 7. gününde laboratuar bulguları, invaziv mekanik ventilasyon (IMV) uygulanma durumu, yatış süreleri kaydedildi ve mortalite ile ilişkisi incelendi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 50 hasta alındı (20 K, %40; ortalama yaş 78±13). Sistolik kan basıncı ölenlerde sağ kalanlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olacak şekilde daha düşük saptandı (p=0,035). Ölenlerde yatışın 1. gününde bakılan total protein anlamlı derecede düşük (p=0,022), 4. günde bakılan üre anlamlı ölçüde yüksek (p

Introduction Granulomatous lung disease (GLD) is caused by a wide range of conditions and it is challenge for pulmonologist. A detailed history of exposures is fundamental in GDL and has been found pivotal to reach a precise diagnosis. Materials and methods Between September 2014 and December 2016, the distribution of patients diagnosed with granulomatous lymphadenitis in the mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) or mediastinoscopy was analyzed. To be listed as 'confident', a diagnosis of sarcoidosis required compatible histological, radiological and clinical findings in conjunction with negative cultures. Infectious entities listed as 'confident' had either microorganisms in tissue section, positive culture, positive serology or positive antigen detection in a consistent clinical pathological setting. Result Granulomatous lymphadenitis was detected in 110 patients. The included 110 cases consisted of 70.9% women and median age of 53 (range 44-61) years. The final diagnosis of the patients was accepted to be sarcoidosis in 79 (71.8%), sarcoid like granulomas in 7 (6.4%), tuberculosis in 4 (3.6%), silicosis in 4 (3.6%), drug-associated granuloma in 2 (1.8%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis in 1 (0.9%), Chron disease in 1 (0.9%), unspecified in 12 (10.9%). Three patients were classified as tuberculosis based on culture. Conclusions In this study, we found that the most common cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis was sarcoidosis. Contrary to expectations, the number of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis was very low.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare pulmonary disease characterised by alveolar accumulation of surfactant composed of proteins and lipids. Three main categories of PAP have been defined depending on the aetiology: primer/idiopathic, neonatal/congenital, secondary and exogenous/environmental exposure. Radiologically diffuse ground glass opacities, interlobular and intralobular septal thickening is seen. Although open lung biopsy is accepted as the gold standard in diagnosis, it can be diagnosed by showing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid with a milky appearance and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) positive globules in biopsy with clinical and radiological findings. Theraphy for PAP are supportive care (oxygen), total lung lavage, inhale/subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), rituximab, plasmapheresis, lung transplantation. We report a case of PAP presented with cough and shortness of breath, diagnosed with BAL and transbronchial lung biopsy, treated by total lung lavage by reviewing literature.

Granulomatous lung disease (GLD) is caused by a wide range of conditions and it is challenge for pulmonologist. A detailed history of exposures is fundamental in GDL and has been found pivotal to reach a precise diagnosis.Between September 2014 and December 2016, the distribution of patients diagnosed with granulomatous lymphadenitis in the mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) or mediastinoscopy was analyzed. To be listed as 'confident', a diagnosis of sarcoidosis required compatible histological, radiological and clinical findings in conjunction with negative cultures. Infectious entities listed as 'confident' had either microorganisms in tissue section, positive culture, positive serology or positive antigen detection in a consistent clinical pathological setting.Granulomatous lymphadenitis was detected in 110 patients. The included 110 cases consisted of 70.9% women and median age of 53 (range 44-61) years. The final diagnosis of the patients was accepted to be sarcoidosis in 79 (71.8%), sarcoid like granulomas in 7 (6.4%), tuberculosis in 4 (3.6%), silicosis in 4 (3.6%), drug-associated granuloma in 2 (1.8%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis in 1 (0.9%), Chron disease in 1 (0.9%), unspecified in 12 (10.9%). Three patients were classified as tuberculosis based on culture.In this study, we found that the most common cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis was sarcoidosis. Contrary to expectations, the number of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis was very low.

28th International Congress of the European-Respiratory-Society (ERS) -- SEP 15-19, 2018 -- -- Paris, FRANCE, WOS: 000455567102422, …, European Respiratory Soc

28th International Congress of the European-Respiratory-Society (ERS) -- SEP 15-19, 2018 -- Paris, FRANCE, WOS: 000455567103370, …, European Respiratory Soc

Introduction: Sleep quality is known to be associated with the distressing symptoms of cancer. The purpose of this study was toanalyze the impact of cancer symptoms on insomnia and the prevalence of sleep-related problems reported by the patients with lungcancer in Turkey.Materials and Methods: Assesment of Palliative Care in Lung Cancer in Turkey (ASPECT) study, a prospective multicenter studyconducted in Turkey with the participation of 26 centers and included all patients with lung cancer, was re-evaluated in terms of sleepproblems, insomnia and possible association with the cancer symptoms. Demographic characteristics of patients and informationabout disease were recorded for each patient by physicians via face-to-face interviews, and using hospital records. Patients who havedifficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (DIMS) is associated with daytime sleepiness/fatigue were diagnosed as having insomnia.Daytime sleepiness, fatigue and lung cancer symptoms were recorded and graded using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.Results: Among 1245 cases, 48.4% reported DIMS, 60.8% reported daytime sleepiness and 82.1% reported fatigue. The prevalenceof insomnia was 44.7%. Female gender, patients with stage 3-4 disease, patients with metastases, with comorbidities, and with weightloss > 5 kg had higher rates of insomnia. Also, patients with insomnia had significantly higher rates of pain, nausea, dyspnea, andanxiety. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with moderate to severe pain and dyspnea and severe anxietyhad 2-3 times higher rates of insomnia.Conclusion: In conclusion, our results showed a clear association between sleep disturbances and cancer symptoms. Because of that,adequate symptom control is essential to maintain sleep quality in patients with lung cancer.

WOS:000455820300004, PubMed ID: 30683024, Introduction: Sleep quality is known to be associated with the distressing symptoms of cancer. The purpose of this study was toanalyze the impact of cancer symptoms on insomnia and the prevalence of sleep-related problems reported by the patients with lung cancer in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Assesment of Palliative Care in Lung Cancer in Turkey (ASPECT) study, a prospective multicenter study conducted in Turkey with the participation of 26 centers and included all patients with lung cancer, was re-evaluated in terms of sleep problems, insomnia and possible association with the cancer symptoms. Demographic characteristics of patients and information about disease were recorded for each patient by physicians via face-to-face interviews, and using hospital records. Patients who have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (DIMS) is associated with daytime sleepiness/fatigue were diagnosed as having insomnia. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue and lung cancer symptoms were recorded and graded using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. Results: Among 1245 cases, 48.4% reported DIMS, 60.8% reported daytime sleepiness and 82.1% reported fatigue. The prevalence of insomnia was 44.7%. Female gender, patients with stage 3-4 disease, patients with metastases, with comorbidities, and with weight loss 5 kg had higher rates of insomnia. Also, patients with insomnia had significantly higher rates of pain, nausea, dyspnea, and anxiety. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with moderate to severe pain and dyspnea and severe anxiety had 2-3 times higher rates of insomnia. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results showed a clear association between sleep disturbances and cancer symptoms. Because of that, adequate symptom control is essential to maintain sleep quality in patients with lung cancer., Giriş: Uyku kalitesinin, kanser semptomlarının şiddetiyle ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de akciğer kanseri hastalarında uyku ile ilişkili sorunların prevalansı ve kanser semptomlarının insomnia üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Materyal ve Metod: Türkiye’de 26 merkezin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen, akciğer kanserli olguların dahil edildiği çok merkezli bir çalışma olan ASPECT çalışması verileri, bu hastalarda görülen uyku sorunları, insomni ve bunların kanser semptomları ile ilişkisi yönüyle yeniden değerlendirildi. Hastaların demografik özellikleri ve hastalıkları hakkında bilgi, hasta ile yüz yüze görüşülerek ve hastane kayıtları aracılığıyla derlendi. Uykuyu başlatma ve sürdürme zorluğu (DIMS) ile gündüz artmış uyku hali veya yorgunluk tanımlayan olgular insomni olarak değerlendirildi. Gündüz uyku hali, yorgunluk ve akciğer kanseri semptomları Edmonton Semptom Değerlendirme Skalası kullanılarak kaydedildi. Bulgular: Katılan 1245 olgunun, %48.4’ünde DIMS, %60.8’inde gündüz uyku hali ve %82.1’inde yorgunluk mevcuttu. Insomni prevalansı %44.7 olarak bulundu. Kadın cinsiyet, evre 3-4 hastalık, metastatik hastalık, komorbid hastalıklar ve kilo kaybı 5 kg olan olgularda insomnia oranı anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti. Diğer yandan insomnisi olan hastalarda ağrı, bulantı, dispne ve anksiyete semptomları anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulundu. Multivariate lojistik regresyon analizi, orta ileri şiddetli ağrısı ve dispnesi olan, ayrıca ciddi anksiyetesi olan hastalarda insomni sıklığının 2-3 kat fazla olduğunu ortaya koydu. Sonuç: Çalışmamız, kanser semptomları ile uyku kalitesi arasında yakın bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu nedenle, akciğer kanserli hastalarda kaliteli bir uyku için, kanser semptomların yeterince kontrol edilmesi gereklidir.

Background Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. There are no data on the indications for specific tests or optimal frequency for monitoring of the disease activity in sarcoidosis. Methods Complete blood counts, demographics and pulmonary function data from sarcoidosis patients evaluated between 2006 and 2012 were collated retrospectively. During follow-up, the latest red cell distribution width (RDW) values of the patients were recorded. The prognosis and diagnosis of sarcoidosis was based on according to the guideline. Sarcoidosis progression was classified as follows: remission, stable disease and progreesive disease. Results The diagnosis was based on histopathological findings in 93 out of 138 (67.4%) patients. In our cohort, the baseline mean RDW levels were 14.1% ± 1.2. The RDW distribution by stage was as follows: stage I: 14.0% (± 1.6), II: 14.2% (± 1.5), III: 13.8% (± 0.9) and IV: 15.8% (± 2.0). In patients with stage IV, baseline and follow-up values of RDW were found to be significantly higher than the other stages. While the mean baseline RDW was 14.8 (± 1.4) in the progressive disease, upon follow-up, the mean RDW had increased to 16.5% (± 1.4) (P = 0.021), No difference was found between the baseline and follow-up levels of RDW in the regressive and stable groups. Conclusions Serial RDW levels may be beneficial marker to predict progression of sarcoidosis.

WOS: 000391457100008, PubMed ID: 27780164, Objective: To investigate the symptoms of lung cancer in Turkey and to evaluate approaches to alleviate these symptoms. Subjects and Methods: This study included 1,245 lung cancer patients from 26 centers in Turkey. Demographic characteristics as well as information regarding the disease and treatments were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. Symptoms were evaluated using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and were graded on a scale between 0 and 10 points. Data were compared using the. 2, Student t, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Potential predictors of symptoms were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The most common symptom was tiredness (n = 1,002; 82.1%), followed by dyspnea (n = 845; 69.3%), appetite loss (n = 801; 65.7%), pain (n = 798; 65.4%), drowsiness (n = 742; 60.8%), anxiety (n = 704; 57.7%), depression (n = 623; 51.1%), and nausea (n = 557; 45.5%). Of the 1,245 patients, 590 (48.4%) had difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep. The symptoms were more severe in stages III and IV. Logistic regression analysis indicated a clear association between demographic characteristics and symptom distress, as well as between symptom distress (except nausea) and well-being. Overall, 804 (65.4%) patients used analgesics, 630 (51.5%) received treatment for dyspnea, 242 (19.8%) used enteral/parenteral nutrition, 132 (10.8%) used appetite stimulants, and 129 (10.6%) used anxiolytics/antidepressants. Of the 799 patients who received analgesics, 173 (21.7%) reported that their symptoms were under control, and also those on other various treatment modalities (dyspnea: 78/627 [12.4%], appetite stimulant: 25/132 [18.9%], and anxiolytics/antidepressants: 25/129 [19.4%]) reported that their symptoms were controlled. Conclusion: In this study, the symptoms progressed and became more severe in the advanced stages of lung cancer, and palliative treatment was insufficient in most of the patients in Turkey. (C) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel

Pleural effusion is a common condition and considered as an important clinical problem. The exudates remain a challenge for clinicians and 5-25 % of the patients remain undiagnosed despite thorough investigations. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an auto-inflammatory disorder with genetic origin showing an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern generally seen in certain ethnic groups characterized by recurrent fever and systemic findings. Exudative pleuritis has been reported as the solitary manifestation of the first FMF attack, in < 10 % of patients. This case study describes a 70-year-old man with recurrent episodes of exudative pleuritis associated with pleuritic pain.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease with poor prognosis usually results of right heart failure leading to death. Increase in right atrial pressure can lead to hepatic congestion or liver dysfunction may be secondary to hypoxia. In this study the potential role of liver function tests (transaminases, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase) and uric acid levels was investigated. Methods: From 2010 to 2015, 32 patients who diagnosed PH with right heart catheterization (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mmHg) included in this study. Liver function tests and uric acid levels were measured at diagnosis and follow-up. All cause mortality and clinical characteristics were recorded. Results: 14 patients was chronic thromboembolic PH, 6 patients idiopathic PH, 4 patients with COPD, 3 patients with scleroderma-associated PH and the remaining 5 patients had PH due to other causes. A total of 32 (43.8% male) patients 12 (37.5%) patients died. Median follow-up was 776 days (2586-40). Liver enzymes at the diagnosis were not significantly different in patients dead or living. Total bilirubin levels during the follow-up of patients who died was higher than those living (1.1 mg / dL vs. 0.7 p= 0.001). 22 patients 6 minute walk test (6MWT)and serum total bilirubin level was correlated negatively (r = -. 442, p = .039). Serum total bilirubin level was increasing with increased functional class (I,II,III,IV)( 0.7 mg/dL, 0.73 mg/dL, 0.9 mg/dL and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively p=.015). Conclusion: As a result, increased serum bilirubin levels is simple, cheap and easily obtainable token for determining prognosis of pulmonary hypertension. Adjusted follow-up total bilirubin levels and 6MWT was increased mortality 8 times.

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) syndrome is a rare disease characterized with shortness of breath, upper lobe emphysema, lower lobe fibrosis and impairment of gas exchange. This syndrome is a disease usually seen in male smokers. Pulmonary hypertension is associated with mortality. Another important feature, spirometric volumes relatively protected and a reduction in carbon monoxide diffusion test. CPFE syndrome in the literature so far have been identified in only 70 patients. In this review CPFE syndrome is presented with literature.

WOS: 000451979406201, …

WOS: 000451979407036, …